Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica

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Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica Size: Adults oysters range from 6—10 inches long. Description: The oyster is a bivalve mollusk with a calcium carbonate shell. The shell provides shelter from dehydration when exposed at low tide and protection from predators. The upper valve is smaller and flatter than the lower valve. The muscle scar in the shell is purple with the rest of the shell being white inside and dirty-gray outside. Range and Habitat: Western Atlantic from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico in moderately shallow water. Southern climates are more likely to have intertidal oyster reefs. Diet: The oyster is a filter feeder of phytoplankton from the water column. Breeding: Large numbers of eggs (50 million) are produced and fertilized in the open water. Larvae have metamorphosed into adults and attach to hard bottom as “spat” in about three weeks. Predators: Chief predators are sea stars and snails. Sea stars wrap around them and apply pressure with its tube feet until the shell is forced to gape at which point the sea star inserts its stomach and digests the oyster meat. The oyster drill, a particularly successful predator drills a round hole through the shell with its radula and feeds on the animal. Threats to species: The obvious threat is direct loss of the habitat due to dredging to deepen nearshore areas. Less obvious but more harmful are the affects of pollutants and dangerously low or high salinities. Status: Did you know? This is our most important bivalve Since the inside of a shell indicates what the pearl will look like, any pearl formed will be smooth but dull if formed from this species. Dead oysters are called “clutch” and are spread out on mud bottoms to prevent spat, the free-swimming larval stage, from landing on mud and perishing. REFERENCES Abbott, R.T., (1954) American Seashells, D. Van Nosrtand Co., Inc.: New Jersey 541 pp. Morris, P.A.., ((1973) A Field Guide to Shells of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies,Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston. 330 pp. http://score.dnr.sc.gov/deep.php?subject=2&topic=15 .

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Breeding and Domestication of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea
W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 2014 Breeding And Domestication Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Lines For Culture In The Mid-Atlantic, Usa: Line Development And Mass Selection For Disease Resistance Anu Frank-Lawale Virginia Institute of Marine Science Standish K. Allen Jr. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Lionel Degremont Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Frank-Lawale, Anu; Allen, Standish K. Jr.; and Degremont, Lionel, "Breeding And Domestication Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Lines For Culture In The Mid-Atlantic, Usa: Line Development And Mass Selection For Disease Resistance" (2014). VIMS Articles. 334. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/334 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Shellﬁsh Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 153–165, 2014. BREEDING AND DOMESTICATION OF EASTERN OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) LINES FOR CULTURE IN THE MID-ATLANTIC, USA: LINE DEVELOPMENT AND MASS SELECTION FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE ANU FRANK-LAWALE,* STANDISH K. ALLEN, JR. AND LIONEL DE´GREMONT† Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, College of William and Mary, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 ABSTRACT A selective breeding program for Crassostrea virginica was established in 1997 as part of an initiative in Virginia to address declining oyster harvests caused by the two oyster pathogens Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo).
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Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica)
Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Imagine yourself on the streets of Manhattan, hungry but short of time and money. You see a pushcart, place your order and are served a quick lunch of…..oysters! That’s right, oysters. Throughout the 19th and early 20th Centuries, New York City was an oyster-eating town with oyster barges lining the waterfront and oysters served and sold on the streets. The abundance of these tasty bivalves was a welcome food source for the Dutch and English colonists and oysters, exported back to Europe, quickly became a source of economic wealth. So many oysters were sold that paths and extended shorelines were built in New York City on crushed shells. Oysters have been a prominent species in the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary since the end of the Ice Age. They have been documented as a food source in the Estuary for as long as 8,000 years, based on evidence from Native American midden (trash) piles. Later, many of the Harbor Estuary’s shoreline communities developed and thrived on the oyster trade until it collapsed in the mid-1920s, although minor oyster fisheries survived at the Harbor Estuary’s Jamaica Bay fringes where the East River meets Long Island Sound until the late1930s or later. In the 1880’s it was estimated that oysters covered about 350 square miles or 250,000 acres of the Harbor Estuary’s bottom. They were found in mid-to lower salinity areas including the tidal rivers in New Jersey’s Monmouth County, Raritan Bay, up the lower Raritan River, throughout the Arthur Kill, Newark Bay, the lower Rahway, Passaic, and Hackensack Rivers, the Kill Van Kull, up both sides of the Hudson River into Haverstraw Bay, around New York City in the Harlem and East Rivers and in many smaller tributaries and Jamaica Bay.
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Shellfish Hatchery
EAST HAMPTON TOWN SHELLFISH HATCHERY The 2015 Crew, left to right: Kate, Pete, Carissa, Shelby, and Barley 2015 ANNUAL REPORT AND 2016 OPERATING PLAN Prepared by Kate Rossi-Snook Edited by Barley Dunne East Hampton Town Shellfish Hatchery The skiff loaded for seeding in Lake Montauk Annual Report of Operations Mission Statement With a hatchery on Fort Pond Bay, a nursery on Three Mile Harbor, and a floating raft field growout system in Napeague Harbor, the East Hampton Town Shellfish Hatchery produces large quantities of oyster (Crassostrea virginica), clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), and bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) seed to enhance valuable shellfish stocks in local waterways. Shellfish are available for harvest by all permitted town residents. Cooperative research and experimentation concerning shellfish culture, the subsequent success of seed in the wild, and the status of the resource is undertaken and reported upon regularly, often funded and validated by scientific research grants. Educational opportunities afforded by the work include school group and open house tours and educational displays at community functions. Annual reporting includes production statistics and values, seed dissemination information, results of research initiatives, a summary of outreach efforts, the status of current and developing infrastructure, and a plan for the following year’s operations. 2015 Full-time Staff Part-time and Contractual Volunteers John “Barley” Dunne – Director Carissa Maurin – Environmental Aide Romy Macari Kate Rossi-Snook – Hatchery Manager Shelby Joyce – Environmental Aide (summer) Christopher Fox-Strauss Pete Topping – Algae Culturist Adam Younes – Environmental Aide (fall) Jeremy Gould – Maintenance Mechanic Carissa and Pete unloading OysterGros Special Thanks to: Barnaby Friedman for producing our annual seeding maps.
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Background the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, Is An
Background The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an important keystone species in Great Bay Estuary, NH. As an ecosystem engineer, oysters provide several ecosystem services to both people and wildlife. Oysters filter excess nutrients and suspended solids from the water column improving water quality and clarity (Coen et al., 2007). In addition, oyster reefs provide important habitat for fish and invertebrates by building large vertical complex reef structures (Coen et al., 2007). Historically, Great Bay Estuary was filled with acres of healthy oyster reef. However, due to pollution, disease, sedimentation, and historical harvesting these numbers have decreased by over 90% resulting in only a little over a 100 acres of oyster reef today. With this drastic loss of oyster reefs, Great Bay has experienced a similar loss in the important ecosystem services that oysters provide to estuarine ecosystems. For this reason, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) of New Hampshire has been working collaboratively with The University of New Hampshire’s Jackson Estuarine Laboratory (UNH-JEL) to restore oyster reefs to Great Bay since 2009. The Oyster Conservationist (OC) Program is an important community engagement component of oyster reef restoration in Great Bay. An Oyster Conservationist is a community member and environmental steward in the coastal area of New Hampshire who advocates or acts for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife. Participants in the OC Program work towards improving the health of Great Bay by raising oyster spat for TNC’s oyster reef restoration projects. Volunteers adopt a cage with spat on shell for an eight-week period cleaning and caring for the cage while also collecting data throughout the summer on survival, growth, invasive species, and wild oyster spat settlement.
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The Eastern Oyster: a Not-So-Typical Mollusc Lab Investigation: Class Bivalvia High School Version Lesson by Kevin Goff
The Eastern Oyster: A Not-So-Typical Mollusc Lab Investigation: Class Bivalvia High School Version Lesson by Kevin Goff SETTING THE STAGE The earliest animals on Earth had either irregular, asymmetrical VIDEOS TO WATCH bodies or radial symmetry, with a body shaped like a merry-go- For dazzling displays of how asymmetri- round. Animals with these body plans usually sit still on the seafloor cal and radial animals can harvest food – like sponges, coral, and sea anemone. Others – like jellyfish – just from any direction, visit the Shape of Life drift along on ocean currents. These animals do not actively forage website and watch these two clips (under for food. Instead, they wait for food to come to them. Their body “Behavior”): • Sponges: Filter Feeding Made Visible shape lets them collect food from any direction. Eventually, though, (2.5 min) a line of worm-like animals evolved bilateral symmetry, with a body • Cnidarians: Anemone Catches Goby bearing two sides – left versus right – that are mirror images of each (2.5 min) other. This body plan is an adaptation for directional movement. To understand why, just imagine a car with monster truck tires on one side and little red wagon wheels on the other. It would go in circles! Having identical left and right halves enables an animal to track in a straight line. Animals with bilateral symmetry also usually have a distinct head VIDEOS TO WATCH at one end, where the mouth and sense organs are concentrated. To see how a bilateral, cephalized body We say they are cephalized, meaning “head-having.” In contrast, lets an animal actively seek food, animals with radial symmetry are not cephalized: They have watch these two Shape of Life clips: • Flatworm Animation: Body Plan no head, just a mouth in the middle.
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Oyster Biology and Ecology
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Chapter I Taxonomy
THE AMERICAN OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA GMELIN By PAUL S. GALTSOFF, Fishery Biologist BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CHAPTER I TAXONOMY Page This broad characterization included a number Taxonomic characters _ 4 SheIL _ 4 of genera such as scallops, pen shells (Pinnidae), Anatomy _ 4 Sex and spawnlng _ limas (Limidae) and other mollusks which ob 4 Habitat _ 5 viously are not oysters. In the 10th edition of Larvll! shell (Prodlssoconch) _ 6 "Systema Naturae," Linnaeus (1758) wrote: The genera of living oysters _ 6 Genus 08trea _ 6 "Ostreae non orones, imprimis Pectines, ad Genus Cra8808trea _ 7 Genus Pycnodonte _ cardinem interne fulcis transversis numerosis 7 Bibliography _ 14 parallelis in utraque testa oppositis gaudentiquae probe distinguendae ab Areis polypleptoginglymis, The family Ostreidae consists of a large number cujus dentes numerosi alternatim intrant alterius of edibleand nonedible oysters. Their distribution sinus." Le., not all are oysters, in particular the is confined to a broad belt of coastal waters within scallops, which have many parallel ribs running the latitudes 64° N. and 44° S. With few excep crosswise inward toward the hinge on each shell tions oysters thrive in shallow water, their vertical on opposite sides; these should properly be dis distribution extending from a level approximately tinguished from Area polyleptoginglymis whose halfway between high and low tide levels to a many teeth alternately enter between the teeth depth of about 100 feet. Commercially exploited of the other side. oyster beds are rarely found below a depth of 40 In the same publication the European flat feet. oyster, Ostrea edulis, is described as follows: The· name "Ostrea" was given by Linnaeus "Vulgo Ostrea dictae edulis.
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Surfclam Aquaculture Techniq
Final Report Piloting Surf Clam Aquaculture Techniques to Create Commercial Opportunities Award Number: NA16NMF4270241 Award Period: 03/01/2017 – 02/28/2020 Recipient Name: Aquacultural Research Corporation (dba A.R.C. Hatchery) Program Office: Fisheries Headquarters Program Office (FHQ) Program Officer: Deirdre Kimball, 978-281-9290, [email protected] Project Title: Piloting Surf Clam Aquaculture Techniques to Create Commercial Opportunities PIs/PDs: Rick Sawyer Partners: Cape Cod Cooperative Extension/Woods Hole Sea Grant, Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen’s Alliance, Roger Williams University Report Type: Performance Final Report Reporting Period: 03/01/2017 – 02/28/2020 Final Report: Yes Report Due Date: 08/27/2020 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS/DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................5 PURPOSE ...........................................................................................................................................8 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................. 8 MARKET OPPORTUNITY .................................................................................................................................. 9 IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING THIS NEW SPECIES ............................................................................................
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Biology of the Oyster Sam Weller Was Speaking of the Flat Oyster (Ostrea Edulis) and the Poor in England
NOTE: To make this publication searchable, the text in this pdf was scanned from the original out-of-print publication. It is possible that the scanning process may have introduced text errors. If there is a question about accuracy, please check a copy of the orginal printed document at libraries or download an electronic, non- searchable version from the Pell Depository: http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/aqua/ mdut81003.pdf Biology It’s a wery remarkable circumstance, sir,” said Sam, “that poverty and oysters always seems to go togeth - er.” “I don’t understand, Sam,” said Mr. Pickwick. “What I mean, sir,” said Sam, “is, that the poorer a place is, the greater call there seems to be for oysters. Look here, sir; here’s a oyster stall to every half- dozen houses. The streets lined vith ‘em. Blessed if I don’t think that ven a man’s wery poor, he rushes out of his lodgings and eats oysters in reg’lar despera - tion.” —Pickwick Papers, C. Dickens (1836) Biology of the Oyster Sam Weller was speaking of the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) and the poor in England. At that time, about 500 million oysters were sold at Billingsgate every year, resulting in a cheap and readily available foodstuff (Gross and Smyth 1946). However, the production of the fishery declined throughout Europe until the oys- ter became too expensive for the poor. Eventually, flat oysters were maintained mainly by culture in areas representing only a portion of their former range. In discussing this decline, Gross and Smyth (1946) felt that two major and interre- lated causes for the decline were (1) overfishing and (2) the resultant conse- quence of a severely reduced population of oysters.
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Trends in Research on Crassostrea Virginica and Its Two Protozoan Parasites Perkinsus Marinus and Haplosporidium Nelsoni
W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 1997 Trends in research on Crassostrea virginica and its two protozoan parasites Perkinsus marinus and Haplosporidium nelsoni Fu-lin Chu Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Chu, Fu-lin, Trends in research on Crassostrea virginica and its two protozoan parasites Perkinsus marinus and Haplosporidium nelsoni (1997). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 17(6), 184-187. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/2067 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 17(6), I 84, 1997 TRENDS IN RESEARCH ON CRASSOSTREA VIRGIN/CA AND ITS TWO PROTOZOAN PARASITES, PERKINSUS MAR/NUS AND HAPLOSPORIDIUM NELSON/ Fu-LINE. CHU Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA Abstract The protozoan parasites, Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) and Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX), are two impmtanl pathogens which have caused severe mortality in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the United States since 1950. This paper reviews and discusses the recent research on the diseases caused by these two parasites and focuses on: I. the in vivo and in vitro interactions between C. virginica and P. marinus, 2. the physiological and biochemical characterization of the parasite, P.
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Cultivating the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica
SRAC Publication No. 432 August 2001 VI PR Revision Cultivating the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica Richard K. Wallace* Oysters have been cultivated in spawning occurs varies from Sperm and eggs are released syn- one form or another for more than north to south. Northern oysters chronously and fertilization 2,000 years. Early efforts involved spawn at temperatures between occurs in the water column. A fer- little more than transplanting 60 and 68 oF (15.5 and 20 oC), tilized egg develops rapidly into a small oysters from one area to while southern oysters spawn at microscopic swimming tro- another area where they would temperatures above 68 oF (20 oC). chophore (Fig. 1). After 24 to 48 grow better, be better protected Spawning can occur throughout hours, the non-feeding tro- from predators and disease, or be the warm months. chophore develops into the feed- easier to harvest. This simple method of cultivation is still wide- ly practiced today and is a major veliger way of producing the eastern oys- ter, Crassostrea virginica. pediveliger The eastern oyster occurs natural- ly from the Gulf of St. Lawrence trochophore in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the coasts of SETTING Brazil and Argentina. It has been introduced on the west coast of North America and in other areas of the world. In recent years the fertilized early spat total U.S. harvest of oysters has egg been 30 million pounds of meats; about 75 percent of the total is the eastern oyster. About 18 million pounds of total oyster production later spat (all species) is by cultivation.
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Quality Evaluation of Live Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Based on Textural Profiling Analysis, Free Amino Acids Analysis, and Consumer Sensory Evaluation
Quality Evaluation of Live Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) based on Textural Profiling Analysis, Free Amino Acids Analysis, and Consumer Sensory Evaluation by Jue Wang A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama August 1, 2015 Keywords: live eastern oyster, texture, free amino acids, consumer preference, linear regression Copyright 2015 by Jue Wang Approved by Yifen Wang, Chair, Professor of Biosystems Engineering and Affiliate Professor of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences William Walton, Associate Professor of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences Douglas White, Associate Professor of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management Peng Zeng, Associate Professor of Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics Abstract The consumption of live eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) has become an important part of the diet for consumers in the United States. Because large amounts of oysters are grown every year, it is necessary for oyster farmers to understand quality differences caused by different aquaculture methods, as well as quality changes over the time of cold storage. The objective of this study is to develop a set of systematic methods for quality evaluation of live eastern oysters. Qualities evaluation of three aquaculture-treated oysters (daily, weekly, and never) were by means of: 1) textural analysis, 2) free amino acids (FAAs) analysis and 3) consumer preferences by means of 1) textural analyzer, 2) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 3) consumer sensory evaluation. Besides, linear regression analysis with stepwise selection method was conducted to establish relationship between instrumental parameters (textural parameters and FAAs concentrations) and consumer preferences (texture likeability, flavor likeability and overall likeability) obtained from sensory evaluation.
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