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LONGEVITY SURVEY

LENGTH OF LIFE OF IN CAPTIVITY AT THE LONDON ZOO AND WHIPSNADE PARK

The figures given in the following tables are based on the records of the Zoological Society of London for the years 1930 to 1960. The number of specimens in each sample is given in the first column. The percentage of the sample that died in less than a year at the zoo is iven in second column. In this way ‘delicate’ zoo can be noted at a glance. An average fife span of all those individuals living for more than a year at the zoo is given (in months) in the third column. In the fourth column the maximum individual life-span is noted for each species. It must be emphasized that the age of specimens arriving at the zoo is seldom known accur- ately and no allowance has been made for this. All figures refer to the period of time between arrival at the zoo and death at the zoo. Actual life-spans will, therefore, usually be longer than those given.

Number o % dead in Average age Ma.life individual less than (in nronths) span in sample 12 month of those (in months) livi 12 man% or longer ORDER MONOTREMATA Tachyglossus aculeatirs Echidna 7 I00 10 Zuglossus bruijni Druijns Echidna 2 - 368

ORDER MARSUPIALIA Caluromys philander Philander Opossum 3 - 50 Philander opossum Quica Opossum I - 1s Lutreolina crussicaudufa Thick-tailed Opossum 6 50 1s Metachirus nudicuudatirs -tailed Opossum 14 71 27 Didelphis marsupialis Virginian Opossum 34 82 26 Didelphis azarae Azara’s Opossuni IS 53 48 Dmyurus uiuerrinus Little Native 2 I00 I1 Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed Native-Cat I - 24 Surcophilus hurrisi Tasmanian Devil I1 18 72 Thylacinus cynocephalrrs Tasmanian I - 67 Perameles nasuta Long-nosed Bandicoot 4 75 1.5 Isoodon obesula Short-nosed Bandicoot I I00 I Phascolomis hirsutum Common Wombat I1 I8 228 Phascolomis tasmaniensis Tasmanian Wombat 3 67 21 Pseudochirus peregrinrrs Queensland Grey Ring-tailed Opossum I - 29 rnuculatur Spotted Cuscus 2 I00 I1 Phalanger orientalis Grey Cuscus I I00 5 Phalanger gyninotis Cave Cuscus 3 33 65 Trichorurus uulpecula Silver-grey Opossum I8 28 144 Pctaurus breuiceps Short-headed Flying Phalanger 26 43 I37 norfolcensis -like Flying Phalanger 5 60 113 Distoechurus pennatrrs Feather-tailed Phalanger I - 19 Potorous tridactylus Dark Rat-Kangaroo 7 71 SS Dendrolagus inustus Grizzled Grey Tree-Kangaroo 8 38 73 Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie’s Tree Kangaroo 8 13 117 Protemnodon brachyurirs Short-tailed 7 43 38 Protemnodon billardieri Red-bellied Wallaby I I00 2 Protemnodon eugenii Dama Wallaby 20 20 63 Plotemnodon thetidis Thigh-striped Wallaby 6 SO 16

288 Muntrnaliun hngevity Survey

% deadin t%zlf less than (in months) in sample IZ months livin IZ mn& or

Protemnodon rufogrisea Bennett’s Wallaby 28 46 8s Protemnodon agilis Agile Wallaby 5 40 I8 Protemnodon elegans Parry’s Wallaby 4 75 13 Profemnodon bicolor Black Wallaby 27 22 I45 n4jius Red Kangaroo 38 47 80 Macropus major Great Grey Kangaroo 34 32 140 Macropus robustus Wallaroo I8 28 92

ORDER INSECTIVORA Setifr setosus Spiny Tenrec 8 I00 2 Tenrec ecaudatus Coninlon Tenrec 16 25 28 Crociduraj?avescetts White-toothed Shrew I IW 5 Sorex minufus Pigmy Shrew I 100 I Echinosorex gymnura Moon Rat I - 55 Erinaceus europaeus European Hedgehog 96 73 41 Erinaceus algirus Algerian Hedgehog 6 17 66 Erinaceus frontalis African Hedgehog 9 56 31 Hemiechinus auritus Long-eared Hedgehog 7 14 30 Paraechinus aethiopicus Ethiopian Hedgehog 4 50 22 Tiipaia glis Conimon Tree Shrew 12 50 27 Tupaia tana Bornean Tree Shrew 2 I00 3 Elephantulus rozeti North African Elephant Shrew 4 100 6 Elephanfuhrs brachyrhychus Elephant Shrew I IW -

ORDER PRIMATES Galago smegalensis Bush-Bab y 77 43 130 Galago deni Allen’s Galago 3 47 62 Galago denridofi Demidoffs Galago 15 I00 I0 Galago crassicaudatus Bushy-tailed Bush-Baby 40 28 109 Loris tardigradus Slender Loris 21 57 35 h’ycficebus caucang Slow Loris 26 73 84 Perodicticus potto Potto 43 I8 105 Arctocebus calabarensis Angwantibo 3 67 42 Lemur variegafus Ruffed Lemur 3 33 1x1 Lemur macaco Black Lemur 8 13 308 Lmurfulvus Brown Lemur 29 31 192 Lemur mongor Lemur 2 - 96 Lemur catta Ring-tailed Lemur 30 37 92 Hapalemur griseus Grey Leniur 2 50 73 Microcebus murinus Lesser Mouse Lemur 2 I00 8 Microcebus coqucreli Coquerel’s Pygmy Lemur 2 I00 3 Chcirogaleus major Crossley’s Moux Lemur I - 104 Propithecus verrauxi Verrauxi’s Sifaka I I00 I Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-Aye 2 - 34 Tarsius spectrum Tarsier 3 - 34 Cebuella pygmaea Pygmy Marmoset 6 67 28 Hapale argentatus Black-tailed Marriioset I I00 - Hapale rantaremensis Santarem Marmoset 2 I00 4 Hapale jacchus Common Marnioset I34 67 I44 Hapale penicillata Black-eared Marmoset 9 33 73 Hapalejlaviceps Yellow-headed Marmoset I - 30 Leontocebus leucopus White-footed Tamuin 4 I00 I0 Leontocebus illigeri Red-mantled Tamarin 4 75 19 Leontocebus midas Red-handed Taniarin I8 72 58 Leontocebus tamarin Negro Tamarin 4 I00 4 Leontocebus pileatus Pileated Tamarin I 100 9 Leontocebus oedipus Cotton-headed Tamarin 9 I00 I1 Number of dead in Average age Max. life individuals less than (in months) span in sampfe 12 months of those (in months) !%Cc?r /Ohger

Leontocebus geofroy i Geoffroy’s Tamarin 8 I00 - 10 Leontocebus rosalia Marmoset 7 43 30 49 Aotes trivirgatus Douroucouli 22 40 38 140 Callicebus cupreus Red Titi Monkey 3 67 I2 I2 Cacajao rubicundus Red Uakari I 100 - I Pithecia monuchus Monk Saki 4 I00 - 9 Pithecia pithecia White-faced Saki 6 100 - 4 Saimiri sciurea Squirrel Monkey 41 51 29 130 Cebus capuciria White-throated Capuchin 4 I00 - 9 Cebus albifrons White-fronted Capuchin 5 20 37 65 Cebus nigriuittatus Black-capped Capuchin 2 50 12 I2 Cebus apella Brown Capuchin 61 42 6.5 250 Ateles paitiscus Red-faced Monkey 6 33 79 99 Ateles belzebufh White-whiskered Spider Monkey I - 93 93 Ateles geqfroyi Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey 5 40 54 81 Lagothrix lagotricha Humboldt’s Woollv Monkev 40 55 34 89 Lagothriw cana Smoky Woolly Monkey ‘ 2 - 27 36 Alouatta seniculus Red Howling Monkey 7 43 1s 17 Alouatfa belzebul Yellow-handed Howling Monkey I I00 - 1 Alouatta villosa Guatemalan Howling Monkey 1 I00 - - Pygathrix nemaerrs Douc I I00 - 4 Presbytis entellus Langur 4 60 21 22 Presbytis xenex Purple-faced Langur 3 33 40 53 Presbytis obscurus Dusky Leaf Monkey S 20 23 33 Presbytis melalophus Banded Leaf Monkey I 100 - 4 Rhirtopithecus roxellanae Snub-nosed Monkey I I00 - I Colobus yolykomus King Colobus Monkey 11 82 69 I12 Colobus abyssinicus Guereza Monkey I - 48 48 Colobus badius Red Colobus Monkey 4 100 - I Cercopithecus diana Diana Monkey 8 so 86 I94 Cercopithecrrs neglectits Brazza’s Monkey 10 50 71 I00 Cercopithecus hamlyni Owl-faced Monkey I I06 - 9 Cercopithecus talapoin Talapoin Monkey 2 - 82 128 Cercopithecus aethiops Grivet, Green and Vervet Monkey 72 43 40 167 Cercopithecus cephus Moustached Monkey 8 13 63 I49 Cercopithecus erythrotis Red-eared Monkey 6 I7 31 72 Cercopirhecus nicfitans Greater White-nosed Monkey 31 46 44 15s Cercopithecus pefaurista Lesser White-nosed Monkey 8 ‘3 27 63 Cercopithecus ascartius Black-cheeked White-nosed -!4 Monkey 2 - 20 37 Cercopithecus morra Mona Monkey 30 33 49 244 Cercopithecus pogonias Yellow-bellied Monkey I - 21 21 Cercopithecus l’hoesti L’Hoest’s Monkey 3 - 75 10s Cercopithecus miris Pluto Monkey 23 13 69 160 Erythrocebus pafas Patas Monkey 30 43 45 99 Cercocebus torquatiis Sooty and White-collared Mangabey 33 11 78 245 Cercocebus albigena Grey-cheeked Mangabey I - 146 I 46 Macaca tnaurus Moor Macaque 3 67 20 20 Maracas lvuira Barbary Ape 3 - 144 153 Macuca&afa Japanese Macaque 3 - 95 129 Macaca silenus Lion-tailed Macaque 6 - 86 164 Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed Monkey 8 25 I00 191 .24acaca speciosa Stumped-tailed Macaque 4 25 75 96 Macaca rnulatfa Rhesus Monkey 375 52 31 182 Mammalian Lofgevity Survey

Number o % &ad in Average age Muw. I@ individual less than (in months) 5pun in sample 12 months of those (in months) livin it month or longer

Macaca irus Crabeating Macaque 20 30 59 169 Macaca radiata Bonnet Monkey 4 - 57 95 Macaca sinica Toque Monkey I0 30 55 86 Cynopifhecur Black Ape 4 so 30 31 Papio papio Baboon 21 I0 47 ,170 Papio cynocephalus Yellow Baboon 4 2.5 151 233 Papio anubis Olive Baboon I1 - 51 116 Papio hamadryas Hamadryas Baboon 46 I3 77 164 Mandrillus sphinx Mandrill I2 25 81 184 Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill 7 I4 13s 256 Theropithecus gelada Gelada Baboon 4 2s 57 69 Hylobates lar Lar Gibbon 32 40 48 128 Hylobafes nioloch Grey Gibbon 13 31 40 113 Hylobafes agilis Agile Gibbon 5 40 95 239 Hylobates hoolock Hoolock Gibbon 3 33 116 128 Hylobafes concolor Capped Gibbon 16 20 82 200 Hylobates syndacfylus Siamang 7 14 31 69 Pongo pypaeus Orang-utan I3 38 I12 294 Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 4 - 49 82 Pan satyrrts Chimpanzee 63 43 63 269 ORDER CHIROPTERA Epomophorus gambianus Gambian Fruit Bat I I00 - I Dobsonia moluccensis Moluccan Fruit Bat 2 - 48 48 Rouseffusaegygptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat I I00 - 2 Rouseftus angolennis Angolan Fruit Bat 5 80 I4 14 Eidolon helvum Straw-coloured Fruit Bat 14 29 5s 87 Pferopusgiganteus Indian Flying 29 45 57 --- . I54 Pteropus colinus Reddish Fruit Bat I I00 - 9 Pferopus geddici Gedde's Fruit Bat 3 - 39 86 Pferopus bakeri Baker's Fruit Bat 2 - 82 90 Myofis daubentoni Daubenton's Bat 2 I00 - 7 Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrelle I2 I00 - I Eptesicus serotinus Serotine I I00 - 6 Nycfalus noctula Noctule 6 100 - 4 Plecotus auritus Long-eared Bat 2 I00 - - Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater Horseshoe Bat 8 I00 - I Dermodus rofundus Vampire Bat 4 100 - 3 Vampyrus spectrum Giant Bat 2 I00 - 9 ORDER EDENTATA Choloepus didacfylus Two-toed Sloth 9 44 63 80 Myrmerophaga fridactyh Great Anteater I0 40 Sr 138 Tamandua tefradactyla Tamandua Anteater 6 I00 - 7 Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded Armadillo 7 43 30 30 Dasypus sepfemcincfus Seven-banded Armadillo 4 I00 - 6 Euphracfus sexcinrtus Six-banded Armadillo 8 63 36 82 Chaefophractus villorus Hairy Armadillo 22 ss 44 I02 Tolypeutes matacus La Plata Three-banded Armadillo I I00 - - Tolypeufes tricinctus Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo 2 SO 63 63 ORDER PHOLIDOTA Manis javanica Malayan Pangolin I I00 - - Manis tmminckii Temminck's Pangolin 6 I00 - 2 Manis tricuspis Small-scaled Tree Pangolin 2 SO I7 17 Matmalian Longevity Survey

Number o Yo dad in Average age Max. life individual less than (in monrhs) swn in sample 92 months offhose (in months) Ex; longer ORDER LAGOMORPHA Lcpus timidus Arctic Hare 6 I00 - I Lepus capensis a I00 - 2 Lepus europaeus Brown Hare 28 74 24 37 Lepus nigricollis Black-naped Hare 2 loo - I

ORDER RODENTIA Echimys armatus Soldier Rat 2 - 34 38 Capromys brownii Jamaican Hutia 2 I00 - 8 Capromys thoracatus Swan Island Hub 4 100 - 9 Myocastor coypus COYP? 62 42 42 99 Erethizon dorsatum Canactan I8 67 40 61 Coendou prehensilis Tree Porcupine I8 94 4s 45 Coendou villosus Tree Porcupine I IW - 3 Coendou nrelanurus Tree Porcupine r loo - 3 Chinchilla lanker Chinchilla 21 73 25 58 Lagostomus viscacia I1 27 29 47 Dasyprocta agufi Agouti 46 33 36 129 Dasyprocta cristata Agouti 4 2s 48 58 Dasyprocfa prymnolopha Agouti 10 20 46 81 Dasyprocta punctata Agouti 16 31 47 I20 Dasyprocfa variegata Agouti I2 25 28 55 Myoprocta acouchy Acouchy I I00 - 7 Cuniculus paca Paca 16 37 34 6s Caviafulgida Cavy 6 17 60 60 Kerodon rupestris Rock Cavy I - 77 77 Dolichofis patagona Patagonian Cavy 67 43 3s 75 Dolichotis salinicola Salt Cavy I1 36 26 43 Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris Capybara 27 41 44 114 Thryonomys swinderianus 18 56 43 65 Thryonomysgregorianus Cane Rat 3 I00 - I Atherurus macrourus Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine 6 - 113 164 Atherurus ajicanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine 17 9 48 126 Hystn’x longicauda Sumatran Porcupine I1 - 117 219 Hystrix cristata Common Porcupine 18 61 57 I28 Hysfrixgaleata Kenya Crested Porcupine 3 - 72 I28 Pedetes surdaster Jumping Hare 5 100 - 9 darlingi Darling’s 3 33 21 27 Heterocephalus glabcr Naked Rat 23 78 16 25 Castorj ber European Beaver 2 I00 - 3 Castor canadensic American Beaver 26 58 52 1 I7 Perognathus californicus Pocket Mouse I - 22 22 Dihodomys phillipsi Kangaroo Rat 13 23 42 69 Dihodomys nitratoides Kangaroo Rat I - 79 79 Pefaurista petaurista Large Flying Squirrel 5 40 35 53 Petaurillus hosei Pigmy Flying Squirrel I I00 - - Glaucornys volans American Flying Squirrel IS 40 67 128 Sciurus vulgaris Red Squirrel 24 91 I7 20 Sciurus carolinensis Grey Squkrel 26 19 63 98 Sciurus variegatoides Honduras Squirrel 3 - 72 I01 Sciurus nureogaster Yellow-bellied Squirrel 7 - 72 111 Scurius aestuans Tropical Squirrel 4 2s 58 74 Sciunts niger Fox Squirrel 3 33 31 37 Sciurus chapmani Chapman’s Squirrel I - 38 38 Sciurus stramineus Fraser’s Squirrel 3 33 26 29 palmarum Palm Squirrel 38 84 25 45 Funambulus tristriatus Palm Squirrel 3 I00 - 3 Mattirnalian Longevity Survey

Number o % &ad in Average age Max. lire im,ividuaL less than (in months) span in somple 12 months of those (in months)

l!%iS1:1 longer

Ratufa macroura Giant Squirrel 4 50 I9 21 Ratufa indica Giant Squirrel 23 31 60 I66 Ratufa bicolor Giant Squirrel 7 43 72 I 32 Ratufa ajinis Giant Squirrel 2 - I9 a2 Lariscus insignis Striped I I00 - I Protoxerus stangeri 4 50 30 40 Funisciurus feucostigma White-spotted Squirrel 32 SO 25 111 Pmaxerus cepapi Grey-footed Squirrel 2 - 2s 36 Paraxerus palfiatus Red-headed Squirrel 4 2s 22 33 Paraxmrs ochrareus Jackson’s Squirrel 2 IW - 7 Hcliosciurus gambianus 26 77 24 49 Hcliosciurus poensis Sun Squirrel 6 I8 61 88 erythraeus Pallas’s Squirrel 2 - 66 I00 Caf losciurus pypythous Red-legged Squirrel 2 I00 - 7 Callosciurusfinlaysoni Finlayson’s Squirrel I1 45 63 98 Callosciurus caniceps Golden-backed Squirrel I 100 - 8 Callosciurus preuosti Prevost’s Squirrel 25 48 17 50 Callosciunu notatus Malay Squirrel I0 I0 54 115 CallosciurusPavimanus Yellow-footed Squirrel 2 - 63 104 Callosciurus brookei Brooke’s Squirrel I - 47 47 Menetes berdmorei Berdmore’s Squirrel I - 35 35 Atlantoxerus getulus 4 100 - 9 Euxerus erythropus Bristly Squirrel 23 6s 28 42 Geosciurus capensis 4 100 - 7 Sciurotamias dauidianus David’s Squirrel 5 100 - I Tamias striatus Chipmunk 2 - 109 ’ 132 Tamias quadriuittatus Chipmunk I - 49 49 Tamias minimus Chipmunk 2 50 72 73 Tamias sibiricus Chipmunk 18 28 26 41 Cynomys iudovicianus Prairie 28 so 37 91 Citellus citellus 7 71 23 25 Citellus richardsoni g:zbson*s Ground Squirrel 4 I00 - 11 Citellus tridecemlineutus Thirteen-striped Ground Squirrel 5 60 25 30 Citelius mohavensis Californian Ground squirrel 16 6 50 92 Citellus nelsoni Nelson’s Antelope Sq$i I - I8 I8 Citellus leucurus White-tailed Antelope Squirrel 2 - 24 I34 Citellus lateralis Side-striped Ground Squirrel 5 20 52 57 Marmota marmota Marmot I1 - ss I I0 Marmota monax Woodchuck 12 42 43 141 Allactaga euphratira Euphrates Gcrbil 8 61 25 34 jaculusjaculus Lesser Egyptian Gerbil 37 35 21 50 jacufus orientalis Greater Egyptian Gerbil 4 I00 - 8 Sicisra subtilis Striped Jumping Mouse 3 I00 - 3 Eifomys quercinus Garden Dormouse 16 44 22 42 clisglis Fat Dormouse 20 IS 45 85 Muscardinus avellanarius Common Dormouse 46 67 20 39 Graphiuris ocularis African Dormouse I - 22 22 Craphiuris murinus African Dormouse 3 I00 5 7 Graphiuris spurrelli African Dormouse 5 I00 - 8 Gaphiuric hueti African Dormouse 3 33 20 20 Graphiuris crassicaudatus African Dormouse I2 I00 - 9 Lophiormys ibeanus Crested Rat I2 92 77 77 Rhiromys sumarrensis Bamboo Rat 7 28 20 31 Tachyoryctes splendeni Kenya Mole Rat 21 83 21 31 Vandeluria oleracea Indian Tree Mouse 2 100 - 9 Rartus rattus Black Rat 16 25 33 50 Ranus canus Hoary Rat 3 33 42 45 Mumnialiun Lorgevity Survey

Number o % dead in Average age Maw. life individual lesr fhan (in nionfhs) span in sample 12months of rhore (in monfhr living IZ nronfhs or longer

Mastomys corrcha Shatnba Rat 5 20 21 24 Mesembriomys gouldi Hairy Rat 4 52 Grammomys surdaster African Tree Rat I0 zs30 35 Thallomys nigricauda African Tree Rat 6 I so 51 Mris muscirlus House Mouse 2 - 23 34 Mus triton Pigmy Mouse I I00 - I Mus tttuscirloides Pigmy Mouse I3 42 2s 36 Chiropodom ys glisoides Malayan Tree Mouse S 60 39 43 Micromys rrrinutus Harvest Mouse 7s 7j 18 28 Arvicanthis abyssinicus Field Rat I2 SO 16 29 Aroicanthis tiiloticus Field Rat 14 43 20 38 Lemniscomys striafus Striped Mouse 11 YO 24 29 Lemniscomys griselda Striped Mouse 2 - 19 26 Rhabbmys yirwiilio Striped Mouse I2 4” 22 35 campestris Pouched Mouse 17 56 21 34 Saccostamiis isiolae Pouched Mouse 5 I00 - 9 Praomys tullbcrgi Tullberg’s Rat IY 47- 31 62 Mulacomys edlvardii African Water Rat 2 - 27 32 Zelotomys hildegardeae Hildegarde’s Rat I I00 - 7 pratensis Fat Mouse 7 25 20 25 Acotnys cahirinus Spiny Mouse 6 50 24 26 Acotnys russatus Spiny Mouse 5 - 38 42 Aconr ys johattnis Spiny Mouse 2 50 42 42 Apodemus syluaticus Field Mouse 22 I8 37 54 Apodernus Javicollis Yellow-necked Mouse 3 33 25 27 Cricetotn ys gambianus Gambian 24 2s 3s 93 LophuromysJuvopuncrotuj Harsh-furred Mouse I0 60 34 41 Lophuromys sikapusi Harsh-furred Mouse n I3 I2 I2 Phloeomys cummingi Cloud Rat I - 30 30 Cricetus cricetus Common I2 42 23 33 Mesocricetus auratus Golden Hamster 124 60 I9 47 Cricetulus barabensis Sand Hamster 3 33 37 41 Cricetulus triton Sand Hamster 8 2s 47 56 Sigmodon hispidus Cotton Rat 37 60 23 3s Rhipidomys veneruelae South American Mouse 2 - 52 5s Sigmonys savannarum South American Mouse 6 103 - n Phyllatis amicus South American Mouse I - 36 36 Nyctomis surnichrasti South American Mouse 17 41 43 I02 Peromyscus leucopus White-footed Mouse 65 80 38 38 Onychomys leucogaster Grasshopper Mouse I - 14 14 Gerbillusgerbillus Gerbil 74 30 27 65 Gerbillus p yramidum Gerbil I1 I8 30 34 Gerbillus percioali Gerbil 6 I00 - 7 Meriones crassus Jird I1 4s 28 37 Meriones Iibycus Jird 38 42 23 35 Meriones calitrus Jird 2 - 2s 26 Meriones persicus Jird 2 so 43 43 Tatera indica Gerbil 3 33 23 23 Tatera ujra Gerbil I - 21 21 Tatera nyasae Gerbil I0 I00 - 5 Tafera gambiana Gerbil 3 - 18 22 Tatera kempi Gerbil 5 20 24 37 Pachyuromys duprasi Fat-tailed Gerbil 23 52 27 46 Psammomys obesus Fat Sand Rat 23 43 26 38 Lemmus lemmus Lemming 7 I00 - 8 Dicrostonyr collaris Collared Lemming 4 - 19 24 Clethrionomys glareolus Bank Vole I0 80 I8 24 Cfethriotiom ys rtijomtus Norwegian Bank Vole 6 66 17 I9

294 Mammalian Longevity Survey

% dead in Average age Max. Ire %%L% less rhan (in months) span in sample xa months of those (in monrhs)

EX%longer

Arvicola amphibius Water Rat 9 I00 - I1 Pifymys ibericus Pine Vole 8 I00 - 5 Microtus agrestis Field Vole 8 61 39 58 Microtus oeconomus Root Vole 3 I00 - 5 Microtus brandti Brandt’r Vole 6 I00 - 5 Microtus orcadensis Orkney Vole 41 53 18 36 Miuotus guenthm’ Guenther’o Vole I2 - 27 47 Ondatra zibethica Musk Rat I0 80 I8 18

ORDER Viuerra zibetha Large Indian -cat I 100. - 6 Viuerra civetta -cat 23 74 50 I oa Viuerricula indica -cat 4 50 38 39 Genetta maculata Spotted 4 75 I7 17 Genetfa pardina I0 so 52 103 * Genetta smalina I I00 - a Gmetta rubiginoas Rusty-spotted Genet 7 29 5 126 Gmetta tigrina Blotched Genet aa 41 62 I79 hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet I9 68 25 34. Parad0xuru.r zeylonensis I I00 - 4 Paguma laruata 6 67 24 24 Arctictis Bintwong 14 I4 63 I80 Arctogalidea trivirgafa Small-toothed Palm Civet I - 66 66 Nandinia binotata Two-s otted Palm Civet I8 44 63 222 Hemigalus hardwickii BandPalm Civet I 89 89 Cynogale benetti Civet 1 I00 - 3 Herpestcs ichneumon 3 c 97 I53 Hqestes edwardsi 24 46 44 I34 Hcrpcstes auropunctatus Small Indian Mongoose 8 13 55 98 Hrrpestps smithii Indian 4 55 25 2s Herpeste~fuscus I 100 - 8 Hrrpestes sanguineus African Ruddy Mongoose 3 67 70 70 Ichneumia albicaudia Wbite-tailed Mongoose 6 44 65 148 Bdcogale nigripcs Black-footed Mongooae I - 40 40 Atilax paludinosus 14 57 58 138 obscurus Cusimanse I7 47 28 52 Mungor mungo Zebra Mongoose I7 35 33 82 Hclogale paruula Dwarf Mongoose 6 33 36 78 Cynictis pmicillata Yellow I0 60 31 65 Suricata suricatta Meerkat 4 15 33 63 Cryptoprortaferox I - 107 I07 fro Lion I33 37 70 257 Panthera tip‘s 79 48 83 22 I Panthcra pardus 71 56 76 185 Panthera onca I3 38 84 213 Panthcra uncia 3 66 I8 I8 scrual Send 27 $2 40 65 Felis concolor ,* Purm 16 13 76 I59 Felis manu1 Pallas’s Cat 4 75 33 33 Fclic Caracal I2 75 75 I I9 Felis silucstris European Wild Cat I0 90 I8 18 Fclis lybica African Wild Cat I I00 - I Fclis chaus 3 67 1x7 117 Felis margarita I - 78 78 Felis rufa I - 65 65 Fclis Lynx IS ao 43 93 Felis bmgal& Ia 53 73 I53

U 295 Mammalian Longevity Survey

Nmbu o Yo &ad in Avrragc age MAX.life individual less th (in mon&s) rpan in sample I2 months ofthose (in monfhr) E2; longer

Felis marmorata 2 I00 - 2 Felis aurata 2 50 I7 17 Felis temminckii Golden Cat I - 127 127 Felis viverrina 7 - 64 114 Felis planiceps Rusty Tiger Cat 4 I00 - a Felis nebulosa 4 75 191 191 Felis pardalis 25 60 76 I45 Felis wiedii 9 100 - 3 Felis yaguarondi Jaguarondi 3 67 27 37 Felis geoflroyi Geoffroy'r Cat I - 25 25 Felis colocolo S 20 42 86 jubatus 42 45 33 I06 hyaena Striped Hyaena I3 8 67 140 Hyaena brunnca Brown Hyaena I I00 - - Crocuta croctita Spotted Hyaena 5 20 54 73 lupus Wolf 114 46 59 182 Canis aureus Jackal I1 36 91 I74 Canis latrans 23 57 87 I93 Canis adusfus Side-striped Jackal 8 63 90 I I9 Canis mcsomelas Black-backed Jackal 2 50 50 50 vulpes I 26 42 42 202 Vulpes ferrilatus Tibetan Sand Fox 2 50 65 65 Vulpes CO~SAC 2 - 96 122 Vulpes bengalensis I I00 - 10 Vulpes pallida 4 50 2s 35 Fennecus zerda IS 20 45 94 cineroargenteus Grey Fox I - I2 12 Alopex lagopus 56 41 61 I74 Cerdocyon thous -eating Fox 4 25 25 38 Dusicyon gymnocerus Azara's Fox 2 I00 - 4 Dusicyon griseus Argentine Grey Fox 9 44 57 I11 Chrysocyon brachyurus 5 20 22 69 Otocyon megalotis Large-eared Fox 7 100 - 4 Cuon alpinus Indian Wild Dog 5 40 93 107 Nyctereufes procyonoides Racoon Dog 19 26 86 I43 venaticus a - 19 24 Lycaon pictus African Dog I2 19 53 113 lutra European Otter 19 79 24 28 Lufra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter I 100 - 4 Lutra perspicillata Indian Smooth-coated Otter 5 60 32 47 cinerea Oriental Small-clawed Otter a - 60 60 Aonyx capensis African Small-clawed Otter 2 100 - I. Mustela erminea 2s I00 - I0 Mustela nivalis 13 62 50 90 Mustela vison 28 86 21 37 Muitela putorius 21 48 39 73 Martes martes Pine 11 36 78 1.84 Martes foina Beech Marten 5 20 100 138 Martes americana 2 ...-. 26 37 MattesJavigrrla Yellow-throated Marten 2 50 I20 I20 Gulo gulo 4 - 54 93 striatus zorill IS 43 2s 77 Poecilictir libyca Libyan Striped Weasel 3 33 19 22 Poecilogale albinucha I I00 - I Mellivora capensis Rate1 5 40 55 90 meles Common 42 75 41 84 Taxidea taxus 6 67 47 81 barbara Tayn I0 40 48 132 Mammalian Longevity survey

Numbno % &din Average age idvidd kss than (in months) in sample 12 months of those liui 12 mot% or longer

Calictis ruja Grison 4 25 40 vittata Allamand's Grison 2 - 60 Spilogale putorius Spotted 2 50 15 mephitis I2 8 27 Mephitis macroura 2 - 22 astutus 7 43 6s Potos javus 21 11 82 lotor Common Racoon 23 4 45 Procyon canrrivorus Crahating Racoon S - 80 ma Coatimundi 33 21 ss AilurusfuZgens 38 5s 59 melanoleiica 5 20 36 Thalarctos rnaritimus Polar I4 7 I33 arctos 40 40 171 Ursus arrtos Kodiak Bear 2 50 I57 Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear 3 - 190 Ursus anrericunus 6 33 227 Selenarctos tibetanus Asiatic Black Bear I0 I0 98 Melursus ursinus 6 33 99 Tremarrtos omatus I - 182 Helarctos malayanits Malayan 19 42 64 ORDER PINNIPEDIA Zalophrcs cul$mnianus Californian 34 38 77 Odobenus rosmaws 2 50 15 Halichoerus grypus 5 80 71 vitulina Common Seal 14 71 96 Phoca sibirica 2 I00 - Mirounga leonina 4 50 I8 ORDER TUBULIDENTATA Orycteropus afr Aardvark 5 20 40 ORDER HYRACOIDEA Procavia capensis Dassie or Cape Hyrax 13 62 38 Dendrohyrax dorsalis Beecroft's Hyrax I3 92 21 Dendrohyrax arboreus Common Tree Hyrax 3 I00 - ORDER SIRENIA Trichechus manatus Manatee 3 - 40 ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Elephas maximus Indian Elephant 8 I I45 Loxodonta aficana African Elephant 3 - 83 ORDER PERISSODACTYLA Quus prxewalskii Przewalski's or Wild Horse I2 25 78 Equus hemionus Asiatic Wild Ass 6 33 248 Equus grcvyi Grevy's Zebra 25 44 98 &uus zebra Mountain Zebra I2 50 I33 Equm burchelli Common Zebra 31 39 87 Rhinoceros unicornis Great Indian Rhinoceros 3 - 103 Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros 3 66 136 TapiruJ lndicus Malayan Tapir 3 33 76 Tapirus terrestris Brazilian Tapir 14 29 79

U* 297 Mnntrndiati Longevity Survey

% dead in Avcragc we Max. lijr lVdVE;l less than (in months) span in sample 12months of those (in months) livin 12 mnf or lon~qer ORDER ARTlODACTYLA Hippopotamus amp hibius Hippopotamus 6 17 116 269 Clroeropsis liberiensis Pigmy Hippopotamus 4 2s 125 238 Potamochoerus porcrrs Bushpig 14 21 51 I57 Hylochoerits meinertrhageni Forest Hog 6 100 - 9 Phacochoerus ethiopicrrs Wart Hog 25 20 60 I 56 Babirousa babyrussa Babirusa S 40 88 125 Sus scrofa Wild Roar 9 - 85 206 Tayassu pecari White-lipped Peccary 2 50 15 15 Tayassu tajacu Collared Peccary 16 56 47 208 Camelus dromedarius Arabian Camel I1 36 81 185 Camelus bactriantts Bactrian Camel 24 36 119 243 Lama glania Llama 82 41 96 268 Lama pacos Alpaca 2 - 52 91 Lama huanacus Guanaco 6 33 43 57 Lama vicrrgrro Vicuna 3 33 I06 230 Tragulirs memirrna Indian Spotted Mouse Deer 5 I00 - - Tragulus javanictts Malayan Lesser Mouse Deer 6 100 - - Hyemoschus aquafiriis Water Chevrotain 4 75 I2 12 Moschus moschifera Musk Deer 3 I00 - - Elaphodus cephalophus Tufted Deer 2 - 83 83 Muntiacus reevesi Reeve’s Muntjac I1 18 57 109 Dama dama Fallow Deer I21 43 54 1 72 Axis axis Spotted Deer 81 27 66 I44 Axis porcinrrs Hog Deer 85 32 56 I 67 Cervus rinicolor Sanibar 33 27 67 I47 Cervus unicolor Timor Deer 2 so 33 33 Cervus duvauceli Barasingha; Swamp Deer 20 2s 39 213 Cervus eldi Thamin; Eld‘s Deer 4 - I00 125 Cervus nippon Sika; Japanese Deer 42 22 60 188 Cervus nippon Formosan Deer 35 33 38 141 Cervus nippon Dybowski’s Deer I - 1x9 119 Cervus elaphirs Red Deer I11 45 64 I77 Cervus elaphus Hangul 13 IS 66 I49 Cervus elaphirs Wapiti I1 4s 79 223 Elaphirrus davidiatrrts Ptre David’s Deer 39 44 73 I47 Capreolus capreohis Roe Deer 11 55 40 77 Marama americano Red Brocket 1 - 32 32 Marama simplicicornis Brown Brocket 2 50 ‘3 13 Pudu pudu Pudu Deer 5 40 64 92 Odocoilerts virginianus White-tailed Deer 26 39 42 119 Rangifr tarandus Reindeer 27 33 57 11s Aces alces Elk or Moose 7 86 51 SI Okapia johnstoni Okapi 3 33 95 IS1 Cirafla ramelopardalis Giraffe 22 45 I20 287 Cephalophus caeruleus Blue Duiker 16 56 21 35 Cephalophus rufilatus Red-flanked Duiker 14 21 31 79 Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker 24 29 37 80 Cephalophirs natalensis Natal Duiker 2 100 - 8 Cepbalophus nip Black Duiker 2 - 24 32 Cephalophrrs ogilbyi Ogilby’s Duiker I 1M3 - 9 Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker 20 4s 39 I43 Neatragus p ygmaeus Royal Antelope 9 I00 - 5 Ourebia ourebi Oribi 7 43 33 49 Raphicerus campestris Steinbok 2 50 18 I8 Garella subgutturosa Goitred Gazelle IS 33 86 I54 Garella garella Mountain Gazelle, Chinkara 6 17 66 148 Cazella leptoceios Loder’s Gazelle 4 - 10s 168 Mammaliar1 Longevity Survey

Number 03 Averagc age Max. life individuals {in months) span in rample of tkose (in months

Ex2longer

Gaxella ruffrons Red-fronted Gazelle 6 71 114 Gazella dorcas Dorcas Gazelle 6 42 100 Gazella thomsoni Thomson’s Gazelle 34 65 126 Gaxella grad Grant’s Gazelle 9 s9 I 06 Lirhocrunius walleri Gerenuk 3 33 53 Antilopc cervicapra Bkckbuck 138 44 113 Aepyceros melampus Impala 21 66 132 Rcdunca arundinum Common Reedbuck I1 54 113 Redunca redunca Bohor Reedbuck 8 5s 91 Kobur Lob Kob 3 57 I02 Kobus feche Lechwe Waterbuck 21 I02 172 Kobus defassa Defassa Waterbuck 8 36 88 Oryx garella Beisa Oryx 4 62 I I2 Oryx feucoryx Arabian Oryx 2 75 86 Oryx tao Scimitar-horned Oryx 6 83 I 46 Hippotragus niger Antelope 3 6s 77 Damaliscus korrigunr Topi 1 I00 I00 Damaliscus dorcas Blesbok I2 31 47 Aicefuphus buseluphris Kongoni 6 40 74 Connochaetes tuurinus Brindled Gnu 22 95 210 Contiochaeies gnou White-tailed Wildebeest 31 72 IS9 Saiga taturica Saiga Antelope IS 23 49 Hemitragus jemluhicirs Thar 56 85 214 Rupicapra ncyicapra Chamois I - 5 Cupricornis sumatraertsis Serow I 64 64 Budorcas taxicolor Takin I 152 IS2 Ovibos moschatus Musk-ox 4 I18 136 Capra hircus Wild Goat 20 126 249 Capra caurasica Caucasian Tur 19 77 I 63 Cupra ibex Siberian Ibex 6 I08 268 Capra ibex Nubian Ibex 2 52 52 Caprafalconeri Markhor I s9 59 Pseudois nuhoor Bharal I 244 244 Ammotragus lervia Barbary Sheep I06 72 I77 Ovis musimon Mouflon 224 58 200 Ovis orientalis Urial and Red Sheep IS 116 218 Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep ‘3 61 171 Boselaphus tocragamelirs Kilgai 93 s8 I80 Tragelaphus scriptiis Bushbuck 37 53 123 Tragclaphus angusi Nyala 2 103 103 Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga 3 I44 228 Trugelapkus imbrrbis Lesser Kudu 5 27 36 Tragelaphus strepsiccros Greater Kudu I 41 43 Tragelaphus euryrt-ros Bongo 2 22 27 Taurotragus oryx Eland 48 59 I I0 Tefracerus qrtadricornis Four-homed Antelope 2 47 47 Anoa depressicornis Anoa I1 IS8 309 Bos cafe. Ca e Buffalo 29 109 270 Bos grunniefts Yak‘ 71 80 221 Bison bonasus European Bison 6 64 I97 Bison bison American Bison 69 81 255