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Date: 1/9/2017 Question: Botulism Is an Uncommon Disorder Caused By
6728 Old McLean Village Drive, McLean, VA 22101 Tel: 571.488.6000 Fax: 703.556.8729 www.clintox.org Date: 1/9/2017 Question: Botulism is an uncommon disorder caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Seven subtypes of botulinum toxin exist (subtypes A, B, C, D, E, F and G). Which subtypes have been noted to cause human disease and which ones have been reported to cause infant botulism specifically in the United States? Answer: According to the cited reference “Only subtypes A, B, E and F cause disease in humans, and almost all cases of infant botulism in the United States are caused by subtypes A and B. Botulinum-like toxins E and F are produced by Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum and are only rarely implicated in infant botulism” (Rosow RK and Strober JB. Infant botulism: Review and clinical update. 2015 Pediatr Neurol 52: 487-492) Date: 1/10/2017 Question: A variety of clinical forms of botulism have been recognized. These include wound botulism, food borne botulism, and infant botulism. What is the most common form of botulism reported in the United States? Answer: According to the cited reference, “In the United States, infant botulism is by far the most common form [of botulism], constituting approximately 65% of reported botulism cases per year. Outside the United States, infant botulism is less common.” (Rosow RK and Strober JB. Infant botulism: Review and clinical update. 2015 Pediatr Neurol 52: 487-492) Date: 1/11/2017 Question: Which foodborne pathogen accounts for approximately 20 percent of bacterial meningitis in individuals older than 60 years of age and has been associated with unpasteurized milk and soft cheese ingestion? Answer: According to the cited reference, “Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive rod, is a foodborne pathogen with a tropism for the central nervous system. -
1 Updated Through January 27, 2016 NOTE: the FOLLOWING IS an UNOFFICIAL COMPILATION of FEDERAL REGULATIONS PREPARED in the SOUTH
Updated through January 27, 2016 NOTE: THE FOLLOWING IS AN UNOFFICIAL COMPILATION OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS PREPARED IN THE SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE FOR THE INFORMATION AND CONVENIENCE OF INTERESTED PERSONS. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE CHANGES TO THESE REGULATIONS THAT MAY HAVE OCCURRED AFTER THE DATE INDICATED ABOVE. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 50 CFR Part 622 PART 622--FISHERIES OF THE CARIBBEAN, GULF OF MEXICO, AND SOUTH ATLANTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS Subpart A--General Provisions.................................. 8 § 622.1 Purpose and scope. ................................... 8 § 622.2 Definitions and acronyms ............................ 10 § 622.3 Relation to other laws and regulations .............. 20 § 622.4 Permits and fees--general ........................... 21 § 622.5 Recordkeeping and reporting--general ................ 25 § 622.6 Vessel identification ............................... 27 § 622.7 Fishing years ....................................... 28 § 622.8 Quotas--general ..................................... 29 § 622.9 Prohibited gear and methods--general ................ 30 § 622.10 Landing fish intact--general ....................... 31 § 622.11 Bag and possession limits--general applicability ... 32 § 622.12 Annual catch limits (ACLs) and accountability measures (AMs) for Caribbean island management areas/Caribbean EEZ ... 32 § 622.13 Prohibitions--general .............................. 35 § 622.14 -
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell. -
Chemical Ecology of Western Indian Ocean Reef Sponges
Chemical ecology of Western Indian Ocean reef sponges A dissertation by Stephanie Helber Bremen, August 2016 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften der Universität Bremen, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von März 2013 bis August 2016 am Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie (ZMT) in Bremen angefertigt. Finanziert wurde Arbeit von der Leibniz Gemeinschaft (SAW-2013-ZMT-4). Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Claudio Richter (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. Peter Schupp (Zweitgutachter) Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Matthias Wolff Dr. Sven Rohde Weitere Mitglieder des Prüfungsausschusses: Claudia Pogoreutz (Doktorandin) Natalie Prinz (Studentin) Datum des Promotionskolloquiums: 29. September 2016 © 2016 Stephanie Helber Für meine Mama SUMMARY Sponges are among the dominant benthic organisms on coral reefs, representing important spatial competitors for reef-building corals. Coral reefs have experienced drastic declines in coral cover and corresponding increases in the abundance of other spatial competitors, such as macroalgae, corallimorpharians and sponges, due to a combination of global and local stressors. The ability of sponges to chemically defend themselves against predators, microbes and other competitors may partially explain their high abundance on reefs worldwide. Nonetheless, studies investigating sponge abundance and chemical ecology are rare, particularly in the Western Indian Ocean, which is considered a hotspot of coral and sponge biodiversity. Thus, this thesis is the first study that provides insights into the chemical ecology of sponges from the Western Indian Ocean. The thesis consists of a general introduction, three chapters investigating in detail different aspects of chemical defence mechanisms in sponges from Zanzibar and a general discussion. In Chapter 1 I assessed the benthic community composition of the reef at Bawe, an island on Zanzibar’s West Coast. -
Guide to Theecological Systemsof Puerto Rico
United States Department of Agriculture Guide to the Forest Service Ecological Systems International Institute of Tropical Forestry of Puerto Rico General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35 June 2009 Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Gary L. Miller is a professor, University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies, One University Heights, Asheville, NC 28804-3299. -
Sponges on Coral Reefs: a Community Shaped by Competitive Cooperation
Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68: 85-148, 2003 (2004) 85 SPONGES ON CORAL REEFS: A COMMUNITY SHAPED BY COMPETITIVE COOPERATION KLAUS RÜTZLER Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0163, USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Conservationists and resource managers throughout the world continue to overlook the important role of sponges in reef ecology. This neglect persists for three primary reasons: sponges remain an enigmatic group, because they are difficult to identify and to maintain under laboratory conditions; the few scientists working with the group are highly specialized and have not yet produced authoritative, well-illustrated field manuals for large geographic areas; even studies at particular sites have yet to reach comprehensive levels. Sponges are complex benthic sessile invertebrates that are intimately associated with other animals and numerous plants and microbes. They are specialized filter feeders, require solid substrate to flourish, and have varying growth forms (encrusting to branching erect), which allow single specimens to make multiple contacts with their substrate. Coral reefs and associated communities offer an abundance of suitable substrates, ranging from coral rock to mangrove stilt roots. Owing to their high diversity, large biomass, complex physiology and chemistry, and long evolutionary history, sponges (and their endo-symbionts) play a key role in a host of ecological processes: space competition, habitat provision, predation, chemical defense, primary production, nutrient cycling, nitrification, food chains, bioerosion, mineralization, and cementation. Although certain sponges appear to benefit from the rapid deterioration of coral reefs currently under way in numerous locations as a result of habitat destruction, pollution, water warming, and overexploitation, sponge communities too will die off as soon as their substrates disappear under the forces of bioerosion and water dynamics. -
From Mangroves to Coral Reefs; Sea Life and Marine Environments in Pacific Islands by Michael King Apia, Samoa: SPREP 2004
SPREP fromto coral mangroves reefs sea life and marine environments in Pacific islands Michael King South Pacific Regional Environment Programme SPREP Cataloguing-in-Publication King, Michael From mangroves to coral reefs; sea life and marine environments in Pacific islands by Michael King Apia, Samoa: SPREP 2004 This handbook was commissioned by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme with funding from the Canada South Pacific Ocean Development Program (C-SPODP) and the UN Foundation through the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) SPREP PO Box 240 Apia, Samoa Phone (685) 21929 Fax (685) 20231 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.sprep.org.ws From mangroves to coral reefs sea life and marine environments in Pacific islands ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction 1 6. The classification and diversity of marine life 29 Biological classification – naming things 2. Coastal wetlands - estuaries and mangroves 5 Diversity – the numbers of species Estuaries – where rivers meet the sea 7. Crustaceans – shrimps to coconut crabs 33 Mangroves – coastal forests Smaller crustaceans 3. Shorelines – beaches and seaplants 9 Shrimps and prawns Beaches – rivers of sand Lobsters and slipper lobsters Seaweeds – large plants of the sea Crabs Seagrasses – underwater pastures Hermit crabs and stone crabs 4. Corals - from coral polyps to reefs 15 8. Molluscs – clams to octopuses 41 Stony corals and coral polyps Clams, oysters, and mussels (bivalves) Fire corals – stinging hydroids Sea snails (gastropods) Corals in deepwater Octopuses and their relatives (cephalopods) Soft corals and gorgonians - octocorals 9. Echinoderms – sea cucumbers to sand dollars 51 Coral reefs – the world’s Sea cucumbers largest natural structures Sea stars 5. -
September 2018 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS and ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES of the METHANOL EXTRACTS of SOFT CORALS (OCTOCORALLIA) from PULAU PAYAR and PULAU SONGSONG
VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE METHANOL EXTRACTS OF SOFT CORALS (OCTOCORALLIA) FROM PULAU PAYAR AND PULAU SONGSONG HANA BINTE ABDUL WAHAB MARICAN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA PENANG, MALAYSIA September 2018 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE METHANOL EXTRACTS OF SOFT CORALS (OCTOCORALLIA) FROM PULAU PAYAR AND PULAU SONGSONG by HANA BINTE ABDUL WAHAB MARICAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, thank you Allah S.W.T. for the plentiful opportunities and love. I am truly blessed. Alhamdulillah. I would like to thank my main supervisor Dr Mahadi Mohammad of the School of Biological Sciences at Universiti Sains Malaysia. His office door was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research. He consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it. In addition, I would also like to thank my co-supervisors Dr Raihana Edros and Dr Darlina Md Naim for their guidance, and providing me with the materials and knowledge on their own expertise pertaining to my research. I would like to thank the Department of Marine Parks, Malaysia for granting the permit needed to collect my coral specimens, as well as acknowledge the two grants used to fund my research; USM-RUI Grant (1001.PBIOLOGI.811245) and UMP Grant RDU 140306. In addition, I would like to thank the Novel Antibiotic Laboratory at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and the Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang; where I did a portion of my research at. -
Aquatic Sports Dermatoses: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Guidelines
12 Aquatic Sports Dermatoses: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Guidelines Jonathan S. Leventhal and Brook E. Tlougan NYU School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology New York, NY, USA 1. Introduction Aquatic sport dermatoses include a variety of skin conditions that occur in athletes who participate in sporting activities in or on the water. Chemicals and microbes inhabiting the aquatic environment are often responsible for the development of these cutaneous conditions. We review common water sports dermatoses and divide them based on activities that occur in saltwater, freshwater and activities outside the water. Some of the water sports represented in the review include swimming, diving, scuba diving, snorkeling and water polo which are mainly based in the water, as well as sailing, rowing, fishing, surfing, whitewater rafting and water-skiing which are based on the water and outside the water. Aquatic sports dermatoses are presented according to their etiology including infectious and organism-related, contact dermatitis and miscellaneous causes. We also describe conditions specifically associated with water sports including sailing, rowing, fishing and surfing. This comprehensive review focuses on the key recognizable clinical features and principles of management of aquatic sports dermatoses. Our aim is to help sports medicine physicians, dermatologists and other health care providers recognize and treat water sport dermatoses in athletes. 2. Freshwater 2.1 Infectious and organism-related 2.1.1 Swimming pool granuloma Swimming pool granuloma, also known as fish tank granuloma or fish fancier’s granuloma is caused by infection with atypical mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Swimmers may be infected from exposure to freshwater or saltwater. -
Tortugas Marine Reserves in the Following Fishery Management Plans of the Gulf of Mexico
7/5/01 GENERIC AMENDMENT ADDRESSING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TORTUGAS MARINE RESERVES IN THE FOLLOWING FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLANS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO: • COASTAL MIGRATORY PELAGICS FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 13) • CORAL AND CORAL REEFS FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 4) • RED DRUM FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 4) • REEF FISH FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 19) • SHRIMP FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 12) • SPINY LOBSTER FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 7) • STONE CRAB FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN (Amendment 8) (INCLUDES AN IRFA, RIR, AND A FSEIS) (EFH AMENDMENT 2) June 2001 Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council The Commons at Rivergate 3018 U.S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000 Tampa, Florida 33619-2266 Telephone: 813-228-2815 (toll-free: 888-833-1844) FAX: 813-225-7015 E-mail: [email protected] This is a publication of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA07FC0015. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................... ii 2.0 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT ...................................iv 3.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1 4.0 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT .................................................. 1 4.1 Management Activities Other Than Regulatory Amendments........................ 1 4.2 Regulatory Amendments .................................................... 7 5.0 PROBLEM REQUIRING A PLAN AMENDMENT ................................. -
Assessment of the Status of Kalawy Bay's Fringing Reef, Safaga, Egypt
Assessment of the status of Kalawy Bay’s fringing reef, Safaga, Egypt by Reef Check Germany e.V. with support from Magic Life GmbH & Co KG Magic Life Club Kalawy Imperial Magic Divers March 2008 Reef Check e.V. Wachmannstr. 25 28209 Bremen, Germany Fax: +49-30-484981805 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.reefcheck.de/en Prepared by: Dipl.-Biologist Christian Alter (Principal Investigator) MSc Nina Milton MMag. Miriam Reininger Victoria von Mach Bob Molenkamp 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Magic Life Kalawy Imperial and the team of Magic Divers for full support. Further, special thanks go to the management of Magic Divers Kalawy Imperial Ümit Yilmaz and the management of Magic Divers Andreas Wyss. 3 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 3 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. Goals ........................................................................................................................... 8 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 3. Methods .................................................................................................................... 12 3.1. Survey sites .......................................................................................................... 12 3.2. Methods of sampling ........................................................................................... -
Starfish Dermatitis Due to Marthasterias Glacialis
CASOS CLÍNICOS Starfish Dermatitis Due to Marthasterias Glacialis Dermatite da Estrela-do-Mar Induzida pela Marthasterias Glacialis André Ribeiro1, Barbara Oliveira2, Helena Melo3, Miguel Correia3, João Maia Silva3,4 Autor Correspondente: João Maia Silva, e-mail: [email protected] Rua Mário Botas 1998-018, Lisboa, Portugal ABSTRACT Some marine organisms are known to inflict contact dermatitis, whether secondary to professional or recreational activities. We report a 23-year-old white woman with hypersensitivity reaction induced by Marthasterias glacialis starfish. To our knowledge this is the first report of starfish hypersensitivity reaction induced by Marthasterias gla- cialis on human skin. Because of the growing popularity of recreational subaquatic activities, such as scuba diving, reports about diving-related skin diseases are expected to increase. KEYWORDS: Contact Dermatitis; Marthasterias Glacialis; Starfish RESUMO Alguns organismos marinhos podem causar eczemas de contacto, sejam secundários a atividades profissionais ou recreati- vas. Apresentamos uma mulher de 23 anos com reação de hipersensibilidade induzida pela estrela-do-mar Marthasterias glacialis. Do nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato da reação de hipersensibilidade da estrela-do-mar induzida por Marthasterias glacialis na pele humana. Devido à crescente popularidade de atividades subaquáticas recreativas, os relatóri- os sobre doenças de pele relacionadas com o mergulho podem aumentar. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Dermatite; Estrela-do-Mar; Marthasterias Glacialis 1. Unidade de Saúde Familiar Servir Saúde, Corroios, Portugal. 2. Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal. 3. Centro de Dermatologia, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal. 4. Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Received/Recebido: 06/05/2018 - Accepted/Aceite: 27/08/2018 242 · GAZETA MÉDICA Nº3 · VOL.