R E SUM E

ANCIENT A ND MODERN HISTORY

FR OM T H E

DELUGE TO TH E PRESENT TIM E

’ H A WES CHRON OLOGICAL CH A RT.

Y UN IVE R SA L H ISTOR .

FO R T H E USE O F SC H O O LS A N D FA M ILIES.

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A W E S’ W A L L H A H C R T 3 ? O F H UN I V E R SA L H I ST O R Y

’ F ro m t/z e Jfl tro a zwllo n of liz e [if/m um 7 3006 ’ lee o rl e e m e into f W d to t/z f res rz t T i .

T his Chart is ca efu en aved inted on fine ma a e r lly gr , pr p p p r, a nd t d on th b inches With o ni an ro moun e c o 36 52 c ce d e . It l y , r ll r is divided b ve tica ines the s aces etween them e es entin y r l l , p b r pr g t h e centu ies and b t acin the ch a t f om to to ottom we ma r , y r g r r p b y s ee at a glance what States and Empires were contemporaneo us at h n time any c ose . It al so contains carefullyprepared tabl es o f the R ul ers o f all in i a N ation f om the Pat ia h n m th e c s c s to the ese t ti e . pr p l , r r r pr ‘ Thes e tabl es will prove a valuable auxiliaryto th e study o f th e ' ha The divisions o f H isto are e es ented b an im ortant C rt . ry r pr y p dia am which a so shows man ofthe s u divis ions ende in the gr l y b , r r g tud much mo e inte i i e and cons e uent mo e inte e tin s y r ll g bl q ly r r s g . Exp erience has proved that this Chart can b e us ed with entire s ucces s in all count dist ict s cho o s and in e e de a tment in ry r l , v ry p r ad h oo s e ce t e ha s the ima e ominent ed g r ed s c l x p p r p pr ry. Ev rypr ucator in the countrywho has had an opportunityto examine its m e its has ecommended its ene a use not on in s choo s b ut r r g r l , ly l , in fami ies and e e ofes siona man or w ite in an de a t l , v rypr l r r y p r m ent o fLite atu e and e e u ic and i ate Li a sho u d r r , v ryp bl pr v br ry, l w h a o b e supp lied it c py.

T E ST M O N A L I I S .

L ’ . W . ICKN E L mmi s . F rom H on. T H O S Co s r o Public Schools or R hode Island B , f f hart o f ni ers a H i on f W e hav e ex amined 3. C U v l s to ryfrom the introducti o h h man ra into th wor d to the res ent im It ha e n re ared b t e u ce e l p t e . s b e p p y hen H al es th e auth r o f S nch ro no o o f n n n rn H is Step , o y gy A cie t a d M ode ” v l tor and i us trates in a com rehens i e form the o ri in rowth and deca y, ll p v g , g , y o fnations and in a manner nio s t Ofra hic and interes tin res ents an out ine , p g p l r a n an s T he hart is r a H is r as th e e as ilyfilled up b y e di g d tu y. C el ted to to y o ut ine- ma to eo ra h and a ea s to the mind throu h the e e and the l p g g p y, pp l g y und ers tanding . T his ma wi l b e o f es ecial interest to s tudents and will b e an in a ua le p l p , v l b ’ h r i rar aid to a teac e s l b y.

H R A . . . . S h l F e . A R O N E M . P n i rom R v , , ri c p al Keystone State N ormal c oo

W e would rath er teach H is tor ora l b means o f this hart than with all y l y, y C ,

- me time and th e tex t o oks in creation. T he entire s choo can learn at th e s a b l , ’ a ten minutes dri l er da on a hart like this wou d i e mo re read kno w l p y, C , l g v y l ’ e d e o fH is tor than a ha - hour s recitation rom a tex t- o ok and more W il b e g y lf f b , l m it at he n reme b ered o f t e d ofthe term.

Publishers : F R , R E E D C , O Y N . . 1 2 1 A A U T . N SS S ,

E ntered accordin to A ct o f on res s in the ear 187 4 g C g , y , BY S H A W E S

n fii e f he i rarian f n ees s a W as hin t n I the O c o t o C t o . L b g , g T H E LI B R A R Y O F C O N G R E SS

WA SH I N GT O N

I N T R O D UC T I O N

T H E increasing dissatisfaction with the present metho d of t eac in his to in our schoo s as we as sec u in a actic a h g ry l , ll r g pr l kno w ed e of its o ut ines b the ene a eade is c ons tantl l g l y g r l r r, y

min mo e a a nt M emo iz in f om - bec o g r pp re . r g r text b ooks has

' afio rded o o esu ts for the time and a o esto wed p r r l l b r b . It is verygenerallyc onceded that the o nlysuccessful metho d o f instruction is to app eal to the mind through the eyes and the

ndin This cannot done b the use of - ok unders ta g . be y text b o s a one It is no mo im actica e to attem t to secu e a l . re pr bl p r knowl edge of the geography of the world without map s to r esent the conto u of its s u face than to attem t to s ecu e epr r r , p r anydefinite o r comprehensive idea of the historical outlines of ’ the wo d s histo without a cha t to ma k t ei ounda ies rl ry r r h r b r .

‘ It was to meet this prereq uisite for the success ful studyo f h istorythat th e author ofthis manual compil ed the Wall Chart

ni sa H isto ust u ished T hat cha t was d si ned o f U e . v r l ry, j p bl r e g to b e used in connection with Synchronol ogy of A ncient and

M o de n H isto hich has a ead een e tensi e int o duced r ry, w lr yb x v ly r in o s choo s and o s t l c ll ege .

This itt e o ume no w offe ed to the u ic is not desi ned l l v l , r p bl , g t o take the lace of S nch ono o b ut to se e as a uide for p y r l gy, rv g teachers and o thers desiring a brief review of the more imp ort ant chan es w ic o ccu du in ach successi e io d S n g h h r r g e v p er . y c hronol ogyrecords all the more imp ortant events which have o c cu ed in the is to of the wo d most of which cannot b e rr h ry rl , s ho n on h ha t The two shou d b e us ed to ethe w t e c . r l g r. iv T O U T O I N R D C I N .

A lthough designed more esp eciallyto accomp anythe l arge C a t of Uni e sal H isto this sma e o k ma h r v r ry, ll r w r ybe used in connection ith an o the e ia e histo or b itse f w y r r l bl ry, y l .

The f e uent efe ences to the cha t and to the a es on r q r r r , t bl the cha t are to the wa chart hich contains ta es o h r , ll , w bl ft e rul ers. of all the inci a nations o fthe o d fom th i pr p l w rl , r e p atr archs to the sent tim pre e .

Teac e s and othe s in usin the cha t s ou d ca efu h r r , g r , h l r lly e amine the ta s efo e comin fo a c ass as it i l x ble , b r g be re l , w l

eat aid them in unde standin the chan es on the same as gr ly r g g , noted b c an e O f co o s Chan e in n y h g l r . g s governme ts or juris

diction of count ies whic are b ut tem o a are not noted on r , h p r ry, the cha t T is is on y desi n d i h in n r . h l g e to g ve t e outl es ofge eral histo ea in the d tai s to s c ed at a ate e iod b ry, l v g e l be e ur l r p r y ene a eadin g r l r g . In collecting and arranging the information contained in this manua as e as on the c a t it is too muc to e ect th at no l , w ll h r , h xp e o s a e en made But the aut o has s a ed no effo t to rr r h v be . h r p r r

s cu st ict a c a in dates and the na ation ofe ents It no t, e re r c ur cy rr v . unfreq uentlyoccurs that discrep ancies in dates are found in the

eco d Of the sam ents b diffe ent istorians who are con‘ r r e ev y r h ,

sidered ua ia T he easons for this must b e a a ent eq llyrel ble . r pp r to ud nt o f isto H enc shou d the eade find st e . every h ry e, l r r dates differing from those to which he has beco me accustomed b the use of c tain histo ies he shou d ea in mind that y er r , l b r ,

what ma at fi st seem to b e an e o can b e s o n to b e cor y r rr r, h w r i as his fa o it autho ect b yauthorityas rel able v r e r. A N IE N T H I T R Y C S O .

E F I R ST P R I O D .

F TH E C A TI N 4004 B . To T H E 2348 ROM RE O , C DELUGE, , A 1 656 YE RS. KENNEDY affirms there are more than three hundred different Opinions respecting the length of time which e lapsed between the creation Of the world and the birth o f Christ . It must be Observed that by the creation oflhe world n othing more can b e understood now than the introduc tion of the human race into it ; the science of geology h avi ng demonstrated th at it is utterly impossible to a ssign a date to its creation . The Chinese carry this k Of p eriod bac hundreds thousands Of years, while the a ncient Chaldean astronomers place the origin of so c iety at no les s than years before the Chris tian era . A ian n Of the ntediluv period we have o written history, n in e xcept that contai ed the Bible .

The author of this Bible . history is generally conceded ho 1 to s w 1 5 . c . or be Mose , was born 7 B , 7 7 7 years after the deluge . 1 4 51 . o. f 1 20 o of. Moses died B , at the age , the year th o f f e entrance the children o Israel into Canaan . The t of Old firs five books the Testament, written by Moses a nd n a of 2- 553 k own as the Pent teuch , cover a period

a n at of a . ye rs, closi g the time his de th In this connection it may be Of interest to Observe how few generations lived and passed away before the time of

M oses . By reference to the ch art it will be seen th at A 243 a af of a dam lived ye rs ter the birth Methusel h , who

y a of . lived until the e r the deluge Shem, the youngest s on N a who was in ark was 9 a Of o h , saved the , 7 ye rs Old a t e a and n a the d ath of Methusel h , lived u til Abr ham ’ was 1 25 Old and the fa years , Isaac , Abraham s son , ther wa 4 9 l a t a o s a O d. . J c b, ye rs See Period III The history 6 A N C I E N T H I ST O R Y .

Of the first . period is only represented on the chart b y ~ showing the genealogy Of the patriarchs from A dam to the famil Of N oah. The Chines e claim an antiquity Of from to l years . But of their history, little is known unti compara tively modern times . The Celestial E mpire n a 2 0 is ge er lly allowed to h ave commenced ab out 5 0B . a Fohi e the Others cl im it was founded by , suppos d to be N Of oah the Bible .

S E C O N D P E R I O D .

. T T H E CA E A FR TH E 2348 B . c O O B A H A 1921 OM DELUGE , , LL R M , , —4 A S 27 YE R .

Twe nty - three hundred and forty - seven years before C a 27 th of the hristi n era, on the day the second month , ’ k ~ N oah q uit the ark . He Ofiered sacrifices of than sgiv ing God appointed the rainbow as a visib le pledge that . he will send no more a uni versal deluge . From this time the descendants of N oah are dispersed Shem in A sia of through the earth ; those of , probably ,

H am in A rica OfJa llet/l in E uro e. f , and those p p

One d t m 224 7 . o. hundre years from his ti e, B , we h ave a n of Tower o B abel the the ccount of the buildi g the f , u n co nf sion of languages a d the dispersion of nations .

(See Gen . xi . ) a la B ab lo n N the Two ye rs ter, y is founded by imrod o of H am and in v h son of grands n , N e e , by Ashur, the

. n n u d Shem These two ki gdoms , as will be see , were nite h 205 9 . C . n i n ir t e A s s r a E m e . B , formi g y p It should be Observed that chronologists differ muc h o n the origin

of a n N n and the a . B bylo , i eveh , Assyri n Empire Much a n a th t is recorded as history, duri g this period ra w a or m tholo seve l centuries follo ing, is tradition ry y g

a . ical , and may only pproximate the truth 1 a 2 8 . f 8 . o t In B C the kingdom E g yp , the e rly of z n seat political civili ation , is supposed to have bee

n . of or a fou ded The dynasty its Pharaohs, gre t ” n n h a of H am at ki gs , comme ced wit Mizr im, the son , t a and n Ca his d te , continued to the co quest by mbyses,

5 25 B . e. We know but little of this ancient mon archy u ntil the

and n 1 7 06 . C. time Jacob his family we t there to dwell , B T H P O 1 9 — 2 1 1 4 91 . I R D E R I D , 7

T h eb e s was n 21 1 1 . c (or Luxor) , in Egypt, fou ded B .

20 - by Busiris . In 85 the king shepherds of Phoenicia z n 26 0 . sei e lower Egypt, and reig years It was during a n n n this period th t A cie t Greece was fou ded, Sicyon, its t n d b 208 9 firs ki g om, eing founded in . Abou t this time astronomical Observations were first

m ade at Babylon . Hieroglyphics were invented by Atb o the son a n tes , of Mizr im (Me es) ; Sculpture and paint ing used in Egyp t to commemorate military exploits ; and na f Pyramids ca ls built in Egypt, and the science o geometry cultivated .

T H I R D P E R I O D .

H E CA OF A B A H A 1 92 1 B c $ F T . . T o T H E XO F ROM LL R M , , E DUS O T H E S A IT S 1 491 —430 A S I R EL E , , YE R .

W a A a a n ith the c ll of br h m, authe tic history of the In 1 9 1 H ebrews commences . 2 A bram comes into Canaan w his and n and dw h m ith wife , Lot, his ephew , ells in Sic e . I n . n 1 9 8 . The ext year he goes into Egypt 7 B c . the; ” C of n and Lot ities the Plai are destroyed, rescued n n o A through the i tercessio f braham . Three years later A a a h br m dep rts from Mamre to Beers eba . The same of n In 1 . 8 6 . 0. year Isaac, the child promise, is bor 3 B and a n n of aa and a are Jacob Es u , twi so s Is c Rebek h ,

. 1 29 son of a l n o born In 7 Joseph , the J cob , is so d i t

and a a o . n Egypt, there sold as sl ve to P tiphar Twe ty

a a o his a a n a n a . three years l ter J c b, f ther, h vi g le r ed th t a in and n am Joseph was live Egypt, bei g pressed by f ine , is prevailed upon to go d o wn into Egypt with his whole a and t n an f mily (1 7 06 B . where they heir desce d ts re o mained for a pe riod O f2 15 years . About the c mmence ri of o a im me t this peri d , Dam scus (Syria) is referred to m h Gen. . a and n n a n xiv as city, co seque tly ust ve bee h one of the most ancient in the world . It is now t e a of a and r in capit l a Turkish p chalic, will be remembe ed connectio n with the massacre of M aronites by the

. 1 60. a an 28 A . 8 Moh mmed s , May , D

1 9th 1 3th n . c . Placem From the to the ce tury B , the ' claris the n n n a n , most emi e t avig tors of a tiquity, estab lished n the a and colonies alo g the coast of Mediterrane n ,

are supposed to h ave visited the British Isles . The tra ditional of n n T ro a al history a cie t y, afterw rds immort 8 A N C I E N T H I ST O R Y

of A th ens iz ed by H omer, and the founding , the cap n A of G ital of ancie t ttica and modern reece, as well as ofL ofA Sp arta , the capital aconia, and the rival thens ,

h ave their origin about the close of this period . The C A rundelian M O b e Parian hronicle in the arble, xford,

gins ih 1 5 82 B . C .

E F O UR T H P R I O D .

FR T H E A T OF T H E S A I S OUT OF E YPT 1491 OM DEP R URE I R EL TE G , , H I E T A N IN T CA N A A N 1451 —40Y A R S T O T N . E R R CE O , , E

t t e Moses , af er making an unsuccessful attemp to releas i an n h s people from Egypti bo dage, fled to Midian , where ’ thro s a and u a a he m arried Je d ughter, contin ed s shep

. c d 1 491 . G o h 40 . a erd years In B , appe red to him in a h t burning bus at Mount Horeb , and sen him to Egypt of to deliver the Israelites . The history this period is or a c onfined almost entirely to the Hebrews Isr elites .

But few political Changes are recorded . Of the story of the u of d t ten plag es , the epar ure Of the Israelites from P h o of Egypt , the pursuit by harao , and the destructi n h and a of imself army in the Red Sea, the rrival the Is r lite M S a Law ae s at ount in i , and the giving of the the s n n ame year, their wa deri gs in the desert and wars with the A t A n and morites , the dea h Of aro and Moses, the e ntrance of the Israelites into the land of Canaan under a n the le d of Joshua, with many other circumsta ces con h all nected wit their journeyings . readers of the Bible

to f . five of are supposed be amiliar The books Moses , of 255 3 containing the history the years, close at this

During this period the kingdom of M yc ene is sup to a f k n of p osed h ve been ounded by Perseus , late i g Ar wa gos . It s also during this period that the Olymp ic t G ames were firs celebrated at Elis .

F H R F I T P E I O D .

F T H E N T A N O F T H E S A IT S IN T CA N A A N 1451 ROM E R CE I R EL E O , , T O T H E KIN O F SA 1095 —356 A S GDOM UL , , YE R .

The h istory Of the children of Israel during this pe i d 4 r o is most important . But 0years had elapsed since 1 45 1 —1 9 T H P O 0 5 . F I F E R I D , 9

$ t a n a heir deliverance from Egypti n bo d ge, when they were called upon to establish for themse lves a govern m a n ent in a str nge land, surrou ded by a treacherous and i a w . s a arlike people Joshua, the r le der, is oon eng ged in

a war against the kings Of Canaan . A fter five years the of C n and conquest a aan is complete, Joshua divides the

$ t n . conquered erritory amo g his , people Of t The rulers the Israelites were firs styled Governors,

t . hen Judges, Of whom Samuel was last They were a lmost constantly engaged in war with the Philistines d an other warlike people . By reference to the chart it will be seen that in the 1 263 A r a E 1 3th . on ut a: century B C . ( ) the celebrated g ic a pedilion was undertaken . This is the first nav l expedi on and was a a n a tion record , undert ken by J so to venge the a of n Phr xus and de th his kinsma , y , to recover the t a n f o C . re sure seized by his murderer, the ki g olchis

‘ in h Phr x us a C a n The ship whic y s iled to olchis , h vi g n a ram ih been ador ed with the figure Of , poets were duced to pretend the journey ofJason was for the recov ’ w e r n . a n as a yof the golde fleece J so s ship c lled Argo,

from its builder, and he was accompanied by many kings and heroes . 1 200 It was also during this period, about , that the H eraclidce n n of , desce da ts Hercules , were driven out Of 1 1 04 a 80 nn . A a a Pelopo esus bout , or bout ye rs fter the

n n and n . taki g of Troy, they reco quered it retur ed This is in n all n a noted epoch chro ology, as history precedi g n wa n it has been accou ted fabulous . It s duri g this pe ri i f h od that the six serv tudes O t e Israelites occurred . n a a of n and See Synchro ology. See lso t ble Gover ors

of on . of Judges Israel , the chart The history the Judges

differs with chro nologers . n wn of This period bri gs us do to the time Samuel , the

l . n b e ast Judge of Israel Whe Old , employed his sons as j udges u nder him ; but their misconduct gave Israel th e a ri n and had occ sion Of desi ng a ki g ; Saul, whom God s t a deliv elec ed and commanded S muel to anoint, having e - a in n n n red Jabesh Gile d extreme distress, is a oi ted ki g , t id the H eb rew M onarchy e s tab lis h ed, 1 09 5 zg c A T H S T O 1 0 N C I E N I R Y .

S I X T H P E R I O D .

F T H E KIN O F SA 1 095 T o T H E B I I F ‘ ROM GDOM UL , , U LD N G O ’ S N S T 1 004 —9 1 A S OLOMO EMPLE , , YE R .

The history of the world during the time of the H em w nt n as e bre monarchy becomes more i eresti g , it is mor

a . n him reli ble Ki g Saul, like the Judges who preceded , wa n i s soo involved n war with the Philistines . He soon ’ a . disobeys Samuel s orders , is rejected, and S muel sent to h t as of a 1 06 Bethle em to anoin David the king Isr el, 7

R C a . a , when David is but eighteen ye rs of age S ul, a a t urged by je lousy, endeavors to sl y David, who flees o

a a 1 05 5 . c v rious pl ces for safety . In B . , while at war a to with the Philistines, Saul causes the ghost of S muel

. and be raised He loses the battle , kills himself, is suc ceeded ab his , as will be seen by the t le, by Ishbosheth nd a . n and son, David Seve years later Ishbosheth dies , ’ n a a David reig s lone . D vid s reign was a most eventful nd one a a a . , must be famili r to all Bible re ders as and His crimes as well his virtues , his successes , de feats are fully narrated . T wo years before his death he n for of umbered Israel , which God gave him the ch oice a n three pl gues with which to be pu ished . He soon after prepared for the building ofthe Temple on Mount Zion . In 1 01 5 he Solomon who had died and was succeeded by , already reigned about six months in the lifetime of his 1 1 m n a . 0 2 . 0. n f ther, David B Solomo com e ced the build in of and u n and g the temple, was f r ished with timber f n H n o . a workme by iram , ki g Tyre The same ye r In 1 004 the Solomon m ade an alliance with Ph araoh . vears temple was finished, having been seven and a half in building .

S E V E N T H P E R I O D .

F T H E B I IN O F T H E T 1 004 T o T H E BA B ROM U LD G EMPLE , , Y — LON ISH CA TI IT 58 4 16 A S. P V Y , 8 YE R

Soon after the completion of the temple Solomon in nn n h a n extended his commerce co ectio wit Hir m, ki g of n via Sea and Tyre, to I dia, Red , to the shores Of the A n via the of b t r t T adm ar tla tic, Straits Gi ral a ; buil

Palm ra B aalb ec and . b e ( y ) , , other cities A out this tim — S T H P 1 004 5 88 . 1 1 E V E N E R I O D ,

Samo s and Utic a were built. Solomon is afterward

seduced into idolatry by his wives . III 9 5 a o of 40 d 7 , fter a prosper us reign years , he die

son. e and was succeeded by Rehoboam , his The sam a n n the of year Rehobo m , havi g a swered elders Israel ten a harshly, is rejected by tribes , over whom Jerobo m reigns ; so th at only Judah and Benj amin adhere to the

family of D avid . T he kin dom o Is rael— — n as g f the ten tribes co tinued, n a will be seen by refere ce to the chart and the t bles, 2 4 ha n z er . f 5 lma e n 21 . c a o S u til 7 B , period years, when , n A a a a ki g Of ssyria , fter siege Of three years, c ptured ama a and n h a S ri , carried beyo d the Eup r tes the tribes th at Tiglath- Pileser had not already carried into captiv 4 7 0 . . ity , B C 1 i In 5 88 . c . 8 a s B , after a siege Of month s , Jerus lem a n b N a z z n of a n t ke y ebuch dne ar, ki g B bylo , the city d l and the of estroyed, the temp e burned, Jews Jerusalem and i n Th Judea carr ed captive beyo d the Euphrates . e

poorer classes only left in the land . The A s s yrian E mp ire occupies an important po o n of a a siti u duri g this period until the death S rdanap lus . After his death the empire is divided into the A s s y rian B ab lonian and M e dean kin do m s , y , g . (See

4 . a d . n a tables ) In 7 7 B C . N abo ss r foun s the B ab ylo

nian m ir T i lath- Pileser n n A E p e . g co ti ues the ssyrian it n Empire ; but is reduced i to very narrow limits . In

— ' 681 . 80B C . Babylon and N ineveh were u nited under

a - ha n and a m Es r ddo , the second Assyri n E pire ended, n bei g succeeded by the Babyloni an Empire . Pers ia and G re ec e w n e , it ill be see , occupy pr mi n n ne t positio s in history during this period . arth a e C 8 69 . r . B lai . g was founded by Dido, B C ( ) She afterwards became a gre at commercial and w arlike and of republic, disputed the empire the world with ' ni a fi Oi Rome, which occasioned the Pu c W rs, the rst 4 a 26 . d c . an 28 a . ar a which beg n B , lasted ye rs The C th inians t of a a t g bore the repu ation f i hless people, hence P the term anic failli. M a c edo n n . Th e first ki gdom of Macedon was Caranus 1 4 . 8 . was n incon founded by , about B C It a siderab le and was at f nd th country, di ferent times u er e of and a five protection Athens, Thebes , Sp rta, for nearly n nt a f ce turies, u il the reign Of Philip, the f ther o Alex 2 A T H ST O 1 N C I E N I R Y .

See M ander the Great. ( acedonian E mpire in next

period . )

ome . R R In its original state, ome is said to have been but a small castle on the summit of Mount Pala of tine . Here the foundation the City was laid by R C u 74 9 the t ofC or 53 m lus, years before bir h hrist, 7 before

the Christian era. Byreference to the table ofrulers on the chart it will be seen that Rome was governed by n un l the of eri 5 09 ki gs ti after close this p od, when in B . C . Cons u r r the Tarquin s were expelled, and a la gove nment 4 61 th began which continued independent years, till e 4 of P al 8 . . battle hars ia, B C wa 1 1 ia s . C . t M ed . It also during this period, 7 B , hat M A ssvrian the edes revolted from the Empire . The founding of the Median kingdom is usually dated from '

747 . c . n A B , contempora eously with Babylon and ssyria, when A rb aces commenced to govern without being de f n f l red . a o o n c a o . king (See t ble ki gs Media, the chart ) era of w Olymp iads . The the Greeks kno n as the

7 7 6 . c . Olympiads dates from July B , when the victors at O t C o lympia were firs registered, or ebus being the first a ar victor enrolled . These g mes e said to have been

C . u insti tuted 1 453 B . ; altho gh it is claimed by others 1 0 . in 3 . they were stituted by Pelops, 7 B C They were

4 . f t . 88 . C o of revived again B , in honor Jupi er This era ' O a n of the lympi ds was recko ed by periods four years, each n an O period bei g called lympiad, and in marking a date

the year and the Olympiad were both named . The com

30 t A . u f a 5 h . 44 o O 0. p tation lympi ds ceased with the , D h n or c t ia . S y The Tartars, Mo gols Moguls, were

anciently known as Scythians . They dwelt in the most n o f A a norther part Europe and si , although the boun

$ dary of their country was unknown . They first appear

in history during this period, but most prominently in $ n the seventh century B . C . Ma y other political Changes recorded in history will be fo und referred to in the tables of of a na and of rulers, the ncient tions , especially Greece n a nd Egypt . D uring this period flourished ma y of the H e re ro he H omer b w s . p p t Also , the first epic poet of the L cur us a i a of a a world ; y g , the gre t mythic leg sl tor Sp rt , a n Dido and u n of in ncie t Greece ; , the founder q ee a n n Ca a and a are cie t rth ge , m ny others whose names

. conspicuous in history . — ? G H T H O 588 330. 1 E I P E R I D , 3

E I G H T H P E R I O D .

F TH E CA PT I ITY 588 T O A XA N TH E G E A T 330 ROM V , , LE DER R , , A S 258 YE R .

A t the commencement Of this period we find Rome and M acedonia slowly but permanently enlarging their a n d borders, and g theri g strength for those unparallele achievements which will be more Conspicuous during the next period . We h ave no political changes in Greece to note on the n of JE tolia a chart, except the settleme t , country m ZE tolus . na ed after , who settled here After the ruin ‘ A n rE tOlians a Of the s and Sparta, the bec me the rivals Of

» A a a f . the ch e ns, and alternate enemies o Rome The his tory ofGreece is however Ofexciting interest during thi s as n period, she was almost co stantly engaged in bloody

a . wars, and experiencing altern te victories and defeats N n a t ebuchad ezzar is on the throne Of B bylon, and tha of proud, haughty, and powerful empire is in the zenith and e its greatness its wickedness, which are soon to prov th its over row. n of con During the first ce tury this period, Egypt is

Ca C r the a . quered by mbyses , the son Of yus Gre t n Darius, king Of Media, extends his co quests over

A sia.

th Of 55 9 . c . and Cyrus e Great became king Persia in B , two years later overthrew the Medo - Babylonian Empire ; a o and in 5 36 in less th an ten years conquered Asi Min r,

- m ire a formed the M e do Pe rs ian E p . He procl imed b i and n a li erty to the captive Jews , perm tted e cour ged m u a and the to return and rebuild Jer s lem the temple, na and returned the sacred vessels . This termi tes the ’ seventy ye ars captivity from the time when D aniel was

. a In 4 90 . C a a a n 606 . . c rried c ptive to B bylo , B C B , D rius a n n Of Persi , determi ed to exte d his power into Greece, 600 a an a of equipped a fleet Of s il, with rmy sol n a t diers . They met the Greek army, numberi g bou M arathon in a and h at , Attic , were defeated wit f an a . 29 . o terrible sl ughter, Sept The history the Persi n a and Empire is Of u usu l interest, should be carefully

studied by all students .

T h e Sacred W ars occurred during this period . f i s n n Of h 448 . . The r t, concer i g the Temple Delp i , B C 1 4 A N C I E N T H I ST O R Y

d 35 on n n . the secon , 7 , Delphi bei g take by the Phocians ’ T his was terminated by Philip ofM acedon taking all the n n a cities Of the Phocians and dispersi g the i h bitants,

4 . 3 6 B . C 40 9 . C . It is also during this period, B , that the Old t n and a no r infor Tes ame t closes, we h ve mo e Scripture n of Zecharias and E mation u til the time lizabeth, the p arents ofJoh n the B aptist . i to t M ac edonian E mp ire . By referr ng the char it will be seen that the great p owers Of Greece and Per ia t n b A lexander III a s are s uddenly over hrow y , c lled

O f . O f . H e the Great, son Philip II Macedon succeeded

20 a . a 336 . C . his f ther, B , at the age Of ye rs n n a a of He soo e tered upon c reer unbroken successes , a nd a a Of in bout six years bec me monarch the world, and t n the Per at n neof. s upo the thro Darius, the las ki g Of

an 330 . . si Empire, B C a n During this period historic l eve ts multiply rapidly, and are u o to a im too n mer us to refer , even those Of gre t a a ma a n d n port nce . The s me ybe s id in refere ce to isti guished persons whose names figure conspicuously in an n n ih Bible d secular history. Perso s wishi g to be formed more fully upon the progress of events during this and the following periods are referred to Synchro ” nolo and n gyOf Sacred Profa e History, by the author Of

this chart . A few Ofthe more promi nent men ofthi s period were P tha oras a of G n y g , the gre t philosopher recia Italy, n Of n Solon who taught the doctri e celestial motio ; , the A a and one Of great thenian legisl tor, the seven sages Of Orces us a n u for Greece ; , the l st ki g Of Lydia, famo s his

E S0 7 an an n a a - wealth ; 2 , cie t Greci n f ble writer (most Of f n w . the ables commo ly ascribed to him , ho ever were ri Con ucius a w tten by other authors) ; f , the celebr ted C H erodotus of hinese philosopher ; , th e father history ; Socrates a a X eno hon , the gre t Athenian s ge and martyr ; p , a a the celebrated Greci n w rrior, philosopher and his n Phidias n Peri toria ; , the finest sculptor Of a tiquity ; cles one of Of , the noblest statesmen ancient Greece ; Themis tocles one of a , the great st tesmen and generals Of n a A ris toteles n Athens, duri g its brightest d ys , commo ly a A ris totle one men c lled , Of the whose thoughts have D emos thenes a of A ruled the world ; , the or tor thens ; and Plato , the greatest Grecian philosopher . — T H P 330 1 46. 1 5 N I N E R I O D ,

N I N T H PE R I O D .

A XA N T H E G A T 330 T O T H E OvE R TH R ow OF FROM LE DER RE , , 4 —1 4 A S T H E G IA N I 1 6 8 . REC EMP RE , , YE R

A or n n The empire Of lexander, Of Macedo , is desti ed A n o n a o of a . t be short dur tion lexander marches i t I di ,

o verruns the country as far as the Ganges . H e returns

$

to a n A 21 321 . c . a e B bylo , where he dies, pril , B , at the g f n t n O f 32 years . A ter ma y dreadful conflicts be wee his c a n n n and n fO apt i s, his vast domi io s co quests form k n M acedonia Thrace S ria and E t i gdoms, , , y , gyp , all Of — which afterwards became Roman provinces Thrace in 1 4 i and 0 . 1 68 n a 8 n 65 in 3 . , Macedo i in , Syria , Egypt B C

01 . C . A n n f A t a . 3 one the b ttle Of Ipsus B , tigo us, ormerly ’ o fA a n a and n and lex nder s ge erals, was defe ted slai , the

$ a a n the empire is g in divided amo g four allied provinces . It is during this period that the Parth ians are first n n oticed on the chart. They were origi ally a tribe Of S t a as a m cy hi ns, who being exiled, their n me indicates, fro

t own a. A rsaces a d heir country, settle near Hyrcani l i the foundation of an empire which ultimately extended

of A a 2 0 . o a a 5 . a t n ver l rge part si , B C The P r hia s dis uted the n had p the empire Of the world with Roma s, who n n n n a s ee o cou try u conquered by their rms . They were n as a ever, will be seen by the ch rt, fully subdued by the R omans . B ith nia a n of A a e y , provi ce sia Minor, is s id to hav b n n n n Bith nus Of ee i vaded by the Thracia s, u der y , son

J na t a. was upiter, who gave it the me Of Bi hyni It sub ec t A a L an an j successively to the ssyri ns, ydi s, Persi s , and

M acedo ni ans . Most of the cities were built by Grecian

4 . c n . a an 7 . olo ists It was beque thed to the Rom s, B C The early history Of C ap p ado cia is involved in much a a o bscurity. The kingdom is s id to h ve been founded n a in the eighth century B . C . It was subject to Macedo i in n n the fourth century, but recovered its i depe dence

3 1 5 . C . and n a an n A . . 1 5 . B . fi ally became Rom provi ce, D ilicia A a M a an C , in si inor, became Rom province

67 B . C . M ac cab ees a a w The , a f mily Of p triotic Je s, com menced their career during the persecution OfAntiochus E i h 1 . h a anes 66 . y Of t e p p , B C The histor Macc bees is c n o tained in five books Of that name, two Of which are 1 6 A T H ST O N C I E N I R Y .

A ~ c o ntained in the pocrypha . Four are counted canoni C C cal by the Roman atholic hurch, but none by Prot

tants . es — 2 4 . th 0 C . e E reec e . 8 8 tolian an G B , d A chcean

Leagues are revived . The latter is afterwards joined by Of most the Grecian powers, and remains formidable m 1 30 ore than years, when it was entirely overcome and R n Greece became a oma province, under the name Of n fA h ia 1 46 . o c a . the provi ce , B C The history Of R om e now begins to demand a greater s a a . n th . C . e h re Of our ttention In the third ce tury B , Somnites w Of , a arlike people South Italy, after three s a . Cisa ine auls nguinary wars, were subdued The lp G

0 . R 22 . F are also conquered by the omans, B C rom this time to the Christian era it will be readily Observed how rapidly the n ati ons of the Old world become subject to

Roman authority . This period is memorable for the Punic wars ; those long and costly campaigns with Hannibal and the Car~ i tha in an on ta and A . g States , carried in I ly, Spain, frica

. nd con Of 2 64 B . C a The first these wars commenced ,

2 n 1 . nd d nn 3 2 8 C . a ti ed years ; the seco d in B , the thir

1 49 . . C B C Three years later, arthage is conquered by

the Romans . rlfacedonian u'ars on The , carried by the Romans with

Ph 21 3 . . ilip, commenced B C

a n 1 7 1 . C . The third, and l st, Of these wars comme ced B , a a n b e and three ye rs l ter Macedon was co quered, and

came a Roman province .

2 . The H a ns are first heard Of about 50 B C . They A a are were a race Of warlike si tics, and reported to have

conquered China near the close ofth at century .

2 . The E truscan war was begun by the Romans 31 B . C N i tor n Seleucus ca took Babylo , from which commenced for the Era of the Selucidce. This era was used in Syria and A ra many years, and frequently by the Jews some

bians until the 1 5th century . This period also furnishes many men whose names and ach ievements occupy prominent places in history . n Phocion one a Amo g whom were , Of the true Greci n at E uclid a heroes, warrior and st esman ; , the gre t geo A r himedes metrician of lex andria ; A c , the famous Gre e a m a i n geo eter Of Syr cuse, who demonstrated the prop erties the and H annibal Ca i Of lever ; , the rthagin an

1 8 A N C I E N T H I ST O R Y .

n or The ce sus , register Of estates and families through ’ out w was a Judea, referred to in Matthe s Gospel , m de one f C or th year be ore the birth Of hrist, in the fif year before the Christian era ; but the taxes were not collected until some years after . The birth Of John the B ap tis t and Of Jes us Christ oc c a d urred in the four thousandth ye r Of the worl , and C the fourth year before the vulgar hristian era . H erod he Great n a t , after bei g governor Of v rious parts of of the Syria, was appointed king Jews , and took part n n in the wars between A nto y a d Augustus . He rebuil t the and an a temple Jerusalem , and fortified m y pl ces in a and Palestine . In a furious r ge jealousy, he put his beautiful wife M ariamne to death . He vainly attempted n a a to murder the i f nt Saviour, but cruelly mass cred the o o male children near Bethlehem . He put his wn s n A t f ntipa er to death , and five days a ter died himself in d t the most readful manner, but a few months af er the b irth Of Christ. Having thus briefly reviewed the more important po litical t in changes , and other even s recorded history prior C aid to the hristian era, we can only hope that by the Of the ch art these facts will be permanentl y impressed upon n the mind . The reader is also referred to S y chronology Of A ncient and Modern History for a more full and com plete chronological record Of historical events . M O D E R N H IST O R Y .

F R O M T H E C O MME N C E M E N T O F T H E C H R ISTIA N E R A T O T H E PR E SE N T T I E M .

F I R ST PE R I O D .

F ROM TH E COMMEN CEMEN T OF T H E CH RISTIA N E R A T o T H E IN O F T H E R A N I A 1 . 93. DECL E OM EMP RE, D .

It is now generally conceded that th e Christian era

( n 1 Of f comme ced January , in the middle the ourth ye ar o f 1 94 O 53d the th lympiad, th e 7 year Of the building O f C Rome, and four years after the birth Of hrist. The u C act al date Of the birth Of hrist cannot be ascertained . It a A 5 is held by many that He was born, Frid y, pril ,

4 . H . e B C by others that was born Monday, Decem

25 Of . ber , the same year The Christian era is said to have been invented by a 3 m A . . 5 2 a onk, about D , and was introduced into It ly

d n . C C 81 6 uri g the same century The ouncil Of helsea, , o not n rdered it to be used by bishops, but it was ge erally C a . employed until several centuries fter harles III . Of $ Germany is the first king who added in the year Ofour ”

L r 8 9 . ord to his eign, in 7 A t the commencement Of this period we find Rome

virtually mistress of the world . The Commonwealth Of R h A ome terminated wit the battle Of ctium , referred to in A a the last period Of ncient History, when Oct vius ( now A ugustus) became undisputed sovereign Of the w R . n hole oman Empire The Senate still held its sessio s, t i b u ts acts had no real efficacy . Th e long civil wars in which th ey had been engaged

made th e Romans desire tranquillity rather than war. A n a ugustus made some conquests in Spai , and eng ged in a o n few ther successful military enterprises, but his reig a n was generally pacific . H e was a liberal patron Of le r in and $ A A e of a e g and the arts, the ugustine g liter tur 0 O H ST O 2 M D E R N I R Y .

s for wa greatly distinguished genius and refinement . If we may judge from his conduct while a member Of the

triumvirate, it must be admitted that his virtues did not u Spring so m ch from principle as from policy.

A A . . 1 4 ugustus died D , and was succeeded by Tiberius , L ha the son Of his wife , ivia, by a former husband . H e d greatly distinguished himself as a statesman and general before he attained th e throne, and his accession was h ailed with joy ; but his reign was a continued course of n m e of tyra ny and cri e, and was the xample the long series which have made the annals ofRome unique in the f history o the world . It was during the reign Of Tiberius that the crucifixion

in A . 29 r 0. four . o 3 o Saviour took place, D C n aligula, who succeeded Tiberius, commenced his reig b well, but soon became , ythe wanton and ferocious dispo he a h th sitiou displayed, lmost as muc the contempt as e hatred Of his subj ects . It is not our purpose to trace the emperors Of Rom e as n Of through their successive reigns, the ame and reign f each may be learned rom the table on the chart . N ero was the son Of one Of the worst women that ever a and one disgr ced the world, Of the first murders com mitted by N ero was that of his mo ther. The detail of in his crimes is impossible . Rome was good part burned down during his reign . He fixed the crime on the Chris Of e tians, and from this arose the first the ten terribl n n persecutio s . It was duri g this persecution that St .

Paul suflered martyrdom at Rome . es as ian who in 69 V p , ascended the throne , had already a n was accom g ined great distinctio , and his accession

lished at Of the in a Of was . p the will army Syri , which he

n . T in comma d His reign was generally prosperous . wo

n f - n n eve ts o world wide interest occurred duri g his reig . n the a nd the The first , the wars agai st Jews th t e ed with of a m and on destruction Jerus le dispersi Of the Jews,

. 8 70 . Sept , , by Titus, his son, and afterwards successor an nt M ore th Jews perished . The other eve A in a n an was the wars Of gricola Brit i , by which the Rom

4 . a A . . 8 power was est blished there , D Bu T itus is generally considered a successful ruler. t the excellency of his reign is not such as would b e e n . steemed in these days, especially the buildi g Of the f a Colosseum or gladiatorial purposes . The great er p — S O N 1 93 364 . 2 E C D P E R I O D , 1 t u o H ion Of Ves vius which buried P mpeii , erculaneum , and Stab iee and P i , killed the elder liny, took place dur ng i n A 4 h s 2 9 . reig , ugust , 7 D o mitian Of one , the brother and successor Titus , was had all o f the worst Of the Roman emperors . He but ‘ a ao bsolute power, and scrupled not to employ it for the m li hm n was th c o p s e t Of his own wicked purposes . He e last Of the twelve Ca sars (Julius Caesar being considered

fi . H e 9 6 Of 1 5 rst) was assassinated in , after a tyranny years . Th e next five emperors are called in history $ the five ”

. n A drian good emperors During the reig Of , the third o f 1 35—6 the of u the five good kings, , final desolation J dea a m is accomplished, Jews are sl in by the Ro ans , and a nd n the rem i er ba ished from Judea . With the death O f M ar i Of the last, cus A urel us , perished the glory the

e n . mpire, and from this time comme ced its decline Dur ing the reign Of this emperor occurred the fourth perse c ution the C r Of hristians, in which Justin Marty, and

e n . Polycarp, the venerabl bishop Of Smyr a, perished It was during the first century Of the Christian that the events recorded in the N ew Testament Scrip

. the a tures occurred Josephus, Jewish histori n, was c h th A 95 few e . ontemporary wit postles He died in , a f years before the death o St . John .

SE C O N D P E R I O D .

F TH E IN O F TH E R A N M I 193 T o ITS ROM DECL E OM E P RE , , I — 1 A S V ISI N 364 1 7 . D O , , YE R A t the commencement Of this period there arose four c for the Didius ulianus ompetitors throne : J at Rome , N Se timeu n iger in Syria, p s Severus in Pan onia, and A b l inus in Britain . The throne was sold by auction by the Praetori an

C . was lianus ohorts It purchased by D idius Ju , who was n n assassi ated after a reign Of about three mo th s, o ther parts ofthe army refusing to ratify the purch ase . was d s ev erus was He succeede by Sep tim eu S , who o a a in on a n pr cl imed emperor by the rmy Illyria , le rni g t at a li nus h the di dem had been purchased by Ju a . He 2 O H 2 M D E R N I ST O R Y .

f s was an able warrior, and abolished the orm of the n Republic and reigned with despotic rigor . Duri g the

n . remai der Of this period it will be seen, by reference to e on f the tabl the chart, that the reigns O most Of the n emperors were Of short duratio , and many Of them were disti nguished only for the cruelty or imbecility Of the re igning sovereign .

C arac alla o fS his . , son and successor everus, began G reign by murdering his brother eta, associated with him in the Empire . His career was One Of cruelty and folly . During his reign all the free inh abitants Of the empire were declared Roman ci tizens . M acrinus the and C , murderer successor Of aracalla, was a native Of Mauritani a and commanded that em ’ - eror s . H e was in r p body guard beheaded a mutiny, afte a t one a reign Of bou year. H elio g ab alus was raised to the dignity Of emperor a n d 1 5 by the Pr etoria Guar s when he was but years Old .

He attempted to introduce into Rome the superstitious .

a Of . A n of idol try the East fter a reig about four years, during which time he perpetrated almost every conceiva of a e ble act inf my and madness, h e was killed by thos

A . . 222 who exalted him, D . A lex ander Sev erus had been adopted by his pre and n on a a decessor, succeeded to the thro e his ssassin A h un n a e tion . lthoug very yo g, he e de vored to restor n discipline to the army and order to the Senate . Duri g 226 a a d n n and his reign, , the P rthi n y asty was overthrow , f a A I. n O rtaxerxes , a common soldier, fou der the S ssa n Of h nides dynasty, restored the ki gdom Persia, whic a t for an continued, as will be seen by the ch r , more th n four centuries . Severus havi g gained a victory over the P n a a on the ersians, was marchi g gainst the Germ n tribes

R was na own . hine, when he assassi ted by his soldiers, who were tired O fhis strict discipline . M ax iminus carried on the war against the Germans successfully, which his predecessor commenced . He was

a n R 238 . ass ssinated by his troops o their way to ome, ' death ofA 235 From the lexander Severus, , to the reign 284 49 1 6 difierent Of Diocletian, , a period Of years, em erors p reign in Rome, none Of whom accomplish much that is Of interest to narrate . Their reigns were short,

C . and all but two, laudius and Tacitus, met violent deaths . — S N P 1 93 364 . 23 E C O D E R I O D ,

The reign ofD ec ius is memorable for the terrible per sccution which he instituted against the Christians and a for the Gothic inv sion. n n a in a a a n Valeria , while e g ged w r ag i st Persia, was taken prisoner and compelled for seven years to bow him n as self dow , so as to serve a footstool for Sapor, the Per

n n n n . sia mo arch , when mou ti g his horse n of G allienus was in Duri g the reign , the empire n n t vaded by barbaria s on all sides, and the i ac ivity Of the an are kn emperor caused m y usurpers to rise , who own in $ ” l history as the Thirty Tyrants, although their actua number was but nineteen . Claudius delivered Italy from the Goth s by a victory ” n his Z n terribly complete Duri g reign, e obia, Queen Of l a i Of A and Pa myr , who re gned with the title ugusta, of n y of Queen the East, co quered Eg pt, a part Armenia, and A si a Minor. Z n M eso ota A urelian defeated e obia at Edessa, in p 273 y a n n a mia, , destro ed her m g ifice t c pital , and carried a her captive to Rome . From th t time Palmyra ceased to make a figure in history . a and to Fr nce, Spain , Britain are reduced to obedience

Rome . The reign Of Diocletian is more distinguished than th at Of either of his predecessors since the commence

n Of n . a me t the prese t period He was Dalmatian slave, and rose by his merits from the rank ofa common sol ” $ ra $ dier . The Diocletian E was also called the E ra of on a u of t Martyrs, cco nt the great persecu ions during his reign. This era was used by the Christians until the nt and a Of C a sixth ce ury, till after the doption the hristi n d the A era. It is still employe by byssinians and Copts . It dates from the day Diocletian was procl aimed em

4 . A 29 A . 8 eror . 2 p , ugust , D This was the last Of the ten persecutions Ofth e Christians . a M aximian and Diocleti n associated with himself , they a a Galerius and Con fterward took two other colle gues, ntius s ta Of Ca . , each bearing the title esar The empire was d n the n n then ivided i to four parts , under gover me t

Of two emperors and two Caesars . Soon after the com ’ mencement OfDiocletian s reign the empire was attacked o n and a n by n rthern barbaria s, sever l provi ces usurped by In 296 was o a . t the tyr nts , Britain rec vered af er a usur patiou Often years . ST O 2 4 M O D E R N H I R Y .

s tantine the C C o n , son Of onstantius, was appointed

r. by his father, before his death , to be his successo His torians relate that when Constantine was marching n M axentius wn agai st , his last competitor for the cro , he w the sa in heavens a luminous cross, with an inscription Con uer b this and n in Greek, q y fighting u der the he u M axentius standard Of the cross, conq ered , and em braced Christianity. He put an end to the persecu tions C to Of the hristians, and the combats Of the gladiators a and other barb rous exhibitions . In 328 he removed the seat Of empire from Rome to B Of C an yzantium , which from him took the name onst i l a t nOp e. This movement is thought to have h stened the f do wnfall o the empire . C n d in 33 was vi onsta tine ied 7 , and the empire di ded n between his three sons . A terrible civil war e sued , w l n 35 3 o ns tantius hich asted u til , when C , the young est . brother, became sole emperor H e ulian the A C . J , postate , succeeded onstantius a C established p ganism , and attempted to suppress hris

tianit . y He was killed in a war with the Persians, and

o ian C an . succeeded by J v , who restored hristi ity u a 364 Valentinian s cceeded Jovi n in , and associated h alens n wit himself his brother V , givi g to him the c eastern province , whi h led to the final separation Of the f . n an t o empire Co st tinople was the capi al the eastern, and Rome Of the western empire . h ians u The Part , who were never wholly s bdued by the n Roma s, as will be seen by the chart, were conq uered,

. 2 A rtab anus V. A . 26. and , their last king, killed, D Their an new d of territory was now nexed to the king om Persia, n A who t a. by rtaxerxes , had revolted agai st Par hi The Parthian empire came thus sudde nly to an end when it a n n na d a a n h d show few signs ofi ter l ec y or we k ess . The new P n or Of a a ersian mo archy, kingdom the S ssanid e , nt 65 2 a wa which succeeded it, continued u il , when Persi s

A . h invaded by the rabs It did not, owever , become the n f a or a a 61 . o a . 6 seat the Moh mmed ns , S r cens u til In 361 the Goths are divided into Ostrogoths and Visi

or n . goths, Eastern and Wester Goths We h ave but few political ch anges to note on the chart d n d l n a n uri g this perio , as Rome stil mai t i s her supremacy

over mos t Of the n ations Of the East . The Eastern Empire now extends from the lower Dan

O H T 2 6 M D E R N I S O R Y .

into Spain . The Goths crossed the mountains anddro ve o ut and a h in t an the Vandals, est blis ed Aqui aine d Spain 409 t the kingdom Of the Visigoths, about (see char ) b ut which remained nominally subject to Rome until when it became independent . The Romans at this time had lost all their possessions A Lu du west Of the lps, except the province Of Gallia g nenSIS. By reference to the chart it will be seen that the king dom of the Franks was commenced on the lower Rhin e

4 20 n P a . 426 w , u der har mond In the Romans withdre their last troops from Britain . 439 C n the In Genseric takes arthage, and begi s king dom Of the Vandals in A frica . 446 n n R n e In , the Brito s , aba doned by the oma s, mak their celebrated complaint to rE tius against the Pic ts and

ar a B n. Scots , and three ye s l ter the Saxons settle in ritai

n - a a n P The A glo S xons, h vi g expelled the icts and Scots, .

a n and t n 455 . ttack the Brito s, drive hem i to Wales, in T wo Saxon H e tarch is and years later the p y established, n or Britain divided i to seven more kingdoms . The nex t ye ar a new and terrible foe appe ars in the» ”

. A a n the field ttil , called The Scourge Of God , ki g Of n a a an m Hu s, r v ges the Rom empire, and attempts to for an immense empire from Chin a to the A tlantic . He was . finally compelled to retreat to his palace in the wilds of n a and 453 on Hu g ry, in died suddenly the night Of his nuptials . In 452 Venic e is founded by families from A quileia $ ” and P a n . adu , fleei g from Attila, The Scourge Of God The fo rmer place was almost totally destroyed by this leader ofthe Huns . 468 is i th s E uric a r In the V g o , under , est blish thei

n om and an . ki gd , expel the Rom s from Spain mulus A u t n n R o g us ulus (the latter ame, meani g A of W little ugustus, given in derision), the last the est

O 31 4 75 . ern emperors, ascends the throne, ctober The na a o ne of t merce ries soon dem nded third Of the lands I aly, which being refused they took up arms under their Ger m n ’ a , a , S w O restus, f , leader Odo cer le the emperor s ather, and deprived A ugustulus o f his sovereignty . The dignity Of emperor Ofthe West was formally abol ished and O do ac er a as , scends the throne, the first bar ” b arian King of Italy . 4 6— ’ F U T H P O 622 . O R E R I D , 7 27

Here the history Of the Western empire terminates ; its ruin having been mainly caused by the repeated in ' d ’ Sion Of vast hordes Of barbari ans . O oacer s sack Of Rome was the great event which preceded the middle or dark ages .

F O U R T H P E R I O D .

$ F T H E B IN N IN O F T H E A K A S 47 6 T O TH E ‘ ROM EG G D R GE , , H I A — 1 4 A S 622 6 . EG R , , YE R

n n in as A or The period k ow history the Dark ges, mb 1 000 a a a . Middle Ages , e r ces bout years It is usu lly reckoned from the fall Of the IVestern Empire Of Rome

o or . to the overthr w of the Eastern Greek Empire Or, a t n according to H llam, it comprises the ime betwee the n a of an C 4 81—5 and a N a i v sion Fr ce by lovis, , th t Of ples,

- C 1 492 5 . n by harles VIII, Duri g this period, ignorance

n a u a . and superstitio prev iled, almost nivers lly 4 93 T h eo doric a n of O In the Gre t, ki g the strogoths, nna a a the W and the takes Rave , the former c pit l Of est, f kingdom o Italy passes from the Heruli to the Ostrogoths . v ab u 33 a n Theodoric reigned o er Italy o t ye rs, and his reig was characterized by wisdom and prudence . t n n I The reign Of Jus i ia . was one Of the most bril

a the t n d. li nt, Of the emperors Of Eas duri g this perio He

ustinius I. in 5 2 7 . succeeded his uncle, J , , having been his

- co emperor for nine years before . His reign was m arked by the Victories of one of the greatest and best military a — a a commanders th t ever lived Belis rius, who reg ined

a a a . It ly, Sicily, and Afric , from the barb rian conq uerors nd o b a i Of i . was n N a sp lers the emp re He seco ded y rses, b a and other a le soldiers . He c used a code Of laws to be T rib onian and compiled by others, which all western and a Europe received, which survived the f ll Of the em

. and pire But he suppressed the schools of philosophy, maintained his own dogmas by the sword . During his n a at an n reig the people were so utterly f llen, th s gui ary n n n Of an k co tests, enda gering the very thro e Justini , too a n pl ce betwee the charioteers in the circus, when the

at . 5 65 enemy was the gate He died in , at the age of 83 a 38 s b ye rs, having reigned years, and was ucceeded y us tin I J I . ‘ O H S T O 28 M D E R N I R Y .

rench M o narch f C The F y is ounded by lovis , a 4 1— f S 8 6. c hief o the lian Franks, who invaded Gaul ew C C i A f years later lovis embraces hrist anity, and is 0 t z . 5 7 bap i ed In he conquers the Visigoths, and firmly establishes the kingdom of the Franks ; the country

being afterwards called France . Three years later he P makes aris the capital Of the kingdom . C and lovis his ancestors are called, in the history Of

a M erov in ians . n Fr nce, g This d asty lasted until

7 5 2 a 250 . a ors o the Palace , little more than years g f h ffi in u were hig O cers France, and had great infl ence th M n during e erovingia kings . In 5 68 Italy is conquered by the Lombards under A n lboin ; the Old Roman municipal system is overthrow ,

and the feudal system established . In 607 the suprem w B acyOf the pope is ackno ledged in ritain . ara c ens — E a —an A a The S , meaning stern People r b now a as t race, appe r in history, the firs disciples Of

hfahomet or M ohammed. n a nt , Sarace s is equiv le to u na Mussulmans, and is Often sed as the general me Of not of the the Arabians . It is so much the name people

O fa n O f Of . cou try, as it is the professors a religion a a The preaching Of M homet, who pretended to h ve a and met divine mission , new revelation from God, with of A a Violent opposition at Mecca, a city rabi , where he

n and na. was bor , he was compelled to flee to Medi $ The history Of the thousand years styled the D ark ” A has n a ges, receive d less atte tion by students gener lly an th its importance demands . But those who wish to be informed of th e more important events which occurred n a duri g th t period , are referred to Synchronology Of A n can ncie t and Modern History, where these events be easily learned without the necessity Of poring over vol

umes Of uninteresting matter.

F I F T H PE R I O D .

F T H E H I A 622 T O CH A A N A T R 800 ROM EG R , , RLEM G E OME , , A S 1 7 8 YE R . H egira , in chronology, is the era whence the Moham On i h 1 5 medans compute their time . the n g t of July , 622 a M edina and , Moh mmed fled from Mecca to , this . i - era commences on the 1 6th Ofth at month . Th rty three — F T H P O 622 800. 29 F I E R I D ,

Of the lunar years ofthis era were equal to 32 ofthose Of

the vulgar era . ’ na n The cardi l pri ciple Of Mohammed s creed was , ” d M hammed h u one God an o is is ro het. There is b t , p p His prophetic character being acknowledged at Medina a a and whither he had fled, he beg n to m ke loftier claims, to assert that the Sword was the instrument Of suasion

which he should employ . During the ten years th at . t and a intervened between his fligh his death , he g ined all the most warlike chiefs to his b anner ; his whole a n a at m b n f rmy bei g nim ed with the ost a sorbi g anaticism ,

were everywhere successful . He won his way slowly A a a a n m and a from r bi to P lesti e, took Jerusale , att cked Chosroes O f and a y n n , Persia, Her clius, the B za ti e em f r a a o n a of . p eror. He lso prep red the i v sion Egypt In

632 at of 63 . , the age years , he died A few a a as n the ye rs l ter, will be see by chart, Egypt o a a and Persia were c nquered by his followers, the S r cens . The Moh ammedans were divided into several sects ; two n Sonnites or the chief bei g the , the orthodox, whose chief seat is the Ottoman empire ; and the Shiites (Secre

or Fatimites t n . taries) , , whose s ro ghold is in Persia a 8th n a n n E rly in the ce tury the S race s i vaded Europe, n Ca a C a in a n a and fou ded the liph te of ordov Sp i , fter destroying the monarchy Of the Visigoths which had

n n a two n 7 1 2 . co ti ued for more th n ce turies, Europe was no doubt rescued from Moh ammedan C a a O f an rule by the celebrated h rles M rtel, Fr ce, who defeated the Victorious Saracens between Tours and

Poic tiers 7 32 . , in October, a 52 The tempor l power Of the Pope commenced in 7 ,

the a n Of' n under uspices of Pepin the Short, ki g Fra ce, ‘

on n . e R a who bestows Stephe II , Pope, the xarchate Of venn a. — In 67 8 80 the Bulgarians establish a kingdom in o a a and a M esia (now Bulgari ) in Europe n Turkey, fter a a n far n w rds r vage the cou try as as Co stantinople . They continued a formidable foe to the Eastern or Greek empire . By reference to the chart it will be seen that b y the n the a a n n k co quests Of S r ce s duri g this period, the Gree a all n i empire lost ne rly its possessio s n Africa and Asia . The D anes make their first hostile descent upon the h Britis coast in 7 87 . A few years later they invad 3 H ST O 30 M O D E R N I R Y .

s of u n Scotland and Ireland, and possess themselve D bli , '

F a h . ing l, and ot er places The D anish chronicles mention eighteen kings to the t R a nor Lodb ro 750 ime Of g g, (see table Of kings Of Den who t E n mark) , was killed in an attemp to invade g d a 7 94 . l n , Ch arle OfF s I . rance and Germany, commonly called Ch arlem ne h ag , becomes joint successor, wit his brother

C 7 68 . A t Of C arloman, to Pepin, in the death arloman, 2 C h 7 7 , harlemagne becomes sole monarc Of France . A ll of n was the early part his reig taken up in war . 7 74 n In he invades Italy, takes Pavia, defeats Didier, ki g L an Of ombardy, puts end to that kingdom , and annexes

a . 9 Italy to France . (See ch rt ) In 7 7 he conquers N a

a a . H e v rre, Sardini , and the Saxons enforces the impo u for of sitio Of tithes the support the Clergy, churches, t schools , and the poor. He afterwards res ores Pope

Leo III . to his throne from which he had been driven b y f a ormidable conspiracy, for which he is crowned at R P Ital German France ome by the ope, king Of y, y, and , 800 H ne A . D. . e w forms the empire Of the West, when the P m E b e ope separates fro the astern empire, and fl O f W . rO i comes supreme bishop the estern Ignorance , p ac the C g y, and misery characterize age preceding harle z magne.

S I X T H P E R I O D .

F CH A R A N 800 T O W I IA T H E C N R 1066 ROM LEM G E , , LL M O QUERO , , —2 A S 66 YE R . A t the commencement Of this period we find Charle

of a n and . magne emperor It ly, Fra ce , Germany The political ch anges from this time increase rapidly a 011 in number, and should be c refully Observed the chart. all It is impossible to mark them all by colors, but the

more importan t are represented .

The m otives Of Leo III . for the revival Of the empire Of the West in the person Of Charlemagne have afforded a theme for discussion Of which historians have not a failed to avail themselves . But there c n be but little a had n h doubt th t he reaso to ope that Italy, which had SO l n n n to o g been a dependent provi ce, would soo rise a

and . first place, be recognized as an empire —06 S X T H P O 800 1 6. 31 I E R I D ,

B ut the motives Of Charlemagne in accepting the are a imperial crown not so app rent, as he must have a pprehended the danger Of exci ting the j ealousy Of the of a as the a Greek emperors the E st, well as uncert inty th at the Franks would cordially accede to his deriving n a o n n more u limited authority from n ther natio , tha they

c onceded to their kings . Charlemagne soon added a second he ad to the eagle to denote that the empires Of Rome and Germany are In a n of u . nited in him ssumi g the title emperor, Charlemagne had little desire to plunge himself into $ n n a n new wars . An easy mode Of reco cili g the j rri g n Of a and i terests the E st the West was suggested to him, b ut his o wn t a a or whether by poli ic l s gacity, by the ff O fficious z Of a a . eal the Rom n ponti , does not appe r The actual possessor Of the disputed territories was a w d w n a n and C i o (Ire e, queen Of th e E ster empire) , harle n w magne is now free to contrac t a e alliance . It was s oon agitated that the extinction of opposing claims n n n a an might be secured by the u io Of opposi g cl im ts . T n a a his proposed u ion, lthough mutually greeable, was n o A ejtius preve ted by the Oppositi n Of , who had been ra n ised by Irene to the highest statio Of the empire, with the a t n hope Of r ising his bro her to the imperial dig ity . Pacific proposals were at once m ade for the settlement

of the claims of the two n ations . While negotiati ons n n at C n n n a t im were pe di g o sta ti ople, revolu ion at the o n n n N i perial c urt sudde ly i terrupted the proceedi gs .

»ce horus a a was p , the gre t tre surer, secretly invested with

the and . a a purple, crowned at St Sophi by the ven l ’ a h a n in 02 A n i a s 8 . S N p tri rc Ire e s successor, soo as c e horus had n p usurped the thro e from the usurper, he n u haste ed to conclude the peace which Irene had beg n , a nd the election Of Ch arlemagne was r ecognized by the e f mperor O the East. From this time to 81 0 Ch arlemagne was engaged suc c essivel and Ve yin wars with the Danes, Bohemians,

netians . A t a th e n Of the close Of the Veneti n war, dominio s C a h rlemagne included all of France and Belgium, O n bounded by the Alps , the Pyrenees, the cea , the Medi

t a . T O errane n, and the Rhine these were added, to the a of w E south , all that p rt Spain comprised bet een the bro a nd P Of yrenees, and to the north , the whole Germany, H ST O 32 M O D E R N I R Y .

a the L . far e to the banks Of the Elbe It ly, as as ow r Ca lab ria was son or to , either governed by his , tributary w a C Lib urnia and a his cro n ; and D lmatia, roatia, , Istri , . h to wit the exception Of the maritime cities, were joined f H n B i the conquered territories o u gary and ohem a .

The east Of Europe acknowledged his power as far as . onflux of n w T e s and the c the Da ube ith the ys the Save . Most o f the Sclavonian tribes between the Elbe and

V and and C n istula, paid tribute professed Obedience ; or s i and a on ica, Sard nia, the Bale ric Isles were dependent ’ r an the empero s possessions in Italy d Spain . C n d 81 4 72 and harlemag e ied in , at the age Of years, in the 4 7 th year Of his reign . We h ave devoted more space to the reign Of Charle a an S d not m gne th we houl , had its importance been usually tOO much ignored. But the ch aracter Of Charle m agne can only be appreci ated by comparing it with the barbarism Of the times from which it emerged . uis n na a b nn Lo I . , the Ge tle, sur med lso De o aire, suc

- 4 ceeded a 8 14 . In 839 0he d e his f ther, ivided the empir

n . Loth aire among his so s , the eldest, received Italy and n Lo uis a a k a part Of Germa y ; , c lled the Germ n , too a h arl I B C es I . the rest Of Germ ny, and , the ald, was crowned king Of France . The republic Of Venic e becomes completely founded at th e comme ncement Of the ninth century . n R O G eno a , after undergoi g the revolutions Of the 1 man m 000. e pire, becomes a free commercial state about l was Sici y, which taken from the Goths for the Greek 5 35 emperors, by Belisarius, , was conquered by the Sara 1 d a n 832 . 059 an out ce s, In the Greeks Ar bs are driven

N man R I. a the by a or prince , oger , who afterw rds takes f title o Count Of Sicily . witz erland a H elc etia to S , the ncient , was converted 1 Christianity by Irish missionaries in 6 2 . It is ravaged H 9 09 1 032 by the uns in , and in becomes subject to

Germ any . A ls ac e a A , formerly a p rt Of the kingdom Of ustrasia , is incorporated with the German empire in the tenth century . B ur und a it g y, large province in France , received s n n an who name from a Gothic tribe , k own as Burgu di s ,

2 7 5 . In 8 C a a a his overran Gaul, 7 7 h rles the B ld m de

- in- l aw d O f n . In brother , Richar , the first duke Burgu dy

34 M O D E R N H I ST O R Y .

F atimites or A li A li wh , sect Of , were founded by , o m ’ a o a u 632. rried M h mmed s da ghter, Fatima, They were SO called for the reason they were believed to be the descendants of Fatim a. They established themselves in a n Ca o a a Egypt, where they rem i ed, with ir for their c pit l , u n a o o f w ft n w n ntil e r the cl se the t el h ce tury, he their dyn asty is succeeded by the famous Saladin who estab lishes the dominion of the i M am eluke s . These were originally Turk sh and t Circassi an slaves . They were af erwards established by

- n the Sultan as a body gu ard . They advanced o e oftheir own the and nt n to corps to throne, co i ued do so until i 1 a n 1 5 7 . Egypt bec me a Turkish province , Seljuks The Seljukian Turks were the n n no ancie t inh abita ts Of Central Asia. They Should t n t an who w no be confou ded with O tom Turks, ill be ticed in the next period in connection with the O ttom an em

1 lth n n During the century, serious disse sio s occurred n a a n an a amo g the S r ce s , Of which the Turks took adv t ge ,

and . n conquered Persia They are expelled, ear the close ofthe 1 2th century. n land n in E g . The Saxo s first came into Brita dur

the n . a n n ing fourth ce tury H vi g expelled the Brito s , and fi nding no other enemies to subdue they began to n na n quarrel amo g themselves . Fi lly Egbert, ki g Of all n Wessex , reduces the other ki gdoms to subjection ,

n 8 27 . a and is crowned ki g, Here the Saxon Hept rchy n n n n n one e ds, seve ki gdoms being u ited i to under the n a n m Of name Of E gl nd . It was so a ed by order Egbert,

n at n 829 . in a ge eral council held Wi chester,

- in England continued unde r the A nglo Saxon k gs for, tw n n an is ne arly o ce turies . Duri g this period Engl d n n n ruled by fiftee different ki gs , as will be see by refer ” n a n of n an on a . e ce to t ble of ki gs E gl d, the l rge chart The most eminent Of these was

f th r at who 87 2 9 01 . A l re d e G e , reigned from to n A fter many unsuccessful engagements with the Da es, who had continued their piratical incu rs ions for several n E n he i years , and had early subdued gland, ga ned a

complete Victory o ver them . The struggle with the Danes is renewed and c ontinued f A ’ i during the reigns O lfred s successors, until the re gn ofEthelred II who compounds with the D anes for peace . — H P 1 066 1 29 9 . 35 SE V E N T E R I O D ,

B ut in 1 002 he issues a secret order for the massacre of n an was a n all the D anes in E gl d , which order c rried i to f N w e xecuti on on the 1 3th o ovember, hich is the feast o f St . Brice . n n b y n Of This barbarous act is soo ave ged Sweyn, ki g d an a in n , an b D enmark, who l ds a l rge army E gland rings

n . war and all its miseries upon the cou try o man and Sw e n Ethelred flees to N r dy , y himself is On a of n re n . p roclaimed ki g the de th Swey , Ethelred

1 01 6 E dmund II . n , tur ns . In his successor, , Iro sides te is defeated by Canu , successor to Sweyn, who becomes

d. s ole monarch Of Engl an o n a n 1 04 1 Danish kings continued to g ver Engl nd u til , t la n na had SO when H ardic anu e , the st Da ish mo rch , u exasperated the people by taxing them as a co nq ered nd r a O ff an , a e c ountry , th t they threw the D ish yoke na n E dw ard Con ess or s tored the Saxon dy sty u der the f ,

a vo un er son of Ethelred II . ” g n N an n Having resided amo g the orm s , Edward i tro n of ha duced i nto E ngland m a y the customs of t t people, a and Showed a strong attachment to them . This g ve

n n a G . o fience to the E glish obles, especi lly Earl odwin f n his son a At the death O Godwi , eldest , H rold, became a had no anxious to succeed Edw rd , who children , on the t n a h Of a 1 066 H arold hro e . At the de t Edw rd, , is a of N and o e lected king . But Willi m orm y so n asserts his right to the throne under pretence th at Edward had a n ad n h left it to him in his will . Willi m i v ed Engla d wit a a Of a on 1 4th ofC C a large rmy, met the rmy H rold the

e was h a a a n . tober, when foug t the celebr ted b ttl Of H sti gs

H was - and illiam th e arold killed, his army defeated , W

C o nq uero r was soon at the gates Of the capital . He was at n on C a da crowned Westmi ster hristm s y, Decem b er 25 1 066 n was a has in , , whe completed wh t s ce been f n ” known in history as the Conquest O E gland.

SE N V E T H P E R I O D .

‘ F W I IA T H E C N 1 066 T O T H E OT T A N ROM LL M O QUEROR . , OM EM I 1 299 3 A S 3 . P RE , , YE R

William the Conqueror was the first Of the Six N orm an n n 1 066 1 1 1 n ki gs who reig ed from to 4 . He was a able 36 O H ST O M D E R N I R Y .

ne Of statesman as well as warrior. O the most important acts of his reign was the compilation of $ Domesday ” or a Book, Doomsd y ; a book Of the general survey of was England . It intended to be a register whereby to ofthe determine the right tenure Of estates . Feudal laws t of The , the enure land by suit and service or t to the lord owner, were in roduced into Engl and by the Saxons about 600 but this slavery was increased 1 in 070. William the Conqueror was killed at Mantes during an a i 1 08 n n n 7 . inv sion of France , leavi g three so s R obert v N To , the eldest, he de ised ormandy ; to W il liam and H enr the he gave the crown Of England, to y, n t Of M you ges , he left the fortune his mother, atilda . W illiam II n R u us . , sur amed f , was crowned Sep 2 6 1 08 . n tember , 7 Duri g his reign occurred the first of T h e rus a a C des . After the c pture Of Jerusalem by C n the Turks, the hristia pilgrims were Often robbed and a w oppressed , and these crus des ere undertaken by the Christian powers to drive the lnfidels from Jerusalem and a n s a the La d the adj cent cou trie c lled Holy n . They m an a were projected by Peter the Her it, enthusi sti c

of n . French Officer Amie s, who turned pilgrim There t and a were eigh of these crusades, they were ttended by

. a was n 1 270 varied results The l st u dertaken in , and r in n d out esulted the Christians bei g riven of Syria . n n Of C was n n t The i flue ce the rusades great, te di g o n a expand the mi ds Of Europe, to break up the feud l n system, refine the man ers, promote improvements in n n rm a n the arts and scie ces, and to u de ine, r ther tha

n n Of . stre gthe , the power Papal Rome i a Sir l T rrel a . was W Will m H accident lly shot by a ter y , N an n N ew a orm k ight, while hunting in Forest, and was 1 1 00 n succeeded , in , by his you ger brother, i I ch lars n n H enr . S o y , the He ry was crowned king violation Ofthe righ t Ofhis Older brother who was absent

A - n L n . T O n in the Holy a d co ciliate his nglo Saxon frie ds , ’ H C r Of to enry restored Edward the onfesso s code laws, H which that people were much attached . e married M a Of aud, daughter Of Malcolm of Scotl nd, who was Anglo - Saxon descent ; thus more firmly uniting the

Saxon and N orman interests .

But England reaped little good from all this . The ra poor were ground down by his extortions, and the T H O 1 066—1 29 9 . SE V E N P E R I D , 37 p acityofthe nobles and the clergy increased their suffer N n of ings . Henry had bought orma dy his brother n n the u a a R obert whe he joi ed first cr s de, and fter his n t f return conti ued o keep possession o it . He was Often a t war h n end a wit the French ki g, but in the g ined the

an a . 1 1 35 and a dv t ge over him He died in , was succeeded w by his nephe ,

h en . n . Step It had been the desire Of He ry I . that the a a at throne should be given his d ughter, Matild , his now C of n and d . eath She was ountess A jou, attempts in a n of n her f vor were soon made in the orth Engla d, n a n n a d gr dually spread i to all parts Of the ki gdom . In 1 1 1 4 a n n n was a , at the b ttle Of Li col , Stephe t ken pris o of a was a ner by the troops Matild , who soon fter de n feated at Winchester . E gland was nearly destroyed d of n n war. a or uring this period i sa e civil M tilda, Maud , n n n h fi ally co cluded a peace with Stephe , by whic he was r the the n estored, and succession to thro e secured to her s on H n . , enry Plantage et

H enr II . an a n or y , the first Of the House Of Pl t ge et,

n a n n in 1 1 54 . was A jou , sce ded the thro e It during his r n n C n na eig the co stitutions Of larendo were e cted, which a a a were opposed by the celebrated Thom s Becket, rch

bishop Of Canterbury . Becket is compelled to flee to an a n n an and Fr ce but afterw rds retur s to E gl d , is mur 9 1 0 In 1 1 d at 2 1 7 . 2 n ered the altar, December , 7 He ry II . takes possession Of Ireland ; which from th at time is

or - governed by an English Viceroy lord lieutenant . urna a w i h ard I . R c , s med from his chiv lric pro ess

- f C e L n L a O n . o ur de io , or ion he rted, the son He ry II , 1 1 3d 1 1 89 . In 91 n is crowned September , he joi s the O C a and a f. a rus des , the next year, at the b ttle Asc lon, he f n the o a a n a . On defeats army S l di , the Sult Of Egypt n n his return he was arrested a d impriso ed by Henry VI . n m f r O f Germany. He is ra so ed by his subjects o

o h n h n J , the brother Of Ric ard, succeeds to the thro e in 1 1 99 . N n n on of orma dy is soo c quered by Philip,

an ann n . n Fr ce, and exed to his dominio s It bei g thus l an ce na O f ost to Engl d, John, the king, re ives the sur me k Lac land. n a M ag na Ch arta (the Great Charter) . The fu d mental p arts Of the great ch arter of English liberty were to derived from Saxon charters . It was granted the O H ST O 38 M D E R N I R Y .

m n . r obles, but secured protection to all John at first e S fused to ign it, but was finally compelled to do so , June

1 5 , 1 21 5 . n m r III . so l n n H en y , Of John , co menced his o g a d t n 1 21 6 was b ut a urbule t reign, , when he ten ye rs E ngl and was governed by the gu ardians Of King Henry until he was 1 6 years Of age. The great partiality shown and n t bv him to foreigners, his faithless ess, led to frequen i the n and d in a n d sputes with baro s, resulte wh t is k own ’ ” as the n . A t of L 1 264 Baro s War the battle ewes, , ’

a d a . the king s p arty were tot lly efe ted . The war was

n u a and n a n . re ewed thro gh tre chery , the ext ye r the baro s e d a at att of am and in 1 258 ren w re efe ted the b le Evesh , dered their fi nal submission. The first regular Parlia n wa m n me t s for ed duri g the rei gn Of Henry III . d ard I of III to ne w . E , son Henry , succeeds the thro ’ ne n in 1 272 . O Of the most important eve ts Of Edward s reign was the an the t Conques t of W ale s . M y Of Britons retired o W and n a n t n in ales , defe ded themselves ag i s the Saxo s u 44 a n a n a 7 . their in ccessible mou t i s, bo t In a a n n 1 1 5 7 this state W les rem ined unco quered u til , I 1 h when Henry II . subdued South Wales . n 282 t e

unt was n w I. and an whole co ry e tirely reduced by Ed ard , end n a o fL put to its i dependence by the de th lewelyn, the last prince . n 1 296 in 1 2 9 He subdues Scotla d in , but it rebels 7 .

(See next period . ) n f m erm an . . o at G y He ry IV , emperor Ger any the n n d a comme ceme t Of this perio , h ving incurred the dis of pleasure Pope Gregory VIL, the celebrated Hilde an b y a in br d, is compelled the pope to stand three d ys , d n at a epth Of wi ter, barefoot, the g te Of the castle Of

C a a n. n a anoss , to implore his p rdo He ry afterw rds de his grades the pope for intrigues ; he triumph s over him , 1 0 4 and 8 . and takes Rome in Gregory flees to Salerno, dies in exile the next ye ar .

Conrad III . a , Of Germany, leads a l rge army to the l W C in 1 1 4 Ho y ars ( rusades) 7 , which is entirely de a r stroyed through the tre che y Of the Greeks . r k rb ar s s F re de ic I . B a o a , , who ascended the n 1 1 52 was n a in an thro e in , e g ged wars with the Itali i 1 1 54 1 republ cs from to 1 7 7 . H e is drowned during the in 1 1 9 crusade in Syria 0. — S T H P 1 066 1 29 9 . 39 E V E N E R I O D ,

n a n r Of d o Duri g the rem i de this perio , the emper rs Of Germany were succe s sively engaged almost co ntinually

in civil or fo reign wars . In 1 2 3 o o Co of a z u 7 , R d lph , unt H psburg, sei es A stria m o a and a a . fr m Bohemi , kes himself rchduke He founds

the house O f H apsburg. — 1 0 o . Ital . 7 3 85 na y From P pe Gregory VII , sur med d a n n a n in Hil ebr nd, prete ds to u ivers l sovereig ty, which b a a C un Of an he is assisted yM tild , o tess Tusc y, mistress

O fthe greater p art O f Italy . In n u and n the twelfth ce t ry the Guelph s Ghibeli es , a a and a a on om a s P p l Imperi l f cti s , c menced those w r which agitated Italy and destroyed its pe ace until the 1 4 . a I w n a of C a of 95 . t as i v sion h rles VIII Fr nce, in a n these wars that Frederick I . Of Germ ny i terfered . He t an in 1 1 62 at at nan des royed Mil , but was defe ed Leg o in Lo a an and a M a 29 1 1 6 mb rdy , by the Mil ese their llies , y , 7 , i 1 1 of C n an 83. wh ch victory led to the treaty o st ce, in

n o I. N Sicil . o er II so n y R g , Of R ger , a orma n n N a and n of pri ce, u ites Sicily with ples, is crowned ki g two i ili 1 Sc es 1 31 . the , n n a the an n a The Fre ch becomi g h ted by Sicili s, a ge er l m assacre takes place througho ut the wh ole island of t a e or n Of Sicily, withou regard to g sex , to the umber 000 f da 1 2 82 8 o on as . the French E ter y, This is known ” o r in hist ry as the Sicili an Vespe s . E mp ire o f th e T artar During the decline O f a the a a n the Rom n empire, T rt rs , Mo gols , or Moguls, an as an an o known in tiquity Scythi s , beg to seek m re f t . n o o fer ile regions The Hu s , the ancest rs the modern n o n f a O a . Mo gols , were the first to re ch the fr tier It ly The first acknowledged sovereign ofthis vast country w as n an. con the famous Ge ghis Kh His empire, by the Of a C na and all C n a a one quest Persi , hi , e tr l Asi , became — a a 1 206 2 . of the most formid ble ever est blished , 7

E mp ire o f th e T urks . The Turks were origin ally a tribe Of Tartars ; b ut must now be regarded as a i a rn th nt m xed r ce . Du i g the eigh ce ury they Obtai ned possession O f a p art O fArmenia which they called Tur

n a. a ua n un coma i They gr d lly exte ded their power, til in 1 3th n y n a a b y a a the ce tur , bei g h r ssed other T rt r tribes,

n a no . n n they retur ed to Asi Mi r Their domi io s, which had for o n a been divided s me time i to petty st tes , were n n an 1 299 a u ited u der Othm in , who ssumed the title Of 4 0 O H ST O M D E R N I R Y .

in sultan, and honor Of its founder the government is

called the Ottoman E mp ire .

E P R I G H T H E I O D .

F T H E F N IN O F T H E O T T A N I 1299 T T H E ROM OU D G OM EMP RE , , o E N D O F T H E EA ST N E IR 1453 —1 54 A S ER MP E , , YE R . The more important events which occurred in connec h or tion with the Turkis Ottoman empire, until the fall of C n n in 1 45 3 onsta ti ople , will be noticed with those Of the Eastern or Greek empire near the close of this period .

A s ia . We have b ut few political changes to note on the A n chart, in sia, duri g this period . The empire Of n n a few n n Ge ghis Kha , fter a reig s , is divided i to p arts . an a a n n Timour, or Tamerl e, the gre t T rtar co queror, agai n k we Of co quered Persia, bro e the po r the Turks in Asia Minor ( 1 37 0 and founded the Mogul dynasty in ” a a B b 1 525 . Indi , which beg n with aber, a out It extended f rom the Indus to the Ganges, and formed the mos t S A of plendid court in sia till the close the 1 8th century .

S ain . in 1 4th p Early the century, about M a a n ana a oors rrive in Sp in to assist th e ki g Of Gr d , a o in the O f n o b the in kingd m south Spai , f unded y Moors 1 3 u the th cent ry . This kingdom was highly prosperous 49 u a 1 2 na . Ca until its s bjug tion , , by Ferdi nd V Of stile . F landers became part of the kingdo m Of France in 843 was n n , and gover ed by cou ts, subject to the king,

n 1 369 . Of n u til At this time Philip , duke Burgu dy , n A m a t C L . arried M rgare , the heiress Of ou t ouis II fter an was n this, Fl ders subject alternately to Burgu dy A ustria and Spain Sav oy shared the revolutions of Switzerland until 1 1 th n n C m the middle Of the ce tury , whe onrad, e peror

ma H t . Of Ger ny, gave it to umbert, wi h the title Of count Count Thomas acquired Pie dm ont in the 1 3th cen t t . n n ury Sigismu d , Of Germany , erected it i o a duchy at C in 1 41 7 . ambray, 1 442 Sic il n N a l and In y was again u ited to p es, the

kings ever afterwards known as King of the two Sicilies . nn Of Gesler a on Switz erland . The tyra y occ si s the m n a a l 1 306. emorable revolt u der the p triot Willi m Te l . in

42 O H ST O M D E R N I R Y .

of 1 43 to the throne Germany in 7 . In his family the

crown resides for three centuries . N orw a Sw e den and D enm ark a y, , , the three Sc n dinavian n o are n of ki gd ms , u ited under the scepter Mar a n u of nd N a $ n g ret, the q een Sweden a orw y, by the U ion ” o f Ca 1 39 7 . G u lmar, in This union is dissolved by s tavus Vasa in 1 5 23. E n land of a n h g . The invasion Fr nce by the E glis during this period has already been referred to under the t head O f France . Although here is much Of interest in

n an n a , the history Of E gl d duri g this period, we h ve no o a on the nn p litic l changes to note chart, except in co ec tion with

Sc otland. of n n a x Edward Engla d, wishi g to nne n nd a a a . a i Scotla d to Engl , r v ges the country His rmy s a defeated by William Wallace, who is afterwards betr yed n n and in 1 305 at the a e to the E glish ki g, put to death , g 4 30 a . In 1 31 a Of ye rs , Robert Bruce defe ted Edward II . at ann n ta the the battle Of B ockbur , which es blished former on the throne O fScotland . He was first crowned in In 1 390 a E as tern reek E m ire . , or G p the E stern empire loses all its Greek possessions in Asia. Help is

a n n . 1 4 02 v i ly solicited from the Western sovereig s In , a the Greek empire is m de tributary to Timour, who dis members the empire Of the Turkish sovereign the nex t

a . C an n n ye r onst ti ople is besieged, but the dissensio s In 1 44 C a am n d a a . 8 o g the Turks el yed its f ll , onst n hr th n the n . ee n X . e a ti e III , l st emperor, asce ds thro e

a a a . a n n ye rs l ter, M homet II sce ds the thro e Of the Turk the Of Con an . n ish , or Ottom empire He begi s siege s tantinO le l 1 45 3 and a M ay 2 9 and the p , Apri , , t kes it ,

a n or z ant n at an end. a t E ster , By i e empire is M home grants to the Christians personal security and the free exercise of their religion.

N I N T H P E R I O D .

F T H E E N D O F T H E A ST R N I 1 453 T O T H E R ROM E E EMP RE , , EVO — LUT ION IN N A N 1 688 235 A S. E GL D , , YE R

ir o n a a O f Con an O tto m an E mp e . S o fter the f ll st tinO le and a n a Con p the E ster Empire, M homet the — T H P 1 453 1 6 . N I N E R I O D , 88 43 q ueror commenced to enlarge the Turkish territories ; and these efforts were successfully co ntinued by his suc 4 cessors . In 1 5 8 Greece is made sub ject to the Moh am medans and a n u t , rem i s s bject to the O t oman empire until the present century . B a az e t IL son Of a o t IL j , M h me , who reigned from 1 48 1 to 1 5 1 2 n n n , exte ded the domi io s Of the Ottoman n n empire to early its prese t limits . n o Selim I 1 5 1 2 and 01 U der his success rs, . , , $ 37 1 520 a an II . r m a e . , , the Turkish rms still successful In 1 5 1 4 the islands Of the Archipelago are taken from the Christians ; and two years later Cairo is taken from a and a the M melukes, Egypt reduced to Turkish prov ince . The progress of the Turks was finally checked at a O f an n a C n 1 5 1 the b ttle Lep to , e r ori th , O ctober 7 , 7 , n n Of a n n n a a whe the combi ed fleets Sp i , Ve ice, Ge oa, M lt ,

and Pins V . a Do n n i , comm nded by Joh Of Austr a, de a o fe ted the whole maritime force f Turkey . i 1 501 a o a an a Pe rs a . In the F timite M h mmed s est b na n a n a lish the Sophi dy sty u der Ism el , who soo m kes himself sole sovereign of Persia. h ina n 1 1 th n C n was a a C . Duri g the ce tury hi a r v ged 1 6 a n by Tartars . In 2 0 the capit l is tra sferred to Pekin . n the a n a a 1 61 6—48 The country is co quered by E ster T rt rs , n n who establish the prese t reigni g house . T unis and T rip oli rem ained under African kings f n a b a a or an . a n u til taken by B r ross , Solym II T ke by

C a V . and C an a . the emperor, h rles , hristi sl ves set 1 0 1 5 5 f n a n d 5 . at 3 . O 7 liberty, Bey Tu is first ppoi te , i The a an o a n Sp a n . Moh mmed s are expelled fr m Sp i t 1 In 1 5 1 6 a a e abou 5 00. the house Of Austri cced to th o n O f a n h l I n a ar e s . the r e Sp i ; C Of Spai , three ye rs — d a ma m O f an C a V . an b e l ter, is de e peror Germ y h rles , comes one Ofthe greates t m onarchs ofancie nt or modern In 1 5 5 to mon times . 6 he abdicates and retires the

aster Of St. a t n y Just in Sp i n. At this ime he is reig in an a a n a a n g over Germ y , Austri , Bohemi , Hu g ry, Sp i , l a the N etherlands and their dependencies . He e ves his an n on to nan and Germ domi i s his brother, Ferdi d, a n N an and a a Sp i , the etherl ds, some p rts Of It ly to his son , Philip II . In 1 580 Portugal is annexed to Spain by conquest ; b ut l in 1 640. is lost by Phi ip IV. 4 N ap le s and Sic ily are united to Spain in 1 50 . O H ST O M D E R N I R Y .

The real greatness Of Spain may be said to have com a n menced with the reign Of Ferdin nd and Isabella, u der $ A C u 1 49 2 . whose auspices merica was discovered by ol mbus, of h l s of n C ar e . ma G ermany. The reign V Ger y

has already been noticed in connection with Spain . The most important events Of German history during this d the n L period resulte from preachi g Of Martin uther . a t 1 51 7 L The reformation commenced bou , when uther R opposed the sale Of indulgences by the oman church . The preaching Of Luther and other reformers met with

vi olent Opposition by the German government . The Lut a C followers Of her, who protested ag inst the atholics, w n and en ere called Protesta ts, the two sects were soon 1 61 8 was gaged in war . In begun in Bohemia what is ’ War a known as the Thirty Years , c used by an attempt

to extinguish Protestantism . The Protestant Union

w un - n son- in- of ere der Frederick , Elector palati e, law E n a d and th e C L u James I . Of gl n , atholic eag e under the 0 du a a a. 1 62 a ke Of B v ri In , at the b ttle Of Prague, Frederick was defeated and compelled to flee to Hol n t n la d, by which the Pro estant i terest was ruined in

Bohemia . 1 630 A S In , Gustavus dolphus Of weden invades Ger P an as O f . a m y, the champion rotestantism He m rches h and successfully t rough the country, defeats the impe a n l L a n rial rmy u der Tilly, at the batt e Of eipsic (S xo y) ,

7 1 631 . a e a September , He ag in defeats the imp ri l army

L z n N . N 6 1 632 at ut e ( Germany), ovember , but was at himself foully killed the moment of victory . The ’ a War b W Thirty Ye rs ended y the treaty Of estphalia,

establishing religious toleration. n in n h F ranc e . The cha ges Fra ce w ich are noted on in nn t n w n n and the chart, are those co ec io ith E gla d, are

a . Ca n referred to under that he d The followers Of lvi , a in H u uenots the reform p rty France, known as g , took a n 1 5 61 A up arms ag i st their persecutors in . fter a delu ~ O f a n a sive edict toler tio , a gre t number were massacred at a 1 5 62 a a V ssy, , wh en the civil w rs beg n, which contin n n 1 5 99 ued . with but little i termissio , until , when by the ” ofN n . of n Edict antes, He ry IV allows liberty co science ’ to the Huguenots . The m ass acre of St . Bartholomew s da 1 5 7 2 d yin , when Huguenots perishe , occurred ” o during a truce . The Edict fN antes was revoked by

1 6 5 . Louis XIV . in 8 This act cos t France Prot — 1 45 3 1 6 . 88 . 4 N I N T H P E R I O D , 5 estant E n E n h families , who fled to gland, and th e glis

N orth American Colonies . was a a A m eric a . It in the e rly p rt Of this period th at A meric a appears as the first nation h aving a com

a a a , plete history . Its history d tes b ck no further th n its C 1 492 a discovery by olumbus , , lthough it is believed to a N or N as a h ve been visited by the orsemen , ormans, e rly as the tenth century . a t S n s n n The e rlies ettleme t On this co ti ent were made, a n n in s will be see by refere ce to the chart, South Amer i l6th n n a a n . ica by the Spa i rds , e rly the ce tury The early history of N orth America is co nfined to the Of its and a a accounts discoverers , but p rti lly successful efforts at settlements and colo niz ation. The event which was a an a perh ps most import t in its results, th t occurred during this period withi n the present limi ts of the United a was n of N ew n an b E n St tes , the settleme t E gl d ythe g ” N onc onformists or an a at in lish , Purit s, who rrived Ply outh a 2 1 1 620. , M ssachusetts, December , E n land of n and d in e g . The history E gl , ur g this p riod an na n a b ut , is of more th ordi ry i terest, lthough few ch anges are noted on the ch art . The struggle with

an n n . n Fr ce is still co ti ued By refere ce to the chart, and the on an in n b e article Fr ce the precedi g period, it will seen th at Engl and los t nearly all her French possessions . duri ng the 1 5 th century ; Calais only rem aining. Jan a 7 1 5 58 u n Of Ca a u ry , , d ri g the reign Queen Mary, l is is taken by the Duke Of Guise . n O f z a th Of Duri g the reign Eli be , Mary Queen Scots, n f an bei g compelled to flee rom Scotl d, took refuge in n f z a d and on O . a E gl n , sought the protecti Eli abeth M ry

- was an Of . and a the gr d daughter Henry VII , cl imed to be the legal heir to the throne of England . While there $ ” O f n O f n an o n she assumed the title Quee E gl d, the ’

un a a n . z a fa gro d that the m rri ge Of He ry VIII , Eli beth s nn was and d had ther, with A e Boleyn illegal , his aughter a Oflence z no right to the throne . This gave gre t to Eli a b n a d a t a . eth , led ultim tely to the execu ion Of M ry Jam es I O f a n V . , son M ry Quee of Scots, was pro a 1 In 1 03 n Of an 5 67 . 6 cl imed king Scotl d, the E glish

t n are un and . OfS an and Sco ch crow s ited, James VI cotl d

Jam es I . an h becomes Of Engl d, the first Of the ouse Of f Stu art . He is proclaimed by the style o King Of

n an and d 24 1 604 . Great Britai , Fr ce, Irelan , October , O H S T O 4 6 M D E R N I R Y .

h i ar. C arle s I . The Civ l W I. , son Of James , as cended the throne and commenced his reign under very unfavorable auspices . He had been badly taught by his a t f ther, by his boasted kingcraf , and by the Duke of his a n n . Bucki gham, le der and compa ion His marriage Of n a z R O with Princess Henrietta Maria Fra ce, ealous n t ma ist, at a time when the nation had jus escaped from the an . n in Rom ism Of Philip II Of Spai , tended but to fl ame the passions Of those opposed to the doctrines of the church Of Rome . He soon became unpopular with Pa n a his rliame t, and during the first four ye rs Of his r mm and a eign su oned three parliaments, with e ch he found the s ame difficulties . Th e famous Long Parlia ” ’

n C a was n . me t, h rles last, summo ed But the steps they took were Of the most determined kind . The ki ng next refused to sufler the power Of summoning the militia to

a . go out Of his h ands . Then c me the war Most Of th e

Lords were with the Commons in the struggles . The first p arliamentary leader in the field was Oliver Crom ' 3 1 642 and a n ell. 2 October , , the royalist the parli ment troops had their first e ngagement ofimportance at Edge 3 1 6 4 d u . 4 . at t hill The issue was oubtf l July , , the ba tle O f n C Marston Moor, the parliament forces u der romwell m A t a ofN a are co pletely victorious . the b ttle seby, d 1 4 1 645 C a an . , , harles is defe ted flees to the Scotch He a n and a 30 1 649 is afterw rds give up , is executed, Janu ry , ,

when the form Of government is ch anged to a republic . 1 653 C a n In , romwell is m de protector Of the commo

we alth . In 1 65 8 C and Oliver romwell dies, is succeeded by his

’ R a C w n a . son , ich rd rom ell, who resig s the next ye r In 1 0 m na d a n n 66 the o rchy is restore , parliament co ve ed,

a n . and Ch arle s H . procl imed ki g '

V I so n C . and C Jam e s I , Of harles I successor Of harles ’ n an in his a II . , escaped from E gl d the year before f ther s n a executio n. After the restoration he excited the ge er l f o a h m on of hatred o the pe ple ag inst i self, account his n o al adher cowardice whe l rd high admir , and his bigoted a eh ce to Rom anism . The p rliaments he summoned did n all and his biddi g in respects , he seemed to accomplish

his a . A t n what f ther lost his life in attempting le gth , out n n of i O f wearied by his co ti ued acts host lity, some n a h W a the nobility entered into egoti tions wit illi m , ’ Of O - ih - in p rince range, James son law which resulted T H 1 688—1 4 T 6. E N P E R I O D , 7 7 7

’ n of n William s invasio E gland , his reception by all classes as a n and a deliverer, while James bdicated the thro e, took refuge in France . The strifes in the Conve ntion parlia m and n n was ent followed, the Revolution in E gla d con s ummated by the Bill of Rights and the Act Of Settle n a l W i liam III and I . M ar me t, which est b ished l y I . on n a 1 3 1 689 . the thro e, Febru ry , More prominence has been given to the narration Of events during this period th an will be given to those fol n a m an has neces lowi g, although much th t is Of i port ce a at n sarilybeen omitted . The f ct th the ations were just n n d a emergi g from the dark ess Of the mid le ages, the riv lry for new discoveries resulti ng from the success Of Colum Of n n and na a and bus, the discovery pri ti g its tur l results, n i of men n n the lo g l st , promi e t in politics, literature, and a a a n one Of m im ecclesiastic l ff irs , re der this the ost p ortant periods Of history .

E T E N T H P R I O D .

F TH E R TI N IN N A N 1 688 T O TH E A I A N ROM EVOLU O E GL D , , MER C

R T I N 1 7 7 6 - A S 88 . EVOLU O , , YE R

the the an A m eric a . From time Of first perm ent s ettlement in America u ntil the accession ofWilli am of O n n 1 69 9 a ra ge to the thro e , , the oppressive me sures Of the fa had n a ou n Stuart mily co tinued, lmost with t i ter r n n C uptio , except duri g the protectorate Of romwell, n from 1 653 to 1 659 . The oppressio O fthe home govern ment had a tendency to increase the emigration to this c ountry . Of A The history merica during this period, ending w A one Of ith the merican Revolution , is hardships and almost i ncredible sufferings incident to the founding Of new settlements and colonies . The Oppression of the c n n d and the a m n row , the privatio s endure , l ost co tinual a n hostilities with sav ge I dians, must be familiar to every A reader of merican history . Previous to 1 7 5 0 the English settlements were con n fined to the territory bordering O the Atlantic Ocean. A S the French claimed the right by discovery to the Mis s issi i a f n to pp V lley , no ef ort was made by the E glish se a Of A a un n cure footh old west the llegh ny Mo tai s . Soon 4 8 M O D E R N H I ST O R Y .

’ a n e E h t fter the close Of Ki g G orge s war, nglis rading houses were established on the Ohio Ri ver. This was n n n re co sidered an i trusion by the Fre ch , and finally sulted in French and Indian War the , which continued from 1 7 5 5 to the treaty Of Paris in 1 7 63. The result of this protracted contest with the French and n n for I dians bei g successful th e American colonists, led them more highly to estimate their strength and ap reciat a ff p e their resources . After ye rs Of fruitless e orts to rid themselves of the indignities heaped upon them the n by mother country, and their burde s becoming of intolerable , the colonists determined to resist by force n an f n arms, if ecessary, y urther encroachme ts upon their r and on a 4th 1 6 ights the ever memor ble Of July, 7 7 , the Declaratio n of I ndependence was solemnly adopted by nd a a a . the thirteen colonies, by an lmost un nimous vote E n land Of n a n e g . The history E gl nd duri g this p riod in nn A is, to a large degree , co ection with the mer n ican colonies . Her only conquests oted on the ch art n n 1 7 5 7 n are in I dia, which comme ced in , during the reig

d A . OfG . an eorge II , in merica

O f W . The year following the accession illiam III , the memorable act excluding Roman Catholics from the was and o of throne Of Great Britain passed, the cr wn England settled upon the present royal family by th e act 1 1 2 1 70 . W Of June , illiam soon became embroiled in those party contests which have not ceased to harass and a E ngland since . He found both Whigs Tories like hi a n s n. Obstructive to policy, and like Ope to corruptio M any important measures were inaugurated during his and n a y a reign , it has bee custom r to d te English liberty at b ut a n b n this time ; it is pl i , the only real li erty gai ed was for the aristocracy .

A nne W . the dau h , the successor Of illiam III , was g

f I . Of O a . ter James I, and married Prince George Denm rk War n n She renewed the Of Succession betwee E gland, A a and n n and ustri , Holla d, against Fra ce Spain, to de termine between the claims Of Philip O f Anjou and the

C o n a n. n Archduke harles, t the crow Of Sp i Duri g this — war the British army gained gre at distinction Gibraltar a an was b ut e was t ken , acquisition whose worth then littl n t k own. Af er ten years the treatyof Utrecht was con 1 7 1 3 an in cluded, , which secured the Protest t succession E a n ngl nd, the separation Of the French and Spa ish

5 0 O H ST M D E R N I O R Y .

t ne a m e hro by the elector Of Bavari , who assu ed the imp

rial throne under the title Of Charles VII . She was s upported by her nobles in a way worthy Of her own A daring and imperial spirit. fter a series of wars she was secured in her possessions by the peace Of A ix - la

C 1 668 . hapelle, She new P had wars with Frederick the Great Of russia, wh of d ich ended in the loss some parts Of her ominions, and the a n of P s h in g i Of part oland, which she hared wit R u ia d ss and Prussia . P s ia 1 65 7 P w P0 rus . In russia is ackno ledged by l as an F re derick W il and independent state, under

1 01 F . liam a . , surn med the Great In 7 , rederick III , in an b own assem ly Of the states, puts a crown upon his the and head and head Of his consort, is proclaimed king o f P russia by the title Of F rederick I . II reat During the reign Of F rederick . , the G , the Prussian monarchy is made to rank among the first F 1 — n E . 6 m p owers in urope rom 7 56 3 he ai tained a war, ’ ” k S War a A nown as the even Years , gainst ustria, R nd a . H e a ussia, France gained Silesi , formerly a prov i ' of was to Bohemia in 1 355 . nce Poland , but it ceded H un ar 1 6th H y g y. Early in the century ungar , w to the hich had undergone many revolutions, accrued A a h and was 1 68 . It ouse Of ustri , made hereditary in 7 was Often engaged in war with Turkey from th e 1 5th to 1 the 8th century . The i ndependence Of Hungary was 1 A guaranteed in 7 90. (See ustria in next period . ) P land a o , weakened by civil wars f lls a prey to the e a of A u mpress Of Russi , emperor stria, and king Of

P . 1 80 of n a son i russia In 7 , Joseph , Hu g ry, Of Mar a

t . Theresa, becomes emperor Of Aus ria The central prov ’ inces of n 1 81 5 were, by the treaty Vie na in , made the 1 831 kingdom Of Poland under A lexander Of Russia . In

Poland became an integral part Of the Russian empire .

E LEVE N TH A N D TWE LFTH PE RIODS.

F T H E R TI N IN A I A 1 77 5 T O TH E P S N T ROM EVOLU O MER C , , RE E TI ME . The number Of events multiplies rapidly as we ap our own the m proach time , and only ost important can

b e noticed . E T H A N D T W F T H P L E V E N E L E R I O D S. 5 1

There are but few changes Of historical boundaries, hence our review of the different nations for the last h n and n u dred years will be brief, will be oticed in the o of on rder their arrangement the chart, commencing A with those Of sia . C E h ina . C C ommerce, by the ast India ompany, c C n 1 680. A a ommenced with hi a in few years l ter, Jesuit missionaries are sent there from Rome ; but are e t 1 7 30. 1 81 2 an edict a xpelled abou In , is procl imed 1 3 against Christianity . In 8 4 the exclusive rights Of the C East India ompany cease, and the opium trade is n h interdicted by the Chi ese . The Britis trade with

C In 1 839 . hina ceases , by an edict Of the emperor ffi w Soon after, di culties arose bet een the governments o fC n n hina and E gland, resulting in the cessio Of Hong a and t on of kong to Engl nd, the agreemen the part the latter to pay China in ten days . This treaty was m of C and rejected by the e peror hina, hostilities 1 842 r . esumed In another treaty was formed, which was n afterwards ratified by both gover ments . Lasting peace f and riendship was guaranteed between the two nations,

- and Hong kong to be ceded in perpetuity to E ngland . In 1 858 a treaty was made with E ngland securing free of dom of trade and the toleration Christianity. This

treaty was renewed in 1 860. A commercial treaty with

A merica was concluded about the same time . H i In i or H indostan. of n d a , The authentic history $dostan is reckoned to commence with the conquests of

4 . . 0 n M a A . 1 0 co hmud Ghazni , D The country was 1 400 quered by the Mogul Tartars about , and again by the M 1 5 25 . Sultan Baber, founder Of the ogul empire, 1 49 the and In 7 last imperial army is defeated, the Mogul army becomes merely nominal ; distinct and independent sovereignties being formed by numerous p etty princes. 1 B omb ay becomes an E nglish possession in 662 . C alcutta the a n of , capit l Of Be gal and British India,

was first settled by the English in 1 689 . In consequence O f t 1 85 and d th e the mu iny Of 7 , the isappearance Of ’ E n a C a ast I di ompany s army, the government Of Indi ’ wa n s transferred to the crown . The compa y s polit was ical power ceased , and the queen proclaimed as

of t C . the Queen Great Bri ain and the olonies, etc , in 5 2 O H ST O M D E R N I R Y .

s a a mu h en u a principal place in Indi , mid c th si sm, N O

m 1 . ve b er 1 , 858

T urke . B ofB M a 28 y ythe treaty ucharest, signed y , 1 8 1 2 P S , it was stipulated that the ruth hould be the fron Of nd tier the empires Of Turkey a Russia . Since that two m m of time the e pires have been at war uch the time, and many of the provisions of the treaty have been a e . C War B lt red During the rimean , ucharest was occu v R u and A u pied successi ely by the ussians , T rks, strians .

Th e last quitted it in 1 85 6. The Turks were success i B F fully a ded during this war by Great ritain and rance, b P 1 85 6 the O m and y the treaty Of aris, , tto an empire of recovered some its territory, and was released from its i subserv ence to Russia .

G reec e . A t n ncien Greece included, amo g its prin ci al A C A p states, thens, Sparta, orinth , Thebes, rcadia, d an . f afterwards, Macedon The limits o modern Greece m are much ore confined . It became subject to the h e C a 4 1 . Turkis mpire at the fall Of onst ntinople, 53 In 1 822 the of T independence Greece was declared . he P t n n in 1 830 two or e ack owledged the i dependence , and t years la er it is made a separate kingdom, and Otto Of

Bavaria elected king .

‘ A lgiers . In consequence Of the continued piracy Of the A lgerines, the city was successfully bombarded by a A 2 1 1 0 B t 7 8 6. 1 83 t ritish fleet, ugus , In it surrendered o F s a rench armament, after evere conflicts the dey is de v posed, and the barbarian go ernment completely over n e thrown . Four years later, the Fre ch ministry announc their intention to retain A lgiers permanently. i a revolu Sp a n . The history Of Spain is history Of 1 806 F n h r tions and invasions . In the re c army ente Spain but the next year peace is restored by the treaty

1 . Of Fontainebleau . In 808 N apoleon I again attempts of a m t to gain control Sp in , and com ences wha is known P ni ” n 1 81 4 n as the e nsular War, which lasted u til , whe

F erdinand V II . is restored . He was engaged almost continually in quelling insurrections or repelling foreign h . A t his 1 833 t e invasions death in , his queen assumes

of u . title governing queen ntil Isabella II , her infant m daughter, attains her ajority, I a lla e f 1 843 is s b e II . o is declar d age in , when she a dissatisfac but thirteen ye rs Old . Her reign ave great 1 868 S tion , and in a revolution, hea ed by Prim, errano, T T W F T H S E L E V E N H A N D E L P E R I O D .

f th r d n e . an Topete, success ully overtur ed monarchy Isa a a a bella w s forced to t ke refuge in Fr nce, where she con $ n tinned to claim the crown . The prese t government of

Spain is nominally republican.

al . Of a in 1 5 80 Po rtug was seized by Philip II Sp in , n it a n t n a b y the a d rem i ed subjec to Spai , s will be seen n 1 640 Off c hart, u til , when the Portuguese throw the

n and oh n IV . a anz a Spa ish yoke, place J , duke Of Br g , 1 8 1 5 i t a o n the throne . In Portugal s united wi h Br zil ; b 1 22 a ut in 8 the latter decl res its independence, which is 1 r ecognized by Portugal in 825 . l n has Ita y. U til a very recent date Italy been di a vided into many sm ll states and provinces, some Of which have already been noticed under their respective 1 802 a h . In eads the Italian republic is procl imed, with

B onaparte as president. Two years later he is crowned on w of king of Italy . The kingdom ceases the overthro

N a n 1 81 4 the - poleo , , and Lombardo Venetian kingdom is e stablished for Austria the next year In 1 848 an insurrecti on breaks out at Lombardy and T h n N L V n . e e ice ki g is defeated at ovara, and ombardy 49 1 9 reverts to Austria in 1 8 . In 85 another insurrection a out a l bre ks , in which G ribaldi assists Victor Emanue , and declares himself dictator. The next year an insur r n a out N 7 ectio bre ks in the Papal States , and ovember , 1 8 60 ic to r E manuel N as , V enters aples king, Gari b a n a and C . ldi resig s his dict torship, retires to aprera In 1 866 a a w A , by tre ty Of peace bet een Italy and ustria, the p rovince of: Venetia becomes an integral part Of the k n f O of . i gdom Italy, the capital which was at Florence Since the union of Italy the capital has been transferred

‘ to Rome .

H olland and el i n ofN a B g um . Duri g the reign oleon n F p , Holland was a nexed to rance, but at his down fa and B ll Holland elgium were united, forming the Kin dom f th th 1 830 revolu g o e N e erlands . In a t n n io commences at B russels . Belgium declares her i de endence and p , which is recognized by the allied powers ,

L e o old n C . p , pri ce Of oburg, elected king Switz erland was invaded by the French during the r n o f N a o 1 800 and of an eig p leon, about , a few its c tons ann to n . c exed Fra ce They were restored, and the republi re- a C 1 5 1 8 . est blished, by the ongress Of Vienna, 54 M O D E R N H I S T O R Y .

of L XVI F ranc e . th During the reign ouis , near e of n a bl close the last ce tury, occurred th t oody revolution which cost the king and many of his subjects their lives . Maximilian Robespierre headed the populace who de d man ed the dethronement of the king . H e was at first u was n and successf l , but afterward de ounced as a tyrant, on 28th of 1 94 h 7 . the July, , he was guillotined, wit St

Just and seventy of their colleagues . This terminates the Reign of Terror. 1 804 n N In France is formed i to an empire, and apo leon proclaimed emperor ofthe French . The next year he is crowned king of Italy . During the next ten years N apoleon was almost continually engaged in foreign

. 1 81 4 B re wars In h e abdicates, and the ourbons are stored in the person of Louis XVIII . h r of the C a les X . , th e last Bourbons, by his policy, of1 880 the provoked the revolution , when, in three days, a of so b scendency the Bourbons, laboriously restored y the of of allied powers Europe, and twenty years war, was completely overthrown . f O ouis Ph ili e I . o d p p , the duke rleans, ascende

7 1 830. t the throne August , His reign , being withou i to any fixed pr nciples , and his insatiable avarice , led 1 848 insurrec great discontent in France . In a popular a tion commenced in Paris . Th e royal f mily escaped to n a and E gl nd, a provisional government was established, f France was declared a republic . In December o the same year Louis N ap oleon is elected president of the of French republic . December the President the French is declared emperor ofFrance by the title of T he of N N ap ole o n III . reign apoleon was gener

In 1 8 0 , ally successful . 7 he engaged in a war with Prussia d so which resulted isastrously to himself, and temporarily r to France . The monarchy was overthrown, the empero and of sent into exile , a republic proclaimed, which

M arsh al M cM ahon is president . n land of E l for t E g . The history ng and the las cen f re tury is highly important . Much o this history is viewed in connection with other countries . e o r e III n n G g . , who was the reig i g sovereign during 1 820 t of the American revolution , died in , af er a reign

60 a . H e d ye rs, the longest in English history is succeede by his son, T H A N D T W E F T H P O S 5 E L E V E N L E R I D . 5

e or e IV . war G g , who engaged less in than most of and an his predecessors, m y reforms were accomplished . H is u nsuccessful effort to procure a bill of divorce from the queen was perhaps the most important event con n n a cer i g himself, th t occurred during his reign . H e was d 1 830 succee ed, in , by his brother, m I W illia V . f , the immediate predecessor o t ria n a V ic o . Quee Victori was the daughter of the n and i of ccu duke of Ke t, n ece William IV. She has o n n 1 88 pied the thro e of E gland since 7, and her reign has d been deserve ly popular. The acquisi tions and losses to the British dominions n a t on ar duri g the l st century are no ed the chart, and e to referred under their respective heads . Prus s ia . The Prussian territories were greatly en lar ed of 1 7 7 2 and sub se g , by the partition Poland in , nt C of n 1 81 4 In 1 4 que ly by the ongress Vie na in . 8 8 an

n out B . i surrection breaks at erlin, which is declared in a state of siege . The next year the German N ational A s semb lyelect the king of Prussia hereditary emperor of ” Germany , but the king declines the imperial crown . 1 861 In , i illiam I a . n W . succeeds Frederick Willi m IV , and a 1 8 1 a i of y Janu ry 7 ssumes the mperial crown German .

n n and A . (See Fra ce, Germa y, ustria )

rm an n of F rancis II . oc G e y. Duri g the reign curred those ruin o us wars between Germany and France n N n by which Germa y loses the etherla ds, all her territo 1 0 of . 8 6 ries west the Rhine , and her states in Italy In ,

an . b : of n Fr cis II a olishes the title of emperor Germa y,

nd o t . a assumes that f F rancis I . emperor of Aus ria $ The Confederation ofthe R hine was formed by the n n of n and a u io of most the Germa states, Austria bec me t a heredi tary empire . This league erminated with the a of n 1 81 4 and c reer Bo aparte in , was replaced by the

Germanic Con ederation. f This confederation, constituted 1 81 5 n of ofA a by the allies in , co sisted the empire ustri , n of a n a a n and the ki gdoms Prussi , Ha over, B v ria, Saxo y,

Wurtemb er 7 n - 8 and 1 2 g ; gra d duchies, duchies, princi liti pa es . A of 1 86 fter th e war 6, Germany was reconstructed, and Prussi a secured a leading control in Germ any . The states north ofthe M ain constituted what was known as

N orth German Con ederation b - of the f , a out three fourths T 5 6 M O D E R N H I S O R Y .

f which belonged to Prussia. The states south o the M ain were permitted by the treaty between A ustria and Prussia South erman Con ederation or th to unite in a G f , unite wi the h of M to ow states nort the ain, according their n o ption .

A t of F - P 1 8 71 the the close the ranco russian war, , N h are German states, ort and South , united, and King

William of Prussia is proclaimed Emperor of Germany . 1 06 A us tria became a separate empire in 8 . M uch of her history, since that time as well as before, is closely

of m and . F rancis allied to that Ger any Prussia I . of of t (Francis II . Germany) , the first emperor Aus ria, — A reigned from 1 806 35 . During his reign ustria suf fered much from the wars with N apoleon . 1 848 the E In , when nearly all uropean governments or n were agitated by revolutions rebellions, the Hu ga r n A out ians, disco tented with their ustrian rulers, break i n h Kossuth nto a formidable rebellio , in whic became a H so distinguished . The next ye r the ungarians de Kos suth clare their independence , with , supreme gov r r n rancis e no . F 0 They were fi ally defeated, and J s ep h was declared king of H ungary and emperor of

Austria . eden and nmark B the Sw D e . y treaty between G and N n reat Britain , Sweden, orway, Sig ed at Kiel in 1 81 4 N 1 . 544 H , orway was ceded to Sweden In , olstein and S m chleswig were ceded to Den ark . An unsuccessful effort was afterwards made by these duchies to effect a a B s epar tion from Denmark . ythe convention Of Gastein in 1 865 ofH A , the government olstein was left with ustria, n f a d that o Schleswig with Prussia . 1 01 us s ia . 8 R A lex and r I . In , e ascends th e throne H o f . e a E n Russia makes pe ce with gland, but joins the c t N 1 0 B oalition agains apoleon in 8 5 . ythe treaty Of N the P m Tilsit, apoleon restores to russian onarch one h l n C d a f his territories, and Russia recog izes the onfe ’ e ration of the Rhine and the elevation of N apo leon s t L and hree brothers, Joseph , ouis, Jerome, to the thrones f N l and O a . aples , Hol and , Westph lia A l x N ich olas I . e andefs d to , brother, succee s the t 1 826. P an and a hrone in The wars with ol d Hung ry, n re which occurred during his reig , have already been f erred to .

58 M O D E R N H I ST O R Y .

t of U Uni ed States . The history the nited States, w has hich not yet completed its first century, is one of unexampled prosperity and almost incredible achieve nt f me s . Her years number less than those o some of her n citizens, but to attempt a review Of her growth a d Sh development in this ort period, within the limits de t d signed for this work, would be to attemp what coul not be accomplished . The following thirteen states formed the Union at the of of in 1 6 time the declaration independence, 7 7 N ew H M R C ampshire , assachusetts, hode Island, onnec o N ew N ew P ti ut, York , Jersey, ennsylvania, D elaware, N C S h C n Maryland , Virginia, orth arolina, out aroli a,

n fi ‘ a d Georgia . The rst census of the population was taken seven years after the close Of the Revolutionary the War, when it appeared that the entire population in Union was abou t less than the white population in the S of N ew i 1 8 0 80 tate York n 7 , but years later ; it being a little less than The story Of the sufferings and sacrifices endured b y so the colonists to secure their independence, h as been l ur fa to a l o . often told, that it must be miliar readers 1 7 a n d and in Feb In 7 7 Federal Gover ment was forme ,

ruar w n d n . yfollo i g, the States were recognize by Fra ce In 1 7 8 7 a new constitution is formed which is ratified

the next year by all the States except Rhode Island . C met t n on Th e first ongress , under the new constitu io , 3d of M 1 89 on 1 4th ofA e the arch , 7 , and the pril Georg The Washington was declared the first president . cap ital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia

to Washington in 1 800. While it is not the design of this work to Show the or a of ma extent geographic l boundaries countries, it y a of of the be well, for better comprehension the growth Un n of our a a ~~ ited States, to give the exte t n tion l terri tory at the close of the Revolutionary War. By the treaty of t B n 3 peace wi h Great ritain, co cluded September , 1 7 83 our na n , tio al territory was defined as extending A and westward from the tlantic to the Mississippi river, from a line on the north ofthe lakes to the 3lst parallel of a and the south boundary Georgi , embracing l square miles . This area included the thirteen origina a of n St tes, acquired by virtue gra ts from the British Crown prior to the Re volution also an area of T D T W F T H . E L E V E N H A N E L P E R I O D S. 5 9

a a t C N ew square miles held by M ss chuset s, onnecticut, a N C C n York , Virgini , orth arolina, South aroli a, and i n an n Georg a, u der gr ts from Great Britain duri g their it a C olonial period . When is considered th t less than 90 years have elapsed since the public domain contained

a one- of an are less than fourth its present extent, and a population less th an th at of the State of N ew York 1 8 0 a n in 7 , some approxim tio may be made toward an intelligent comparison between the rapid and healthful growth of a nation where republican institutions are of fostered, and the growth European countries where even the most popular forms ofmonarchical government . pre vail . for s Since the war independence, the United State a — has been eng ged in but three wars, with Great Britain, 1 2 to 1 81 4 1 846 1 848 from 1 8 ; with Mexico , from to ;

C ar 1 861 1 865 . and the ivil W , from to The alleged reason for the war with Great Britain was her continued aggressions upon A merican com b a her S merce , yan assumed right to se rch hips and impress Into the Englis h service all sailors found on board who were of E nglish birth . The cause and the result of the war with M exico have already been noticed in connection with that govern f ment. It is a noticeable act that in the twelve battles n fought duri g the Mexican war, commencing with Palo A M a 8 1 846 i of lto, y , , and ending w th the capture the of 1 4 1 847 A city Mexico , September , , the mericans were every time victorious . By reference to the chart it will be seen that the space representing the duration of the government t one n Of the United Sta es, occupies less than ce tury, n a n while that representi g Fr nce , Engla d, and Russia f extends back through more than ourteen centuries . a e n as The comparative g Of existi g governments, well of as those extinct, will be more readily comprehended by referring to them on the large chart than in any other way . Persons desiring to find the history of th e United

States, in a condensed form, and chronologically ar SO oc ranged, that the more important events which or n of curre—d during any year, any specified umber years as the term of the administration Of any presi — A C r dent are referred to the merican Historical hart, o H T 60 M O D E R N I S O R Y . to A M r H m Synchronology Of ncient and ode n istory, fro which this chart is principally compiled . The territory comprising the States of Florida and C a N ew alifornia, also Tex s and Mexico , together with the republic of M exico and most Of the South A merican governments, as will be seen by referring to the chart, of 1 6th was, from the time its settlement early in the n ce tury, until separate and independent governments to were formed, during the present century, subject

Spanish rule . The A rg entine C onfederation comprised 1 3 prov i nces . This country formed a part Of the viceroyalty of 1 8 ofRio 7 . Peru until 7 , when it became that de la Plata Buenos Ayres was recognized as forming a part of the i A rgentine Confederation n 1 822 . It seceded from the C f 1 853 on ederation in , and was recognized as an inde It h C f p endent state . was reunited wit the on ederacy 1 in 859 . il the P u u 1 8 B raz was subject to ortug ese ntil 23. A M E H QC A N H EST O R EC A E. C H A R ?

From the dis cover o A merica h Cohen/thus y f y ,

1 to annar I 1 1 2 8 . 49 , y y , 7

This Chart is c arefully arranged in Ch ro no l ogical o rder giving all t he rin a es A ta e s h owin p cip l ev ents in the H is to ry o f th e United Stat . bl g when where and b wh om each s tate was s ett e when it was a mitte , y l d , d d

N o the nio n its c a ital and o u atio n in 1 870. A ta e i in the U , p p p l bl g v g names o fthe Pres i ents and ice res i ents o f the nite States wh en, d V P d U d , each was e ecte and their term o f o hios A s o a ta e s howin wh en l d , . l bl g , wh ere and b ywhat v es s el s each o fthe nav al b attl es was fough t d uring the l as t warb etween th e United States and E ngl and and s howing which were ictorious and ta es o f all the rinci a att es o f the different wars in v , bl p p l b l which this c o untr h as een en a e s ince ts isco er inc u in y b g g d i d v y, l d g

T h r e llio n e G e at R eb ,

A nd sh o win which arm was ictorio us in each att e A s o a b io ra hi g y v b l . l g p c al tabl e giving th e names o f the p rincip al States men Profes s ional and iterar men A rtis ts M i itar and N a a ffic ers & c with the ate of L y , , l y v l O , d th eir irth and th e eath o f thos e who are eceas e b , d d d . The wh ol e p rinted o n h eavy p ap er 2 6 b y34 inches and mo unted with cor n o er nice a d r ll .

M aking it o ne of th e mo st c onvenient.

H istories o f th e United States for

r f e erenc e, th ere is p ub lish ed .

Th is C hart h as o f l ate b een c all ed for q uite ex tens iv ely fo r s e x a nd m L L I N G S

A nd every s choo l ro o m in th e Unite d States as well as e v ery o ffice and p ri vate residence

Sh o u d b e s u ie d w ith a c o l p p l p y,

to Sch o o O ffic ers a nd T eac h ers wh o wish to E x tra I nduc ements l , in r duce s o t o them into ch ol s . ST A T E A G E N T S W A N T E D

A E SS DDR .

D86 CO. F. R. REE

as sau St eet N . Y. 1 21 N r , N EW TESTA M EN T M A N UA L

E M BR A C IN G A V

H istorical T ab ular View o f th e G osp els ;

T A BLES O F T H E

P arab les , Dis c ours es , and M iracles o f C h ris t gPre

dictions in th e O ld T es tament, with their fulfillment in th e N ew Clas s ification ofth e b ooks o fth e N ew T es ta i n ment, with O b s ervat o s

o n e ach .

B iogra p hic a l Sketc h es ofth e A p os tles a nd li E vange s ts .

‘ N ew Te Descriptions ofall Places mentioned in the stament.

A N IM POR TA N T CH R ON O LO GICA L T A B LE W I T H M A P s

‘ n Jour e s o Jesus and t Paul c. Showi g the n y f S . , 4 a , é

$ d fro m the Wo rks o the mo st Emine nt Bib ic a Writers Compile f l l ,

S T E P H E N H A WE S ,

th o r o f S nch ro nolo o fSacre d and Profane H is ” A u y gy tory.

This o ok is not desi ned as a c ommentar on th e N ew T es tament b u b g y , t refu s ro er h as an intro duction to a c a l tudyand p p unders tanding o f the N ew cr t s Tes tament S ip ure . It h as rec eiv ed the mos t flattering commendations from b oth the rel i e t no i c h g ious and s ecul ar p r s s . I is t s ectarian n aracter b ut d es igned for the enefit of all c ass es who wish to s tu the Bi e understan in b l dy bl d gly.

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