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The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses provides one of the most comprehensive listings and descriptions of Egyptian deities. Now in its second edition, it contains: ● A new introduction ● Updated entries and four new entries on deities ● Names of the deities as hieroglyphs ● A survey of gods and goddesses as they appear in Classical literature ● An expanded chronology and updated bibliography ● Illustrations of the gods and emblems of each district ● A map of ancient Egypt and a Time Chart. Presenting a vivid picture of the complexity and richness of imagery of Egyptian mythology, students studying Ancient Egypt, travellers, visitors to museums and all those interested in mythology will find this an invaluable resource. George Hart was staff lecturer and educator on the Ancient Egyptian collections in the Education Department of the British Museum. He is now a freelance lecturer and writer. You may also be interested in the following Routledge Student Reference titles: Archaeology: The Key Concepts Edited by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches Neville Morley Fifty Key Classical Authors Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, revised by Allen Kendall Who’s Who in the Greek World John Hazel Who’s Who in the Roman World John Hazel The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses George Hart Second edition First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. -
EXPERIENCING POWER, GENERATING AUTHORITY Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
EXPERIENCING POWER, GENERATING AUTHORITY Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia edited by Jane A. Hill, Philip Jones, and Antonio J. Morales University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © 2013 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved. Published 2013 Published for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. 1 Propaganda and Performance at the Dawn of the State ellen f. morris ccording to pharaonic ideology, the maintenance of cosmic, political, Aand natural order was unthinkable without the king, who served as the crucial lynchpin that held together not only Upper and Lower Egypt, but also the disparate worlds of gods and men. Because of his efforts, soci- ety functioned smoothly and the Nile floods brought forth abundance. This ideology, held as gospel for millennia, was concocted. The king had no su- pernatural power to influence the Nile’s flood and the institution of divine kingship was made to be able to function with only a child or a senile old man at its helm. This chapter focuses on five foundational tenets of phara- onic ideology, observable in the earliest monuments of protodynastic kings, and examines how these tenets were transformed into accepted truths via the power of repeated theatrical performance. Careful choreography and stagecraft drew upon scent, pose, metaphor, abject foils, and numerous other ploys to naturalize a political order that had nothing natural about it. -
The Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus a New Edition, Translation, and Interpretation
THE RAMESSEUM DRAMATIC PAPYRUS A NEW EDITION, TRANSLATION, AND INTERPRETATION by Christina Geisen A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of PhD Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Christina Geisen (2012) Abstract Thesis Title: The Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus. A new edition, translation, and interpretation Degree: PhD Year of Convocation: 2012 Name: Christina Geisen Graduate Department: Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University: University of Toronto The topic of the dissertation is a study of the Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus, a document that was discovered together with other papyri and funerary objects in a late Middle Kingdom tomb in the necropolis later associated with Ramses II’s funerary temple on the West bank of Luxor. The thesis will cover an analysis of the complete find, providing information on the provenance of the collection, the circumstances of its discovery, the dating of the papyri, and the identity of the tomb owner. The focus of the dissertation, however, is the Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus itself, which features the guideline for the performance of a ritual. The fabrication and preservation of the manuscript is described as well as the layout of the text. Based on a copy of the original text made with the help of a tablet PC, an up-dated transliteration and translation of the text is provided, accompanied by a commentary. The text has been studied by several scholars, but a convincing interpretation of the manuscript is lacking. Thus, the dissertation will analyse the previous works on the papyrus, and will compare the activities described in the text of the manuscript with other attested rituals from ii ancient Egypt. -
Ancient Records of Egypt, Volume
class93% BO~~BVR Library of ~delbertCollege V.3 of Western Rerane Unlvsrsity, Olsvoiand. 0. ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT ANCIENT RECORDS UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER ANCIENT RECORDS OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA EDITED BY ROBERT FRANCIS HARPER ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT EDITED BY JAMES HENRY. BREARTED ANCIENT RECORDS OF PALESTINE, PH(EN1CIA AND SYRIA EDITED BY WILLIAM RAINEX HARPEB ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PERSIAN CONQUEST. COLLECTED EDITED AND TRANSLATED WITH COMMENTARY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY AND ORIENTAL HISTORY IN TIIE UNIVBEWTY OF CHICAGO VOLUME I11 WHE NINETEENTH DYNASTY CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1906 LONDON: LUZAC & CO. LEIPZIGI : OTTO HABRASSOWITZ Published May 1906 QLC.%, Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago. Illinois. U. S. A. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I THEDOCUMENTARY SOURCES OF EGYPTIANHISTORY . CHRONOLOGY........... CHRONOLOGICALTABLE ........ THEPALERMO STONE: THE FIRST TO THE FIFTH DYNASTIES I. Predynastic Kings ........ I1. First Dynasty ......... 111. Second Dynasty ........ IV. Third Dynasty ......... V . Fourth Dynasty ........ VI . Fifth Dynasty ......... THETHIRD DYNASTY ........ Reign of Snefru ...s . b ;- .... Sinai Inscriptions ......... Biography of Methen ........ THE FOURTHDYNASTY ........ Reign of Khufu ......... Sinai Inscriptions ......... Inventory Stela ......... Examples of Dedication Inscriptions by Sons . Reign of Khafre ......... Stela of Mertitydtes ........ Will of Prince Nekure. Son of King Khafre ... Testamentary Enactment of an Unknown Official. Establishing the Endowment of His Tomb by the Pyramid of Khafre ........ Reign of Menkure ......... Debhen's Inscription. Recounting King Menkure's Erec- tion of a Tomb for Him ....... TEE RFTHDYNASTY ......... Reign of Userkaf ......... v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Testamentary Enactment of Nekonekh .... I. -
Perceptions of the Serpent in the Ancient Near East: Its Bronze Age Role in Apotropaic Magic, Healing and Protection
PERCEPTIONS OF THE SERPENT IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: ITS BRONZE AGE ROLE IN APOTROPAIC MAGIC, HEALING AND PROTECTION by WENDY REBECCA JENNIFER GOLDING submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR M LE ROUX November 2013 Snake I am The Beginning and the End, The Protector and the Healer, The Primordial Creator, Wisdom, all-knowing, Duality, Life, yet the terror in the darkness. I am Creation and Chaos, The water and the fire. I am all of this, I am Snake. I rise with the lotus From muddy concepts of Nun. I am the protector of kings And the fiery eye of Ra. I am the fiery one, The dark one, Leviathan Above and below, The all-encompassing ouroboros, I am Snake. (Wendy Golding 2012) ii SUMMARY In this dissertation I examine the role played by the ancient Near Eastern serpent in apotropaic and prophylactic magic. Within this realm the serpent appears in roles in healing and protection where magic is often employed. The possibility of positive and negative roles is investigated. The study is confined to the Bronze Age in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine. The serpents, serpent deities and deities with ophidian aspects and associations are described. By examining these serpents and deities and their roles it is possible to incorporate a comparative element into his study on an intra- and inter- regional basis. In order to accumulate information for this study I have utilised textual and pictorial evidence, as well as artefacts (such as jewellery, pottery and other amulets) bearing serpent motifs. -
Ten Egyptian Plagues for Ten Egyptian Gods and Goddesses the God of Israel Is Greater Than All Other Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
- Ten Egyptian Plagues For Ten Egyptian Gods and Goddesses The God of Israel is greater than all other Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Moses was a great prophet, called by God with a very important job to do. As an instrument in the Lord's hand he performed many signs, or "wonders", attempting to convince Pharaoh to allow the Israelites freedom from their bondage of slavery to the Egyptians. These "wonders" are more commonly referred to as "plagues" sent from the God of Israel, as a proof that the "one true God" was far greater than all of the multiple Gods of the Egyptians. These Egyptian Plagues were harsh and varied to correspond to the ancient egyptian gods and goddesses that were prevelant during Moses time in Egypt. The number ten is a significant number in biblical numerology. It represents a fullness of quantity. Ten Egyptian Plagues Means Completely Plagued. Just as the "Ten Commandments" become symbolic of the fullness of the moral law of God, the ten ancient plagues of Egypt represent the fullness of God's expression of justice and judgments, upon those who refuse to repent. Ten times God, through Moses, allows Pharaoh to change his mind, repent, and turn to the one true God, each time increasing the severity of the consequence of the plagues suffered for disobedience to His request. Ten times Pharaoh, because of pride, refuses to be taught by the Lord, and receives "judgments" through the plagues, pronounced upon his head from Moses, the deliverer. The Ten Egyptian Plagues testify of Jesus the Anointed One and His power to save. -
Archeological Study of Wild Animals in the New Kingdom
Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 2, Issue 2, December, 2018 Archeological Study of Wild Animals in the New Kingdom Mona Farid 1 Magdi Fekri 1 Magdi Abd-elaal 1 Hesham Ezz-eldin Zaki 1 1 Faculty of Tourism and Hotels –University of Sadat City Abstract This paper presents an archeological survey on some of the wild animals which were exist in Egypt during the period of the New Kingdom, either an original inhibiters of the land of Egypt, imported to Egypt through the outer trade or even brought to Egypt as tribute from other countries. It is also displays the strong relation existed between the Ancient Egyptian and each of these animals, and how it is affected in all of his aspects in life, especially the religious side. Key Words: Animals, Bestiary, Animal Gods, Ancient Egypt. Introduction The ancient Egyptian was a great observant to nature around him since the prehistoric period. He noticed the strong and fearless lion, so he became associated with the king himself, each town or major settlement adopted an animal as a symbol of it and had its own temple. They used to give offerings to its spirit as a respect for its qualities and to avoid its evilness. During the New Kingdom the Ancient Egyptians became more involved in the symbolism of the animals which was obvious in the religious matters. At the New kingdom in particular, the hunting hobby became even more popular and the outer trade and relations were increased. The living animals along with the animal products were a main type of tribute that delivered to Egypt. -
Egyptian Mythology
Westfield Washington Public Library Egyptian Mythology Story Lab— Week #1 June 2, 2020 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: WELCOME! Learn 2 This year’s Summer Reading Program Egyptians were one of the first 3 Read theme is Imagine Your Story. But what civilizations to develop a written Draw 4 does that mean? Last year we focused language. In the beginning, only specially Make 5 on space and science which is more trained scribes could understand the Search 6 about facts. This year we’re concentrat- new written language, so mostly they Solve 7 ing on fantasy themes, including myths, just wrote down whatever the pharaohs Play 8 fables, fairy tales, and legends which asked them to write. helps you use your imagination. Explore 9 Because of this much of the what Laugh 10 What is Story Lab? A laboratory is a survives is about the gods and the place to gather and study evidence, then pharaohs and not much about the daily analyze what we’ve studied. In this lives of the regular people. Fortunately, virtual lab environment, we’re going to some of these stories about the creation gather evidence of stories throughout of the earth and humans are very history and the world, then take what interesting! See the article on page 2 for Story Lab Schedule we’ve learned to help us write our own more about the gods and goddesses. stories. After reading about some of these 06/02—Egyptian Mythology Do you know the difference between a myths and the personalities of the gods, myth and a legend? By the end of this consider what a creation story would be 06/09—Roman & Greek series you will have learned about both. -
SETH – a MISREPRESENTED GOD in the ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PANTHEON? a Thesis Submitted to the University of Manchester for the Degre
SETH – A MISREPRESENTED GOD IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PANTHEON ? A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Life Sciences. 2012 Philip John Turner 2 1. C ontent s 3 1.1 List of Figures 6 2. Abst ract 7 3. Introduction 13 3 .1 Egyptian Religion 13 3 .2 Scholarship on Seth 14 3.2.1 Seth: Name, Iconography and Character 15 3 .3 Research Problem/Questions 1 8 4 . Seth in Predynastic Egypt 4400 -3100 B.C.E. 21 4 .1 Introduction 21 4.2 The Badarian culture in Ancient Egypt 21 4 . 3 The Amratian (Naqada I) culture in Ancient Egypt 22 4 . 4 The Gerzean (Naqada II) culture in Ancient Egypt 2 5 4.5 Summary 2 9 5. The Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom 3100 to 2181 B.C.E. 32 5.1 Introduction 32 5 . 2 The Unification of Egypt 32 5 . 3 The First Dynasty 33 5 . 4 The Second Dynasty 3 5 5 . 5 The Old Kingdom 3 6 5.6 Seth and the Pyramid Texts 40 5.6.1 The negative texts (69 in number , 9.1% ) 42 5.6.2 The positive texts (20 in number , 2.6 %) 43 5.6.3 The neutral texts (44 in number , 5.8% ) 4 3 5.7 The Sixth Dynasty 4 4 5.8 Summary 4 4 6. The First Intermediate Period and Middle Ki ngdom 2181 -1782 B.C.E. 4 6 6.1 Introduction 4 6 6.2 The S event h D ynas t y 4 6 6.3 The Ei ght h and Nineth Dynasties 4 8 6.4 The Tent h Dynas t y 4 8 6.5 The El eventh D ynas t y 4 8 6.6 The Twel fth Dynasty 4 9 6.7 The C o ffin Tex ts 51 6.7.1 The negative texts (72 in number , 6.0% ) 52 6.7.2 The posi tive t exts (27 in number , 2.0% ) 53 6.7.3 The neutral tex ts (32 in numbe r, 3.0% ) 53 6.8 Summary 53 7. -
The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts"
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF J. P. ALLEN’S "THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PYRAMID TEXTS" by Timofey T. Shmakov PRELIMINARY RESULTS Edited by A. K. Eyma Omsk-Tricht, 2012 2 source: http://www.ancient-egypt.org/ swt jrr nTrw.f m zSA nj zjn.f "He is the one who put his gods in a writing1 that cannot be erased" (painted plaster from the mastaba of Nefermaat and his wife Itet) 1 i.e. recorded them. 3 To my mom, Elena Leonidovna, who had patience with me making long hours, and to my friend, Marina Sokolova, who taught me a lot of things. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication 4 Foreword 6 Lexicon 7 Part I: Unis’s PT corpus [W] 12 Part II: Teti’s PT corpus [T] 175 Part III: Pepi Merire’s PT corpus [P] 241 Part IV: Nemtiemzaf Merenre’s PT corpus [M] 345 Part V: Pepi Neferkare’s PT corpus [N] 354 Part VI: Neith’s PT corpus [Nt] 379 Supplemental Notes 391 Bibliography 402 Copyright © 2012 Timofey T. Shmakov All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without reference to the work and the author. 5 Foreword The Pyramid Texts constitute the most ancient written text corpus of such a size to have reached us. They reflect the images of the ancient Egyptians about the life of a king after physical death and present a rich source of philological material still in need of urgent study. The correct reading of these monumental texts is necessary for an integral understanding of the funerary cult of a king. -
Divine Wrath in Ancient Egypt
Études et Travaux XXXI (2018), 27–65 Divine Wrath in Ancient Egypt A J Abstract: This article aims at examining the theme of divine wrath according to Egyptian religious beliefs, in connection with deities and worshippers. It is a matter of theological concern to examine the theme of divine wrath in various texts describing the rage of deities. The paper thoroughly discusses the theme of divine wrath, its addressees, eff ects, purposes, provocations, and the possibility of avoidance and pacifi cation, as well as the linguistic expressions of wrath. It discusses the notion of wrath, its perceived consequences and infl iction on the deities, living humans and the deceased. It also examines divine wrath in relation to the experience of suff ering and affl iction as well as that of protection and welfare. The analysis provides information on the core of the Egyptian religion investigated from the perspective of wrath. Keywords: ancient Egypt, divine wrath, religion, mythology Amgad Joseph, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Helwan University, Cairo; [email protected] The theme of divine wrath has been neglected in scholarly work on the theology of the Egyptian deities. It is not fully examined despite its prevalence in various Egyptian texts and its association with other crucial doctrines, and notably the nature of deities. Thus, divine wrath should be given particular attention as a distinctive theological matter to reveal its character and purpose. The subject of the present paper, namely divine wrath in Egyptian (dynastic and Graeco- Roman) sources, is inspired by two remarks made by Henri Frankfort and Val Hinckley Sederholm, in 1948 and 2006, respectively. -
Royal Images in Private Tombs at Thebes in the Early Ramesside Period
ROYAL IMAGES IN PRIVATE TOMBS AT THEBES IN THE EARLY RAMESSIDE PERIOD by GABRIELLE HEFFERNAN A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of Master of Philosophy Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham June 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Cultural memory is a relatively new area of study within Egyptology. It is, however, a key issue in the understanding of how society functioned. Important work has been done by scholars such as Assmann on the subject and this study hopes to build on that by taking the case of depictions of kings in Theban tombs, and discussing what they may tell us about the role of the king in the lives of the people. This study will focus on three types of scene; the king as a part of everyday life, the king as a historical figure, and the king as a 'divine' being. This will allow a more detailed study of how the king, and kingship, was understood by people who were not members of the royal court, or holders of high office.