Geologic Map of the Colonial Beach South 7.5' Quadrangle, Virginia Wayne L
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Geologic Map of the Colonial Beach South 7.5' Quadrangle, Virginia Wayne L. Newell, Owen P. Bricker, and Meredith S. Robertson Stratigraphic section and map units of the Chesapeake Group , 77°00 , , ,, 38°15 57 30 , Correlation of Quaternary Map Units ** 55 , ,, Monr 20 77°52 30 , 38°15 10 5 7 Formations and Descriptions* 15 o Environments e 6 5 2 Littoral Estuarine Fluvial Colluvial Manmade Epoch Map Unit Period 4 Lithology Qb Qal Qs Qc af Era Thickness in Feet (+/-20) Colonial Qm Alluvium Beach deposits Swamp deposits Colluvium Artificial Fill Beach Sand, pebbles, silt, clay, Sand, gravel, pebbles, cobbles, Marsh deposits Silt, fine-sand, clay, organic Sand, silt, clay, pebbles, cobbles, boulders, Sand, silt, pebbles, clay, Bacons Castle Formation (late Pliocene) organic litter, cobbles, 20 boulders; well-sorted, bi-directional Organic litter, silt, clay and sand; poorly sorted and laminated, litter; poorly sorted, crudely poorly sorted, massive to discontinuously cobbles, and boulders; Upward-fining fluvial sequence includes medium to coarse gravelly sand and sandy gravel, poorly sorted, thick to very boulders; poorly to Qs planar cross-beds sub-parallel to shore occurs at head of tide and inter-tidal areas along the margins of laminated on flood plain bedded; matrix supported clasts and often chaotically thick bedded, trough cross-bedded; unit is light to medium gray; oxidizes to yellowish orange. Pebble to cobble-sized moderately well sorted in face and washover fans of sand bars. Popes Creek estuary, and in the fill of the wetlands of Bridges surfaces and in old discontinuous pebble horizons quasi-parallel intermingled. Grade and clasts are mostly vein quartz, chert, quartzite, and rounded clasts of iron-oxide-cemented sandstone derived from nearby Creek and Digwood Swamp. Marsh fill is historic to middle planar and trough cross- B Largely derived from coastal erosion of aggraded surfaces behind to surface of deposit distinguish sediments compacted sediments ironstone beds in the Yorktown Formation. Overlying the coarse basal sediments of the Bacons Castle Formation are a Holocene (6,000 years BP C-14 calibrated); it ranges from 0.5 m bedded channel fill beaver ponds and from fluvial, marine and estuarine deposits. excavated from upland y adjacent bluffs underlain by the Calvert thick bedded to massive poorly-sorted sand, silt, and clay overprinted by dark-red to reddish brown soil. These high-level deposits and crudely Qm Formation with cap of Lynhaven Member to 5 m thick. The rate of accumulation of marsh fill is a function of abandoned mill ponds. Material is reworked largely from the sandy and slope deposits. terrace deposits underlie relict land surfaces that range in altitude from 47 to 53 m (154-174 ft). This unit is part of the laminated flood plain 1 of the Tabb Formation. Longshore the local rate of sea level rise. Deposits occur where and gravelly facies of the Eastover, upper Chesapeake Group map unit. P deposits. Flood plains are ot transport moves beach deposits into groundwater discharges at Yorktown, and Bacons Castle Formations Holocene characterized by repeating omac R mouth of Popes Creek, Bridges Creek surface. Age of deposits that underlie the upland topography. Un-named unit - possibly Chowan River/Coharie Formation equivalent fluvial regressive facies (late Pliocene) uc down stream valley Landing, and the mouths of other historic to middle Holocene. Ironstone-cemented clasts derived from T Quartz and feldspar sand and sandy gravel, fine to very coarse, thin to very thick bedded, planar and trough crossbedded, sequences of 5 tributaries. Wave-eroded areas of the former weathering/diagenetic horizons are poorly to well-sorted; lesser amounts of clay and silt occur as matrix and as very thin to medium beds interbedded with anastomosed channels bluffs may be sediment starved, but common and aid in distinguishing the coarser materials. Unit is commonly oxidized to yellowish-gray, yellowish-orange, and yellowish- to reddish-brown; iv and entrenched meander areas of accumulation are commonly as unconformable contact of slope deposits on underlying the highest topography of the Popes Creek watershed divide, the regressive Yorktown Formation facies er channels. Ephemeral much as 15 m wide. Thickness ranges older Miocene and Pliocene units. Several includes a cap of fluvial sand and gravel that is trough cross-bedded and fills scoured channels that truncated the Upper Chesapeake Group (fluvial sand and gravel) beaver ponds locally trap from about 1 m to 3 m where the sequences of slope deposits are graded to underlying near-shore marine and estuarine facies of the Yorktown. Sparse boulders are concentrated at the base of the 20 fine- grained sediment and the base level of each of the Pleistocene 20 deposits fill old inlet channels to the 110 channel deposits. The upper fluvial beds are probably co-extensive with the upland gravel deposits mapped as sand and organic litter. Age of Popes Creek estuary. estuarine terraces; the older slope deposits gravel (Pliocene on the adjacent Fredericksburg 30' X 60' quadrangle: Mixon et al, 2000). The Pliocene upland gravel was deposits is historic to have been weathered, eroded and deposited as sea level fell. This unit is part of the upper Chesapeake Group map unit. middle Holocene (5,000- redeposited in younger slope and alluvial 6,000 BP C-14 calibrated) deposits. Thickness is commonly a few Yorktown Formation (Pliocene) meters (see figures on slope deposits). Quartz and feldspar sand and sandy gravel, fine to very coarse, thin to very thick bedded, planar and trough crossbedded, Qts 4 Qtlp poorly to well-sorted; lesser amounts of clay and silt occur as matrix and as very thin to medium beds interbedded with 6 coarser materials. Unit is commonly oxidized to yellowish-gray, yellowish-orange, and yellowish- to reddish-brown; where 3 Tabb Formation unweathered, strata are light- to dark-gray or bluish-gray. Base of Yorktown Formation is generally marked by a 0.1- to 20 3 Lynhaven Member (late Pleistocene) 10 Fine to coarse gray sand, pebbly and cobbly, grading upward into Pliocene 4.6 m (0.3 to 15 ft) thick bed of sandy gravel; clasts consist mainly of vein quartz, quartzite, chert and sandstone. In map area basal contact is a ravinement facies of well-rounded quartz, chert, and phosphate pebbles and coarse sand. The clayey and silty fine sand and sandy silt; locally at base of unit, medium to coarse cross-bedded sand, gravel, cobbles, and eroded contact is punctuated by burrows that penetrate the underlying Eastover Formation. The burrows are filled with 20 the basal Yorktown sediments. In the map area, composite vertical sequences of the Yorktown Formation grade from boulders fill paleo-channel of Popes Creek proto-estuary. Unit is burrowed, massively-bedded sand to interbedded, burrowed, discontinuous silty clay beds and coarse sand flaser beds. 5 pale-gray to medium-gray and yellowish-gray and is commonly thin, averaging 1 meter thickness to 5 m in paleo-channel (3-15 ft). Locally, smaller scale bay and estuary deposits cap the shoaling marine sequence. Commonly the Yorktown Formation is 20 extensively weathered, and local discontinuous beds and lenses of typical Yorktown Formation fauna have been Lynhaven Member deposits are unconformable on the Calvert 4 completely leached leaving limonite stained "ghosts" and limonite cemented "beds" of molds and casts that include 4 Formation and present an extreme permeability contrast with the recognizable Chesapecten jeffersonious, other bivalves, and gastropods. These deposits are part of the middle underlying fine-grained Miocene shelf sediments. Qst Chesapeake Group map unit. Mattox Late 6 Colluvium Tmc , ,, Creek Qts Slope deposit graded to Qts; Eastover Formation (late Miocene) 12 30 3 lithic description the same as Very fine to fine quartzose sand, variably clayey and silty, thick to very thick bedded, shelly in part, inter-bedded with very Tabb Formation: Holocene colluvium 10 20 , ,, 50 thin to thick-bedded sandy silt and clay. Scattered small fragments of lignitized wood are common. Where fresh, unit is A' 12 30 Sedgefield Member (late Pleistocene) dark-gray to bluish-gray and greenish-gray; weathers to yellowish-gray, greenish-yellow , and yellowish-brown. Molluscan Qm 20 2 4 Pebbly to bouldery, fine to coarse, cross-bedded sand grading faunas dominated by the gastropod Turritella plebia and large bivalves including Isognomon sp., Dallarca sp., Ostrea upward to sandy and clayey silt; unit is pale-gray to medium-gray compressirostra, Chesapecten middlesexensis, Placopecten principoides, Mercenaria sp., and Dosinia acetabulum. The Qb and yellowish-gray. The sand and gravel erosional remnant of the 1 Quaternary small bivalve Spissula rappahannockensis, an Eastover Formation guide fossil, was dominant in environments 5 Sedgefield Member is largely preserved as a bay mouth bar characterized by quiet shallow-shelf waters and muddy substrates. In the map area, unit is unconformable on the Calvert Qm Bridges Creek Landing deposited across the mouth of the Popes Creek proto-estuary; it is Formation; uneven basal contact with the Calvert Formation is distinguished by a lag of fine to medium pebbles of quartz, 20 6 outboard of the Shirley Formation bay mouth bar and is lower in Middle Chesapeake Group (well sorted nearshore sand, silt, clay and gravel) 20 13 chert, and phosphate. Marine mammal bones and shark teeth are encountered sporadically along the contact which fills Tlc altitude. Unit is commonly thin, averaging 1-5 m (3-15 ft) under burrows excavated into the substrate. Thickness of the basal ravinement zone ranges from 10 cm to 3-4 m. Thickness of 20 bar forms. The base of the Sedgefield Member is characterized by ertiary T the unit in the map area may be as much as 15 m (50 feet.) This unit is part of the middle Chesapeake Group map unit. open work sand and gravel resting on compact silty, fine sand of the Calvert Formation.