Enhanced Oil Recovery

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Section 43 of the Internal Revenue Code Anywhere from 30 to 70 percent provides an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) credit of oil, and 10 to 20 percent of equal to 15 percent of the qualified enhanced oil natural gas, is not recovered in recovery costs incurred in a tax year. Existing field development. It is Treasury guidelines for the Section 43 tax credit estimated that enhanced oil are very narrow, generally including only recovery projects, including expensive EOR processes -- many of which are development of new recovery no longer in use. It excludes, however, many techniques, could add about 60 EOR processes that are the result of billion barrels of oil nationwide technological advances now considered common through increased use of existing fields. in the industry. National Energy Policy Report Additionally, the EOR credit phases out as the 2001 reference price of oil exceeds an annually adjusted threshold. For the 2008 tax year, the threshold price was $41.06 and the reference price was $66.52 based on 2007. Consequently, the EOR tax credit was phased out completely. Proposal Oppose repeal of the EOR tax credit Reasons for Opposition The EOR tax credit has served the country well by encouraging the development of expensive oil reserves when prices would make them uneconomic. It can continue to do so as a safety net against low prices in the future. Additionally, one of the EOR technologies in use is carbon dioxide (CO 2) injection. This injection also serves as a mechanism to sequester CO 2 – a component of efforts to diminish atmospheric green house gases. There is no budget benefit to repealing the EOR tax credit while the consequences could result in lost oil production and lost opportunities to sequester CO 2. March 2009 Independent Petroleum Association of America 1201 15 th Street, N.W. Suite 300 Washington, DC 20005 (202) 857 4722 Fax (202) 857 4799 www.ipaa.org .

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Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2 EOR)
Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2 EOR): Factors Involved in Adding Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) to Enhanced Oil Recovery L. Stephen Melzer CO2 Consultant and Annual CO2 Flooding Conference Director Midland, TX February 2012 Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2 EOR): Factors Involved in Adding Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) to Enhanced Oil Recovery Table of Contents I. Introduction II. The Background and Fundamentals of Oil Production and CO2 EOR a. Primary Production Phase b. Secondary Production Phase c. Tertiary Phase III. Current and Projected Flooding CO2 EOR Activity In the U.S. & Permian Basin a. Long-Term Nature of The Industry b. U.S. Project Planning Underway IV. The Effectiveness of CO2 Storage in an EOR Project V. Monitoring CO2 Within The Reservoir: Existing Practices VI. CCUS: Incremental Requirements VII. CO2 Recycle, Reservoir Retention, and CO2 ‘Losses’ During EOR: The Metrics and Experience Base a. Purchases and Recycle Volumes b. CO2 Retention c. CO2 Losses During EOR: Causes and the Experience Base VIII. How to Move Forward? The Urgency and Areas for Caution a. Storage Frameworks b. Recommended Action References FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Number of CO2 EOR Projects (Worldwide, U.S. and Permian Basin) Figure 2: U.S. CO2 EOR Projects, Supply Sources and Pipelines Figure 3: CO2 EOR Production (U.S. and Permian Basin, 1992-2010) Table 1: Basin Scale Criteria for Storage Figure 4: Crossectional Representation of the Various Types of Geologic Basins Table 2: Reservoir Surveillance Tools Commonly Used in CO2 EOR Figure 5: CO2 Flood Surveillance vs. CCUS Monitoring, Measurement and Verification Figure 6: Example CO2 Purchase vs.
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https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.17236 462|Creative Commons Attribution b Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 65(4), pp. 462–475, 2021 Recent Approaches, Catalysts and Formulations for Enhanced Recovery of Heavy Crude Oils Umar Gaya1,2* 1 Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Bayero University, 700241 Kano, 1 Gwarzo Road, Nigeria 2 Directorate of Science and Engineering Infrastructure, National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI), Idu Industrial Layout, 900104 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 20 September 2020, Accepted: 04 December 2020, Published online: 16 August 2021 Abstract Crude oil deposits as light/heavy form all over the world. With the continued depletion of the conventional crude and reserves trending heavier, the interest to maximise heavy oil recovery continues to emerge in importance. Ordinarily, the traditional oil recovery stages leave behind a large amount of heavy oil trapped in porous reservoir structure, making the imperative of additional or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. Besides, the integration of downhole in-situ upgrading along with oil recovery techniques not only improves the efficiency of production but also the quality of the produced oil, avoiding several surface handling costs and processing challenges. In this review, we present an outline of chemical agents underpinning these enabling technologies with a focus on the current approaches, new formulations and future directions. Keywords in-situ upgrading, enhanced oil recovery, aquathermolysis, heavy oil, catalyst 1 Introduction The world is caught up in the ever-increasing need for Table 1 Selected definitions of heavy crude oil at 15 °C.
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