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Lic. Pablo Antonio Macchi MACROINVERTEBRADOS

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Lic. Pablo Antonio Macchi MACROINVERTEBRADOS MACROINVERTEBRADOS ACUÁTICOS COMO INDICADORES ECOLÓGICOS DE CAMBIOS EN EL USO DEL SUELO EN MALLINES DEL SUDOESTE DE LA PROVINCIA DE RÍO NEGRO Lic. Pablo Antonio Macchi Trabajo de tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Directora: Dra. María Laura Miserendino Co-Directora: Dra. Nora Gómez FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA 2017 Macchi, Pablo. 2017. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro (Dra. María Laura Miserendino – Dra. Nora Gómez) Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro Lic. Pablo Antonio Macchi Trabajo de tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Directora: Dra. María Laura Miserendino Co-Directora: Dra. Nora Gómez Febrero de 2017 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA 1 Macchi, Pablo. 2017. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro (Dra. María Laura Miserendino – Dra. Nora Gómez) A mi amado Ulises, 2 Macchi, Pablo. 2017. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro (Dra. María Laura Miserendino – Dra. Nora Gómez) Indice Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................... 6 Resumen ....................................................................................................................... 8 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 12 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... 16 1.1. ¿QUÉ ES UN HUMEDAL? ....................................................................................... 17 1.1.1. Humedales en Patagonia ............................................................................ 18 1.2. DINÁMICA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS HUMEDALES ................................................... 19 1.2.1. Condiciones hidrológicas ............................................................................ 20 1.2.2. Procesos biogeoquímicos ............................................................................ 23 1.3. LA BIOTA DE LOS HUMEDALES................................................................................. 25 1.3.1. Macrófitas de los humedales ...................................................................... 26 1.3.2. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos de los humedales ...................................... 28 1.3.3. Biodiversidad macroinvertebrados en mallines ......................................... 30 1.4. USO DEL SUELO Y DEGRADACIÓN DE LOS HUMEDALES ................................................. 31 1.4.1. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores ................................ 33 1.5. JUSTIFICACIÓN .................................................................................................... 36 2. HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................... 38 2.1. HIPÓTESIS .......................................................................................................... 39 2.2. OBJETIVOS GENERALES ......................................................................................... 40 2.3. OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES ..................................................................................... 40 3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................................ 41 3.1. UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA ....................................................................................... 42 3.2. GEOMORFOLOGÍA ............................................................................................... 43 3.3. CLIMA ............................................................................................................... 44 3.4. SUELOS ............................................................................................................. 45 3.5. VEGETACIÓN ...................................................................................................... 46 3.6. SELECCIÓN DE SITIOS ............................................................................................ 47 3.7. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS MALLINES AGRUPADOS POR DE USO DE SUELO ............................... 49 3.7.1. Mallines del Bosque mixto .......................................................................... 49 3 Macchi, Pablo. 2017. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro (Dra. María Laura Miserendino – Dra. Nora Gómez) 3.7.2. Mallines de la Estepa patagónica ................................................................ 53 4. METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................... 57 4.1. CARACTERIZACIÓN AMBIENTAL DE LOS MALLINES ....................................................... 58 4.1.1. Zonificación ................................................................................................. 58 4.1.2. Estimación de biotopos ............................................................................... 58 4.1.3. Parámetros fisicoquímicos .......................................................................... 59 4.1.4. Determinación de la clorofila a ................................................................... 60 4.1.5. Análisis de nutrientes y estado trófico ....................................................... 60 4.1.6. Análisis y cobertura de uso del suelo .......................................................... 61 4.2. ENSAMBLES DE MACRÓFITAS.................................................................................. 62 4.3. ENSAMBLES DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS ACUÁTICOS ................................................... 63 4.3.1. Diseño de muestreo .................................................................................... 63 4.3.2. Métodos de colecta e identificación ........................................................... 64 4.4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS ENSAMBLES ................................................................................. 66 4.5. ESTIMACIÓN DE MÉTRICAS..................................................................................... 68 4.6. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO .......................................................................................... 70 4.6.1. Exploración y comparación de parámetros ambientales y atributos comunitarios .............................................................................................................. 71 4.6.2. Ordenamiento de mallines según parámetros fisicoquímicos ................... 71 4.6.3. Relaciones especie-ambiente ..................................................................... 72 5. RESULTADOS ......................................................................................................... 74 5.1. CARACTERIZACIÓN AMBIENTAL DE LOS MALLINES ....................................................... 75 5.1.1. Descripción ambiental según biozona ........................................................ 75 5.1.2. Descripción ambiental por biozona según uso del suelo............................ 90 5.1.3. Clorofila a y feopigmentos .......................................................................... 96 5.1.4. Estado trófico de los mallines ..................................................................... 99 5.1.5. Cobertura de suelo en las áreas de influencia de los mallines ................. 102 5.2. ENSAMBLES DE MACRÓFITAS................................................................................ 106 5.2.1. Composición y estructura ......................................................................... 106 5.3. ENSAMBLES DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS ACUÁTICOS ................................................. 113 5.3.1. Composición de los ensambles ................................................................. 113 5.3.2. Descripción de los taxa.............................................................................. 119 4 Macchi, Pablo. 2017. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos como indicadores ecológicos de cambios en el uso del suelo en mallines del sudoeste de la Provincia de Río Negro (Dra. María Laura Miserendino – Dra. Nora Gómez) 5.3.3. Invertebrados acuáticos de la columna de agua ...................................... 123 5.3.4. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos ............................................................... 138 5.4. RELACIONES ENTRE LAS CONDICIONES AMBIENTALES Y LOS ENSAMBLES DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS ACUÁTICOS .................................................................................. 141 5.5. ANÁLISIS DE MÉTRICAS: INVERTEBRADOS Y RESPUESTA AL USO DEL SUELO ..................... 148 5.5.1. Selección de métricas ................................................................................ 148 5.5.2. Relación estacional entre las métricas comunitarias y las variaciones ambientales ............................................................................................................. 152 5.6. INTEGRACIÓN DE MÉTRICAS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS AMBIENTALES: RESPUESTA AL USO DEL SUELO EN MALLINES ...............................................................................................................
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