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A Historical Archaeology of Catawba Itinerancy Mark Russell Plane A

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A Historical Archaeology of Catawba Itinerancy Mark Russell Plane A A Historical Archaeology of Catawba Itinerancy Mark Russell Plane A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2011 Approved by: Vincas Steponaitis Brett Riggs R. P. Stephen Davis C. Margaret Scarry Silvia Tomaskova © 2011 Mark Russell Plane ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MARK RUSSELL PLANE: A Historical Archaeology of Catawba Itinerancy (Under the direction of Vincas Steponaitis) During the late eighteenth century, Catawba Indians in South Carolina experienced dramatic population loss, a shifting colonial economy, and a rapid influx of European settlers into their territory. Although Catawbas had long been clients and allies of the colonial government, with the end of the deerskin trade and their role in colonial-era warfare they were forced to seek new survival strategies. Sometime in the 1760s, Catawbas began leasing reservation land to Anglo settlers and working as itinerant potters and slave catchers. Traveling seasonally from their backcountry home to the seaboard, Catawbas marketed their goods and services in towns and on plantations across South Carolina for over seventy years. This study provides anthropological perspectives on Catawba itinerancy, examining the socio-economics of itinerancy and the Catawba’s relationships with their host society, especially their use of patron-client relationships to maintain their land base. Archaeological perspectives include evidence of the impact of itinerancy on Catawba economy, architecture, and material culture, particularly material remains related to identity construction. While European observers tended to view itinerant Catawbas on their home base in terms of negative stereotypes such as indolence and poverty, when traveling, Catawbas were viewed in terms of romantic savagery. Archeological and documentary evidence indicate that itinerancy was a viable economic and political strategy through which Catawbas enjoyed considerable access to consumer goods and to elite planters, whose continued support was critical to maintaining their land base. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I owe my committee members a debt of gratitude for their support, mentoring, flexibility, and forbearance. Whatever there is of value in this work is a consequence of their input and guidance. I am especially grateful to Brett Riggs for his unflagging confidence in my ability to successfully complete this project. Brett has been a patient mentor and a good friend; his insights on history and archaeology in the region are resources that he has always been eager to share with me. I am also thankful to have worked with Steve Davis. His patience, mild manner, diligence, and great fondness for barbeque are truly qualities worth emulating. It has been a great privilege to have studied in the Anthropology Department and the Research Laboratories of Archaeology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I have thoroughly enjoyed being part of the Anthropology Department’s supportive community of faculty and students; I feel particularly lucky to have been part of a small and very collegial cohort. I would like to thank Judith Farquhar and Silvia Tomaskova for making core year such an enjoyable experience; Silvia has also been wonderfully supportive as a committee member and I have greatly appreciated her professional advice. Finally, I would like to thank Vin Steponaitis for his engaging classes on ceramic analysis and quantitative methods in archaeology. Vin has also been a very patient and supportive dissertation chair. The students in the Anthropology Department have been a tremendous source of support and inspiration. Lance Greene has been an amazingly supportive colleague, and I have often benefited from his keen insights into historical archaeology. More importantly, Lance has been a great friend. I am thankful for Theresa McReynolds Shebalin’s willingness to share her meticulous research on the Catawba, as well as her general wisdom and good sense. Mary Beth Fitts has been a stalwart companion with a good sense of humor through many long days in the South Carolina heat. iv On the subject of field work, nothing makes hard work more enjoyable than laughter and good company. On the Catawba Project, I have greatly enjoyed working with Michelle Schohn, Jon Marcoux, Ben Shields, Meg Kassabaum, Erin Stevens Nelson, David Cranford, Matt Mirarchi, Anna Semon, Rebecca Wingo, Bill Jurgelski, and Duane Esarey. Funding for my dissertation research was provided by the University of North Carolina Center for the Study of the American South Summer Research Grant. I have also received support from the University of North Carolina Office of Undergraduate Research Mentoring Program. The excavation data were collected by UNC summer field-school students under the direction of Steve Davis and Brett Riggs. It was an honor and a great pleasure to have served as a Teaching Assistant for Steve and Brett in field-schools between 2004 and 2007. I learned a great deal about archaeology and always appreciated their amazing fortitude and good humor in the field. In addition to support in the field, I have received a great deal of assistance in the lab from the Research Laboratories of Archaeology. Brett and Steve have analyzed a tremendous number of artifacts; their work on ceramic material from Loci 4 and 5 was particularly instrumental to my project. Steve and Brett also provided me with the assistance of undergraduate researchers. Of those students, I would particularly like to thank Rebecca Richman, Daniel Ladu, and Brad Smith for their hard work and attention to detail in analyzing ceramics from Old Town and New Town. Finally, I thank my family for their perseverance. My wife, Evangeline Polly Weiss, has shown unbelievable patience and supportiveness. I really could not have finished this project without her. My daughter, Danielle, kept me from getting too crotchety. And last, but not least, my son, Ruben, who has been asking me for several weeks if I’m finished working yet, has been a great source of laughter and joy. Ruben, in answer to your question: almost! v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................xi CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 Research Questions and Objectives..............................................................................3 A Brief History of the Catawba Nation.........................................................................4 Regional Archeological Research.................................................................................8 Broad Research Methods...............................................................................................9 Overview of Documentary Sources............................................................................10 Overview of Archaeological Data...............................................................................11 Organization of the Study............................................................................................14 II. THEORETICAL, ETHNOGRAPHIC, AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES.........................................................................................................16 Political Economy, Exchange, and Colonialism.........................................................17 Identity.........................................................................................................................24 Itinerancy and Itinerant Groups Defined.....................................................................36 Archaeological Perspectives on Itinerant Lifeways and Identity................................43 Summary and Conclusions..........................................................................................47 III. DOCUMENTARY PERSPECTIVES ON CATAWBA ITINERANCY...................50 Spanish Entradas and Piedmont Indians.....................................................................50 English Colonization and the Catawba Confederacy..................................................51 The Catawba and Backcountry Settlers.......................................................................61 vi Documentary Accounts Relating to Catawba Itinerancy............................................65 Overview of Catawba Itinerancy.................................................................................74 Summary and Conclusions..........................................................................................86 IV. OVERVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, CATAWBA POTTERY, AND CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGES...........................................................................88 Archaeological Sites Examined...................................................................................89 Estimates of Site Occupation Span and Mean Ceramic Dates..................................109 Colonowares..............................................................................................................111 General Characteristics of Catawba Pottery..............................................................114 Catawba Ceramic Analysis, Methods and Materials.................................................122
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