Brunei Darussalam Capture Fisheries: a Review of Resources, Exploitation and Management*
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Thgastal Resources of Brunei Darussalam: / Status, Utilization and Management Edited by Geronimo pestre Hj. Matdanan Hj. Jaafar Pg. Sharifuddin Pg. Hj. Yusof M.W.R.N. De Silva and Chua Thfa-Eng Association of Southeast Asiaa Nations/United States Coastal Resources Management Project Conference Proceedings 1 1 The Coastal Resources of Brunei Darussalam: a, / Status, Utilization and Management SEP U 3 1992 heedings of the ASEAN/US CRMP Workshop on Coastal Resources Management in Brunei Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam 30 April - 1 May 1991 EDITEDBY GERONIMOSILVESTRE HJ.MATDANAN HJ. JAAFAR PG.SH~UDDIN PG.W. YUSOF M.W.R.N. DESLVA AND CHUATHIA-ENG Published by the: Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalarn International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage- ment on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ United States Coastal Resources Management Project, Manila, Philippines Printed in Manila, Philippines. Silvestre, G., H.J.H. Matdanan, P.H.Y. Sharifuddin, M.W.R.N. De Silva and T.-E. Chua, editors. 1992. The coastal resources of Brunei Darussalam: status, utilization and management. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 34, 214 p. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darus- dam, and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. Cover: (Clockwise) (1) Gorgonian corals and reef-associated organisms - Abana Rock. (2) Artisanal fishery in Bqnei Bay. (3) Map of Brunei Dmssalarn showing the elements of the zonation scheme for the coastal zone. ISSN 0115-4435 ISBN 971-8709-1 1-8 ICLARM Contribution No. 74 1 Contents List of Acronyms iv Preface vii Introduction ix Brunei Darussalarn capture fisheries: a review of resources, exploitation and management. G.T. Silvestre and HJ.H. Matdanan 1 Mangrove resources of Brunei Darussalam: status and management. P.M.Zamora 39 Assessment of mangrove forest resources in Brunei Darussalam. DM. Cabahug,Jr. and LR.Gwces 59 Fish communities in natural reef and artacid habitats in the coastal waters of Brunei Darussalam. L. M. Chou, G.S.Y.Lim and CB.Leng 75 Water quality in the coastal areas of Brunei Darussalam: status, management issues and recommendations. P.E. Lim 9 1 Benthos composition and diversity in the coastal waters of Brunei Darussalam. H.C. Lai, B. Ong and A.O. Kessler 109 Simulation of oil slick movement in Brunei Darussalam. J.G. De las Alas and I.G. Bentillo 127 A composite sensitivity index for the coastal zones of Brunei Darussalam. H.C. hi,B. Ong, A.O. Kessler and- M.WRN. De Silva 137 Island management strategy for Brunei Darussalam. C.V. Agbayani, M.WRN. Dc Silva and H.S.H. Mahd. Jaya 143 Zonation of industrial activities to minimize environmental and coastal water quality degradation in Brunei Dmssalam. M.W.R.N.De Silva, HJ.H. Mardunan and H.M.T.Sabri 155 Socioeconomic contribution of coastal resources of Brunei Darussalarn. L.F. Scura and ML.Dalusung 165 Legal and institutional environment for the management of coastal resources in Brunei Darussalam. R J. Tobin 189 Appendices Program of Activities 211 List of Participants 212 List of Acronyms AD Agricullurc Department ANOVA analysis of variance ASEANfUS CRMP Association of Southeast Asian- Nations/United States Coastal Resources Management Project BOD biological oxygen demand B SP Brunei Shell Petsoleurn Co. CAM coastal area management COD chemical oxygen demand CRM coastal resources management Dab diameter above the highest bud root Dbh diameter at breast height DCA Development Control Area DDT dichloro-diphcnyl-trichloro-ethane Dg diameter of the mean basal area of the tree Dho mean diameter of dominant height DO dissolved oxygen; District Office DOF Department of Fisheries DOM Department of Museums DOTCP Department of Town and Country Planning EDB Economic Development Board EEC European Economic Community EES Extension and Enforcement Section EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA environmental impact assessment EIRC Environmental Impact Review Committee EPU Economic Planning Unit FAD fish aggregating device FC fecal coliform FD Forestry Department G stand basal area GDP gross domestic product GNP gross national product GVA gross value added H stand mean height HC hydrocarbon HMIC His Majesty in Council Ho stand dominant height "P horsepower ICRCA International Coastal Resources Conservation Area IDS industrial development sile IU Industrial Unit KBFLC Kuala Belait Fish Landing Complex Kg. Karnpong or village LD Land Department LaD Labour Department LFR Labu Forest Reserve LSWS Labu Selirong Wildlife Sanctuary MB Municipal Board MD Marine Department MEY maximum economic yield MFLC Muara Fish Landing Complex MFS Muara Fisheries Station MIDS Muara Industrial Development Site MIPR Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources MOD Ministry of Development MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOL Ministry of Law MF'N most probable number MSY maximum sustainable yield N normality; stand stock per hectare NBDMP Negara Brunei Darussalam Master Plan NDP National Development Plan NH3-N ammonia nitrogen nm nautical mile NO3-N nitrate nitrogen NO2-N nitrite nitrogen NPCC National Pollution Control Commission OMS Office of Medical Services OSA One Stop Agency OSY optimum sustainable yield P. Pulau or island PAC Pesticide Assessment Committee PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PD Ports Department PHs Post-Harvest Section PMO Prime Minister's Office PPm parts per million PPt parts per thousand PU Petroleum Unit PWD Public Works Department SFR Selirong Forest Reserve sg. Sungai or river SPOILS Simulation and Prediction of Oil Spills s S suspended solids STP sewage treatment plant STW sewage treatment works SV stand volume TC total coliform TCPA Town and Country Planning Act Tg. Tanjong or cape TP total phosphorus TPA Totally Protected Area UBD Universiti Brunei Darussalam US AID United States Agency for International Development USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency v wood volume VSS volatile suspended solids WGIM Working Group on Island Management WHO World Health Organizalion WQMS water quality monitoring station Y/B yield-to-biomass ratio Preface The coastal waters of Southeast Asia have some of the world's richest ecosystems and habitats characterized by extensive coral reefs and dense mangrove forests. Blessed with warm tropical climate and high rainfall, these waters are further enriched with nutrients from the land, which enable them to support a wide diversity of marine life. Because economic benefits could be derived from them, the coastal zones in these countries teem with human set- tlements. Over 70% of the population in the region lives in coastal areas where resources have been heavily exploited. This situation became apparent between the 1960s and 1970s when socioeconomic pressures increased. Large-scale destruction of the region's valuable resources has caused serious degradation of the environment, thus affecting the economic life of the coastal inhabitants. This situation is mainly the result of ineffective or poor man- agement of the coastal resources. Coastal resources are valuable assets that should be utilized on a sustainable basis. Unisectoral overuse of some resources has caused grave problems. Indiscriminate logging and mining in upland areas might have brought large economic benefits to companies undertaking these activities and, to a certain extent, increased government rev- enues, but could prove detrimental to lowland activities such as fisheries, aquaculture and coastal-tourism dependent industries. Similarly, u~egulatedfishing effort and the use of destructive fishing methods, such as mechanized push-nets and dynamiting, have seriously destroyed fish habitats and reduced fish stocks. Indiscriminate cutting of mangroves for aquaculture, fuel wood, timber and the like has brought temporary gains in fish production, fuel wood and timber supply but losses in nursery areas of commercially important fish and shrimp, coastal erosion and land accretion. The coastal zones of most nations in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are subjected to increasing population and economic pressures manifested by a variety of coastal activities, notably, fishing, coastal aquaculture, waste disposal, salt-making, tin mining, oil drilling, tanker traffic, construction and industrialization. This situation is aggravated by the expanding economic activities attempting to uplift the standard of living of coastal people, the majority of whom live below the official poverty line. Some ASEAN members have formulated regulatory measures for their coastal resources management (CRM) such as the issuance of permits for fishing, logging, mangrove harvesting, etc. However, most of these measures have not proven effective due partly to enforcement failure and largely to lack of support for the communities con- cerned. Experiences in CRM in developed nations suggest the need for an integrated, interdisciplinary and multisectoral approach in developing management plans that will provide a course of action usable for the daily management of the coastal areas. The ASEAN/United States (US) Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP)arose from the existing CRM problems. Its goal is to increase existing capabilities within ASEAN for developing and implementing CRM strate- gies. The project, which is funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and executed by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)