Les Origines Et Les Transformations Institutionnelles Du Royaume De Shu (907-965)

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Les Origines Et Les Transformations Institutionnelles Du Royaume De Shu (907-965) LES ORIGINES ET LES TRANSFORMATIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES DU ROYAUME DE SHU (907-965) Par Sébastien Rivest Département d‟études est-asiatiques Université McGill, Montréal Mémoire présenté à l‟Université McGill en vue de l‟obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès arts (M.A.) Septembre 2010 © Sébastien Rivest, 2010 TABLE DES MATIÈRES : Abstract/Résumé ii Remerciements iii Conventions iv Abréviations v Introduction 0.1 La transition Tang-Song 1 0.2 Les rapports État-société 4 0.3 Les enjeux historiographiques 9 I Le contexte historique 16 1.1 L‟érosion de l‟aristocratie (763-875) 16 1.2 Le temps des rébellions et la destruction de l‟aristocratie (860-907) 29 1.3 Les Cinq dynasties et le nouvel ordre politique (907-960) 36 II Le Royaume de Shu antérieur (907-925) 49 2.1 Les loyalistes en exil à Chengdu 56 2.2 Le loyalisme de l‟armée Zhongwu 65 2.3 La morphologie d‟un État loyaliste 79 a) Les Trois départements 81 b) Le Secrétariat impérial 83 c) La Chancellerie impériale 92 d) Le Département des affaires d‟État 98 e) La dichotomie entre lettrés de cour et militaires 102 III Le Royaume de Shu postérieur (934-965) 108 3.1 Les associés de Meng Zhixiang et les régents de son successeur 113 3.2 Le développement des préfectures 129 3.3 Une bureaucratie renouvelée, un État transformé 136 Conclusion 143 Bibliographie sélective 151 i ABSTRACT : This thesis is a regional case study on the metamorphosis of state institutions at a time when China went through an important period of political division. This period was known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979), which followed the downfall of the Tang Empire (618-907). At this time, the Kingdom of Shu, which was located approximately in the present-day province of Sichuan in Southwest China, was in the process of forming an independent political entity successively governed by two different regimes. In search of a better understanding of the evolution of this kingdom, I am analyzing the process by which a change of regime ushered in new elites to state control, which affected not only the state structure, but also the nature of the interactions between society and various levels of political power. RÉSUMÉ : Ce mémoire ce veut être une étude de cas régional sur la métamorphose des institutions étatiques à une époque où la Chine traverse une importante période de division politique. Il s‟agit de la période qui suit la chute de l‟empire Tang (618-907), laquelle est connue sous le nom de Cinq dynasties et Dix royaumes (907-979). À cette époque, le Royaume de Shu, lequel correspondait à l‟actuelle province du Sichuan dans le Sud-ouest de la Chine, formait alors une entité politique indépendante successivement gouvernée par deux régimes différents. En quête d‟une meilleure compréhension de l‟évolution de ce royaume, j‟y analyse le processus par lequel un changement de régime amène de nouvelles élites au contrôle de l‟État, ce qui non seulement affecte la structure de l‟État, mais également la nature des interactions entre la société et les divers échelons du pouvoir politique. ii REMERCIEMENTS : Pour la plupart des étudiants à la maîtrise, la rédaction d‟un mémoire est un défi considérable. Pour cause, rares sont ceux qui eurent au préalable le loisir d‟écrire des essais excédant la trentaine de pages. Bien que largement compensées par les délices de l‟engagement intellectuel, ce serait mentir que de dire que cette aventure ne fit à aucun moment l‟objet d‟angoisses liées au désir de bien faire. Ainsi, si aujourd‟hui je peux me féliciter d‟avoir accompli une tâche significative, en revanche je ne peux taire les tapes sur l‟épaule qui m‟ont prémuni contre la tentation de baisser les bras. Naturellement, je dois rendre une fière chandelle à ceux sans qui moi et mon mémoire ne vaudraient même pas la défaite des Plaines. Notamment, j‟ai la chance d‟avoir une perle rare pour épouse, Xing Qin 邢琴, laquelle est admirable en tous points, elle qui me couvre inlassablement d‟amour et qui me réitère constamment sa confiance en mes capacités. La nature a également voulu que j‟aie de bons parents, André Rivest et Odette Moreau, eux qui ont fait en sorte que je ne manque de rien et qui m‟ont inculqué de bonnes valeurs, sans lesquelles je ne serais pas où j‟en suis. Une pensée serait également suggérée pour ma marraine Francine Moreau et mon parrain Pierre Moreau, lequel m‟a le premier encouragé à étudier l‟histoire. À leur façon, mes amis m‟ont eux aussi apporté un soutient dont je n‟aurais pu me dispenser. Je tiens tout particulièrement à exprimer ma reconnaissance envers le professeur Robin D. S. Yates. D‟une part, je tiens à le remercier pour ses bons conseils et tout ce qu‟il fit et continu de faire pour moi. Il est incontestablement un chic professeur, un gentleman, qui fait constamment preuve d‟ouverture et d‟un incroyable respect d‟autrui. D‟autre part, j‟aimerais rendre hommage à ses efforts soutenus pour constamment enrichir notre collection de sources chinoises, lui qui ne cesse d‟offrir à ses frais des ouvrages de qualité à la bibliothèque. J‟aimerais également témoigner ma gratitude à l‟endroit des professeurs Kenneth Dean et Griet Vankeerberghen, lesquels ont eux aussi contribué à ma formation à McGill, ainsi qu‟au professeur Christian Lamouroux de l‟École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, lequel me fit l‟honneur d‟accepter de lire et commenter le présent mémoire. Enfin, mille fois merci au C. R. S. H. pour la précieuse bourse qui me fut octroyée au cours de l‟année scolaire 2008-2009. iii CONVENTIONS : Le système de romanisation communément appelé pinyin a été employé pour l‟orthographe des noms propres d‟origine chinoise. Pour ce qui est des termes techniques chinois que nous avons traduit en français, le lecteur pourra les trouver entre parenthèse à la suite des traductions. Dans de tels cas, nous avons inséré aussi bien les caractères originaux que leur transcription phonétique. Par contre, lorsque nous avons traduit des passages plus longs tirés des sources primaires, faute d‟espace, la traduction n‟est généralement suivie que des caractères chinois. Enfin, la plupart des sources primaires mentionnées en notes sont sous forme abrégée. Le lecteur trouvera une liste des abréviations utilisées à la page suivante et devra se reporter à la bibliographie des ouvrages cités en fin de mémoire pour consulter les références bibliographiques complètes. iv ABRÉVIATIONS : CFYG : Cefu yuangui 冊府元龜 DDSL : Dongdu shilue 東都事略 JGZ : Jiuguo zhi 九國志 JJL : Jianjie lu 鋻誡錄 JTS : Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 JWDS : Jiu Wudai shi 舊五代史 SGCQ : Shiguo chunqiu 十國春秋 SS : Song shi 宋史 STW : Shu taowu 蜀檮杌 THY : Tang huiyao 唐會要 WDHY : Wudai huiyao 五代會要 WDSB : Wudai shibu 五代史補 WGGS : Wuguo gushi 五國故事 XTS : Xin Tang shu 新唐書 XWDS : Xin Wudai shi 新五代史 ZZTJ : Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 v INTRODUCTION 0. 1 La transition Tang-Song En 1922, le sinologue japonais Naitō Konan 内藤湖南 (1866-1934) publia un article influent dans lequel il exposa son théorème de la « transition Tang-Song »1. En l‟occurrence, il y avançait l‟hypothèse que durant les dynasties Tang 唐 (618-907) et Song 宋 (960-1279), la Chine vécut de profondes transformations marquant une rupture entre les périodes « médiévale » et « moderne ». Bien qu‟ardemment insufflée par l‟expérience européenne2, une telle périodisation historique avait néanmoins la légitimité de reposer sur deux prémisses largement corroborées. D‟une part, la dissolution d‟une élite de type aristocratique comme groupe organisé dominant le théâtre politique3 et sa substitution par des bureaucrates en théorie sélectionnés grâce à un système d‟examens4. D‟autre part, l‟abandon d‟une vision physiocratique de l‟économie et de la société, une vive intensification des échanges commerciaux, une forte hausse démographique ainsi qu‟un formidable essor de l‟urbanisation5. 1 Naitō Konan, « Gaikatsuteki Tō-Sō jidai kan 概括的唐宋時代觀 », Rekishi to chiri 歷史と地理 9. 5 (1922), pp. 1-12. L‟article intégral fut traduit en anglais par Joshua A. Fogel sous le titre « A Comprehensive Look at the T‟ang-Sung Period », Chinese Studies in History 17. 1 (1983), pp. 88-99. Voir également Joshua A. Fogel, Politics and Sinology: The Case of Naitō Konan (1866-1934) (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 163-210; Miyakawa Hisayuki, « An Outline of the Naitō Hypothesis and Its Effects on Japanese Studies of China », Far Eastern Quarterly 14. 4 (1955), pp. 533-553. 2 Luo Yinan, « A Study of the Changes in the Tang-Song Transition Model », Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 35 (2005), pp. 101-102; Richard von Glahn, « Imagining Pre-modern China », dans Paul Jakov Smith et Richard von Glahn, éds., The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 37-39. 3 Le terme « aristocratie » pour désigner les quelques familles dominant les institutions politiques sous la dynastie Tang tiendrait surtout à leurs conditions de reproduction sociale. Ainsi, ces familles auraient monopolisé les postes à la cour sur plusieurs générations grâce à des privilèges héréditaires et des pratiques endogames clairement circonscrites par des généalogies. Sur ces questions, voir Patricia B. Ebrey, The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China : A Case Study of the Po-ling Ts’ui Family (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1978); David G. Johnson, The Medieval Chinese Oligarchy (Boulder : Westview Press, 1977); James L. Watson, « Chinese Kinship Reconsidered : Anthropological Perspectives on Historical Research », China Quarterly 1982. 92, pp. 589-622. 4 John W.
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