DOCSLIB.ORG

I!Ilct of HOST PLANT on MEALYBUGS and THEIR

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
I!Ilct of HOST PLANT on MEALYBUGS and THEIR 1 I!iLCT OF HOST PLANT ON MEALYBUGS AND THEIR PARASITOIDS BY }LALAMBA ARACHCHIGE SUMANASIRI PERERA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Department of Biological Sciences Wye College University of London June 1990 2 DEDICATION Th13 work is dedicated to my parents and teachers who guided me to the Scientific World 3 ABSTRACT Six host plant species were tested as food plants for various life history parameters of two species of mealybug Planococous citri (Risso) and Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell). The range of acceptability Suggested that plants can be divided into host, acceptable non-host and unacceptable hosts. Mealybugs reared on soy bean plants developed significantly faster and reached a higher body weight in comparison to Insects reared on Gesneriaceae. Passiflora plant appeared to be completely resistant to P. cltri. Possible reasons for this are discussed. •The fecundity level of mealybugs reared on leguminous plants showed a two fold increase in comparison to Gesneriaceae plants. The relationship between fecundity, fresh weight and mean body length of adults showed differences between inealybugs reared on different plant species. The influence of host plant factors on the third trophic level was investigated. Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) and Leptomastix dactylopil Howard were allowed to oviposit on P. cltri reared on various host plants and the fitness parameters were measured. Mealybugs fed on leguminous plants appear to be a better source or nutrient for the developing parasitoid larvae since the larger adults with longer life expectancy emerged from those hosts. More females emerged when the parasitolds oviposit on mealybugs reared on leguminous plants. The influence of host plant factors on the efficiency of encapsulation of eggs of A. pseudococci and L. dactylopli was studied under solitary and superparasitized conditions. Mealybugs reared on high phenolic plants such as Aeschynanthus ellipticus and Passiflora coccinea showed a significantly greater ability to encapsulate parasitoids eggs. 4 Over 90% of the eggs of L. dactylopii were encapsulated by P. affinis but '0% of the eggs of A. pseud000cci developed within the host body cavity. A proper immunity reaction was observed when parasitoids oviposit on P. citrl but no clear response was noted in P. affinis. The impact of plant water stress on the life history parameters of - mealybugs was investigated. A significant reduction in mean body size of mealybugs was recorded when they were reared on high stressed plants and as a consequence the fecundity level of the insect was drastically reduced. The parasitoids developed from smaller host showed reduced fitness parameters. Population parameters of mealybugs were compared on potato and coleus plants fertilized with different levels of nitrogen. Mealybugs fed on low nitrogen plants showed a significant reduction in fecundity and this may be the main reason f or the low rm value of mealybugs on low nitrogen plants. Some fitness parameters of parasitoids were not influenced by the level of nitrogen in the host plants. A study of searching behaviour of L. dactylopli on various plant species showed that trichomes of Streptocarpus and soy bean leaves can change the normal searching behaviour of the insect. Parasitoids walked short distances on Streptocarpus plants while the speed of movement and area covered during searching was higher on winged bean plants. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In this study I received invaluable assistance and cooperation from many sources, and would like to express my sincere thanks to those who rendered assistance. I am greatly indebted to Dr. M.J.W. Copland for his continuous guidance, supervision and encouragements during my study period here at Wye. He was most helpful in organizing funds for my third year, without which I would not have been able to complete this study. I am appreciative for the continuous assistance offered by Dr. Chris Hodgson. His critical examination and suggestions for most of the experimental designs has enable me to gather more accurate knowledge about the subject. I am so grateful to the members of the academic and administrative staff of Wye College for their assistance in all possible ways to continue my studies to achieve my aspirations. Wye College Foundation fund and the Sir Ernest Cassel Educational Trust should accept my silent thanks f or the funds made available for my third year of studies. I reserve my special thanks to Professors J.H.D. Prescott, D.A. Baker and Mr. C.H. Martindale for their advice and helps. I would like to express my thanks to Mr. A. Clewer in the Department of Statistics for writing several statistical programs and guidance in analysing the data obtained in this study. 6 Appreciation is also extended to Dr. V.M. Koritsas and K.?. Martyn for their help in the chemical analysis of experimental samples. I am grateful to the members of the Wye College glasshouse staff for their assistance in maintaining experimental plants, and to all the technical staff in the Department, who have been so cooperative.. Delia Copland, Anne Hutcheon, Diana Prescott, Sister Tean Andrews, Bob, Kim and several other friends should accept my sincere thanks for the encouragements and helps to make our life happy in Wye. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to my wife and our daughter, for their tolerance, help and understanding throughout the period of this study. 7 CONTENTS DEDICATION. • . •. .2 ABSTRACT. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............. 5 CONTENTS....... 7 LIST OF TABLES. ........ .26 LIST OF FIGURES. .30 LIST OF PLATES. ........ .32 SECTION 1 EFFECT OF HOST PLANTS ON LIFE HISTORY PARAMETERS OF MEALYBUGS 1.1 INTRODUCTION...... .. •.... .33 1 .2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE...... • • • • • • • • • • • • . .35 1.2.1 Varietal differences or host plants and insect performance...... .35 1.2.2 Host plant morphological features and insects....,............35 1 .2.3 Influence or host plants on the developmental period of insects...... .. .. .. ...37 1 .2. Influence of host plant on the fecundity of herbivorous insects...... .. .38 1.2.5 Secondary plant substances and insect pertormance.............39 1.2.6 The experimental plants........................,..,.,.........lii 1.2.6.1 Passiflora caerulea . • •... ...., ,. ,.••.,,••••. .......... •. • 1.2.6.2 Passiflora coccinea .... .. ..,. .... ... ,••. .. ........ .... 1.2.6.3 PsophocarpustetragonolobusWingedbean............,.,,....••1j i.2.6.1 8 CONTENTS (cont.) 1.2.6.5 Streptocarpus hybridus ........................... 1.2.6.6 Aeschynanthus ellipticus 1 .2.7 The pest..... ......... .. .. .45 1.2.7.1 Planococcus citri (Risso):comonmealybug ......................45 1.2.7.2 Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell). The obscure mealybug ..•..•••••1$7 1.3 MATERIALS METHODS.......S.......................................'9 1.3.0.1 Preparation of plant materials..................................1i9 1.3.0.2 Physical Environment............................................119 1.3.0.3 Method of obtaining crawlers....................................50 1 .3.Q.i4 Incubation of mealybugs eggs.................... ................50 1.3.1 Influence of host plant on the developmental period of mealybug. ........... .51 1 .3.2 Influence of the host plant on the pre-ovipositional period of mealybugs.............................................52 1.3.3 Influence of plant nutrient on mealybug fecundity...............52 1 .3.LL Influence of host plant on mealybug egg viability...............53 1 .3.5 Influence of host plant on mealybug egg incubation period........ ........ .............. ........... .. 1 .3.6 Influence of host plant on mealybug body weight.. .... .,.. 51$ 1 .3.7 Correlation between weight, length and fecundity of mealybug.....................................................511 1 .3.8 Influence of host plants on the growth parameters of mealybug. .. .. .55 1.3.9 Analysisofhostplantsphenolics...............................55 1.3.10 Analysis of host plants total nitrogen content..................56 9 CONTENTS (cont.) 1 •14 RESULTS. .57 1.11.1 Influence of host plant on the developmental period of 1.14.2 Influence of host plant on the pre-ovipositiorial period of 1.11.3 Influence of host plant on mealybug fecundity.,................60 1 .11.14 Infuence of host plant on mealybug egg viability. ....... .. .61 1 . Il .5 Influence of host plants on mealybug egg incubation period. .62 1 .14.6 Influence of host plant on mealybug body weight.. ....... .. .63 1.11.7 Correlation between weight, length and fecundity of mea.lybug. .614 1 .11.8 Influence of host plant on the growth parameters of mealybug. .70 1.11.9 Analysis of host plant soluble phenois..........................71 1.14.10 Analysis of host plant total nitrogen content..............,....75 1 .5 DISCUSSION. .79 1.5.1 Influence of host plant on the developmental period of 1 .5.2 Influence of host plants on the pre-ovipositional period of ........82 1.5.3 Influence of host plant on mealybug fecundity...................83 1.5.11 Influence of host plants on mealybug egg viability..,...........85 1.5.5 Influence of host plant on mealybug egg incubation period. .85 1.5.6 Influence of host plant on mealybug body weight...............85 CONTENTS (cont.) 1 .5.7 Correlation between weight, length and fecundity of aealybugs. ............ 86 1.5.8 Influence of host plant on the growth parameters of inealybug. 87 1 .6 CONCLUSIONS.. • • •• .........• • • ,,•••••, • . • . • •....•.•. •... .90 SECTION 2 EFFECT OF HOST PLANT FACTORS ON MEALYBUG PARASITOIDS 2.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • – the 2020 Horticulture Guide –
    – THE 2020 HORTICULTURE GUIDE – THE 2020 BULB & PLANT MART IS BEING HELD ONLINE ONLY AT WWW.GCHOUSTON.ORG THE DEADLINE FOR ORDERING YOUR FAVORITE BULBS AND SELECTED PLANTS IS OCTOBER 5, 2020 PICK UP YOUR ORDER OCTOBER 16-17 AT SILVER STREET STUDIOS AT SAWYER YARDS, 2000 EDWARDS STREET FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2020 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2020 9:00am - 5:00pm 9:00am - 2:00pm The 2020 Horticulture Guide was generously underwritten by DEAR FELLOW GARDENERS, I am excited to welcome you to The Garden Club of Houston’s 78th Annual Bulb and Plant Mart. Although this year has thrown many obstacles our way, we feel that the “show must go on.” In response to the COVID-19 situation, this year will look a little different. For the safety of our members and our customers, this year will be an online pre-order only sale. Our mission stays the same: to support our community’s green spaces, and to educate our community in the areas of gardening, horticulture, conservation, and related topics. GCH members serve as volunteers, and our profits from the Bulb Mart are given back to WELCOME the community in support of our mission. In the last fifteen years, we have given back over $3.5 million in grants to the community! The Garden Club of Houston’s first Plant Sale was held in 1942, on the steps of The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, with plants dug from members’ gardens. Plants propagated from our own members’ yards will be available again this year as well as plants and bulbs sourced from near and far that are unique, interesting, and well suited for area gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • FLORA of PERU 91 Are Very Showy, and Their Structure Is Highly Complicated
    90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Huanuco: (Haenke). Lima: Above Matucana (Ball). In rock detritus, 1,700 meters, above St. Bartholome", Weberbauer 1690, type M. cylindrostachya. Purruchucho, Nee (type, as at Geneva); also between Obrajillo and San Buenaventura, Nee (Madrid). Malesherbia turbinea Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 118. 1927. Apparently allied to M. haemantha (only flowering branches known); calyx 12-15 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, sparsely pilose; crown 13 mm. high, irregularly denticulate-crenate; sepals 8-9 mm. long; pedicels nearly 15 mm. long; stamens scarcely exserted; capsules pilose, little exserted; seeds obscurely transversely but strongly longitudinally striate, about 1 mm. wide, nearly 2.5 mm. long. Flowers blood-red, the anthers apparently white or yellowish. The upper bract-like oblong-ovate leaves are merely crenate. Each leaf-crenation is tipped with one long cilium. Tacna: In rainy green shrubs and Cereus, Candarave, Weberbauer 7364, type. Malesherbia Weberbaueri Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 11. 1913. Densely appressed silky-villous simple-stemmed shrub with crowded linear-lanceolate sessile leaves and long terminal racemes of leafy bracted greenish yellow or reddish tinged subtubular flowers; leaves subentire or obscurely crenate-serrulate, 8-12 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, acute base and apex; calyx 3.5-4 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 7-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide at base, the petals shorter and narrower; crown irregularly and slightly dentate; capsule included or barely exserted; seeds minutely and obscurely striate. To about 1 meter high in steep, loose, rocky soils. Species distinctive in its closely appressed sericeous pubes- cence.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Download
    wjpls, 2020, Vol. 6, Issue 9, 114-132 Review Article ISSN 2454-2229 Arjun et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical World Journaland Life of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Life Science WJPLS www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 6.129 A REVIEW ARTICLE ON PLANT PASSIFLORA Arjun Saini* and Bhupendra Kumar Dev Bhoomi Institute of Pharmacy and Research Dehradun Uttrakhand Pin: 248007. Corresponding Author: Arjun Saini Dev Bhoomi Institute of Pharmacy and Research Dehradun Uttrakhand Pin: 248007. Article Received on 29/06/2020 Article Revised on 19/07/2020 Article Accepted on 09/08/2020 ABSTRACT Nature has been a wellspring of remedial administrators for an enormous number of year and a vital number of present day calm have been isolated from customary sources, numerous reliant on their use in ordinary medicine. Plants from the family Passiflora have been used in standard drug by various social orders. Flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic blends and eccentric constituents have been represented as the major phyto- constituents of the Passiflora spe-cies. This overview delineates the morphology, standard and tales uses, phyto- constituents and pharmacological reports of the prominent kinds of the sort Passiflora. Diverse virgin areas of investigation on the kinds of this sort have been highlighted to examine, detach and recognize the therapeutically huge phyto- constituents which could be utilized to help various diseases impacting the mankind. The objective of the current examination was to concentrate all Passiflora species. The sythesis of each specie presented particularities; this legitimizes the essentialness of studies concentrating on the phenolic bit of different Passiflora species. Flavones C- glycosides were recognized in all concentrates, and are found as the central constituents in P.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-History Parameters of Encarsia Formosa, Eretmocerus Eremicus and E
    Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 83–94, 2004 ISSN 1210-5759 Life-history parameters of Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus eremicus and E. mundus, aphelinid parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) YU TONG QIU, JOOP C. VAN LENTEREN, YVONNE C. DROST and CONNIE J.A.M. POSTHUMA-DOODEMAN Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University; P.O.Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Key words. Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, Homoptera, Aleyrodidae, whiteflies, Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus eremicus, Eretmocerus mundus, biological control, life history, longevity, development time Abstract. Life-history parameters (juvenile development time, adult longevity, host instar preference and rate of parasitism) of four parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (two strains of Encarsia formosa (D and B), Eretmocerus eremicus and Eretmocerus mundus) were studied in the laboratory. At 15°C juvenile development time was the shortest for E. formosa B (48 days), longest for E. ere- micus (79.3 days) and intermediate for E. formosa D (62.8 days) and E. mundus (64 days) at 15°C. With increase in temperature, development time decreased to around 14 days for all species/strains at 32°C. The lower developmental threshold for development was 11.5, 8.1, 13.0 and 11.5°C for E. formosa D, E. formosa B, E. eremicus and E. mundus, respectively. E. formosa D and B, and E. mundus all appeared to prefer to parasitize 3rd instar nymphs. The presence of hosts shortened adult longevity in most of the para- sitoids, with the exception of E. formosa B, which lived longer than other species/strains irrespective of the presence of hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Biology of the Sugar-Cane Pest Saccharosydne Saccharivora (Westw.) (Horn., Delphacidae)
    Bull. ent. Res. (1968) 59, 393^08 393 With Plates XVII-XVIII Published 1969 Studies on the biology of the sugar-cane pest Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.) (Horn., Delphacidae) J. R. METCALFE * Sugar Manufacturer? Association Ltd, Mandeville, Jamaica Introduction Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.), commonly known as the West Indian cane fly, is found on sugar-cane throughout the West Indies and neighbouring parts of North, South and Central America, and in Jamaica has been a major pest of sugar-cane for more than two centuries. It may pass almost unnoticed for years, but at irregular inter- vals, shorter in Jamaica than elsewhere, epidemic populations develop and may retard the growth of the crop, on occasion posing a serious threat to the sugar industry. There are many references to its outbreaks and natural enemies, yet its original host-plants are almost unknown and surprisingly little has been written of its life-history and habits. The accounts by Ballou (1905) and Wolcott (1921, 1933) lack developmental details, while that of Guagliumi (1953) contains, as will be shown, serious inaccuracies. Ashby's (1954) unpublished report is the most useful account to date but, being based on investigations lasting less than two months, is necessarily limited in scope. This paper presents an account of laboratory studies and field observations in Jamaica and British Honduras between 1961 and 1967 on the host-plants, life-history and habits of S. saccharivora. Host-plants Sugar-cane, introduced to the West Indies in the late 15th century, has been available to S. saccharivora as a possible host-plant for little more than 450 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharosydne Saccharivora, the West Indian Canefly (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Blake Wilson, Megan Mulcahy, Forest Huval and Gene Reagan
    Saccharosydne saccharivora, The West Indian Canefly (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Blake Wilson, Megan Mulcahy, Forest Huval and Gene Reagan Description Damage to Sugarcane Saccharosydne saccharivora, known as the West The West Indian canefly is originally from Jamaica Indian canefly, is a true bug belonging to the insect family and other parts of the Caribbean. The species was first Delphacidae. The family belongs to a group referred discovered in Louisiana in 1944. All life stages of the to as plant hoppers. The adult West Indian canefly is a West Indian canefly feed on grasses, such as sugarcane, distinctive bright green insect with red eyes and clear johnsongrass, sudangrass, switchgrass and bushy bluestem. wings. They possess black lines on their yellowish The species has also been introduced to other areas of antennae and a narrow head that protrudes beyond the the southern U.S. from Florida to Texas. eyes, almost like a nose. Adults are usually 3 to 5 mm (one-eighth to one-fifth of an inch) in length. Females are slightly larger than males. Female West Indian caneflies can also be identified by a cottony substance secreted from the end of the abdomen. The immature stage nymphs are smaller than the adults, greenish-yellow, wingless and possess a distinctive tail of waxy secretions. They resemble the adults more with each growth stage. Life History Eggs of the West Indian canefly are laid in ridges on the undersides of host plant leaves. The eggs are then covered in protective webbing, giving them a cottony appearance. The egg stage lasts about 13 to 23 days, depending on temperature, with peak hatching occurring at 15 to 16 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Control Biológico De Insectos: Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada Un Enfoque Agroecológico
    Control biológico de insectos: Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada un enfoque agroecológico Control biológico de insectos: un enfoque agroecológico Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada Ciencia y Tecnología Editorial Universidad de Antioquia Ciencia y Tecnología © Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada © Editorial Universidad de Antioquia ISBN: 978-958-714-186-3 Primera edición: septiembre de 2008 Diseño de cubierta: Verónica Moreno Cardona Corrección de texto e indización: Miriam Velásquez Velásquez Elaboración de material gráfico: Ana Cecilia Galvis Martínez y Alejandro Henao Salazar Diagramación: Luz Elena Ochoa Vélez Coordinación editorial: Larissa Molano Osorio Impresión y terminación: Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia Impreso y hecho en Colombia / Printed and made in Colombia Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial, por cualquier medio o con cualquier propósito, sin autorización escrita de la Editorial Universidad de Antioquia. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia Teléfono: (574) 219 50 10. Telefax: (574) 219 50 12 E-mail: [email protected] Sitio web: http://www.editorialudea.com Apartado 1226. Medellín. Colombia Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia Teléfono: (574) 219 53 30. Telefax: (574) 219 53 31 El contenido de la obra corresponde al derecho de expresión del autor y no compromete el pensamiento institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia ni desata su responsabilidad frente a terceros. El autor asume la responsabilidad por los derechos de autor y conexos contenidos en la obra, así como por la eventual información sensible publicada en ella. Nicholls Estrada, Clara Inés Control biológico de insectos : un enfoque agroecológico / Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada. -- Medellín : Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, 2008. 282 p. ; 24 cm. -- (Colección ciencia y tecnología) Incluye glosario. Incluye bibliografía e índices.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus Spiniferus (Quaintance) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)1 Jamba Gyeltshen, Amanda Hodges, and Greg S
    EENY341 Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)1 Jamba Gyeltshen, Amanda Hodges, and Greg S. Hodges2 Introduction Africa (Van den Berg et al. 1990). More recently, orange spiny whitefly was reported from Italy (2008), Croatia Orange spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance, (2012), and Montenegro (2013) (Radonjic et al. 2014). is a native pest of citrus in tropical Asia. In the early 1920s, Established populations of orange spiny whitefly are not yet pest outbreak infestation levels caused Japan to begin a known to occur in the continental US. biological control program. Primarily, orange spiny whitefly affects host plants by sucking the sap but it also causes indirect damage by producing honeydew and subsequently Description and Life History promoting the growth of sooty mold. Sooty mold is a Whiteflies have six developmental stages: egg, crawler (1st black fungus that grows on honeydew. Heavy infestations instar), two sessile nymphal instars (2nd and 3rd instars), of orange spiny whitefly, or other honeydew-producing the pupa (4th instar), and adult. Identification of the insects such as scales, mealybugs, aphids, and other whitefly Aleyrodidae is largely based upon characters found in the species, can cause sooty mold to completely cover the leaf pupal (4th instar) stage. The duration of the life cycle and surface and negatively affect photosynthesis. the number of generations per year are greatly influenced by the prevailing climate. A mild temperature with high Distribution relative humidity provides ideal conditions for growth and development. About four generations per year have The orange spiny whitefly has spread to Africa, Australia, been recorded in Japan (Kuwana et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors This Page Intentionally Left Blank PHYTOPLASMAS Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors
    PHYTOPLASMAS Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors This page intentionally left blank PHYTOPLASMAS Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors Edited by Phyllis G. Weintraub Agricultural Research Organization Gilat Research Center Israel and Phil Jones Rothamsted Research UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phytoplasmas : genomes, plant hosts, and vectors / editors, Phyllis G. Weintraub & Phil Jones. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-530-6 (alk. paper) 1. Phytoplasmas. I. Weintraub, Phyllis G. II. Jones, Phil, 1947- III. Title. SB738.P59 2010 632′.32--dc22 2009019575 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 530 6 Typeset by AMA Dataset, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certifi ed. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas - R
    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.VII - Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas - R. I. Rojas- Martínez INSECT VECTORS OF PHYTOPLASMAS R. I. Rojas-Martínez Department of Plant Pathology, Colegio de Postgraduado- Campus Montecillo, México Keywords: Specificity of phytoplasmas, species diversity, host Contents 1. Introduction 2. Factors involved in the transmission of phytoplasmas by the insect vector 3. Acquisition and transmission of phytoplasmas 4. Families reported to contain species that act as vectors of phytoplasmas 5. Bactericera cockerelli Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The principal means of dissemination of phytoplasmas is by insect vectors. The interactions between phytoplasmas and their insect vectors are, in some cases, very specific, as is suggested by the complex sequence of events that has to take place and the complex form of recognition that this entails between the two species. The commonest vectors, or at least those best known, are members of the order Homoptera of the families Cicadellidae, Cixiidae, Psyllidae, Cercopidae, Delphacidae, Derbidae, Menoplidae and Flatidae. The family with the most known species is, without doubt, the Cicadellidae (15,000 species described, perhaps 25,000 altogether), in which 88 species are known to be able to transmit phytoplasmas. In the majority of cases, the transmission is of a trans-stage form, and only in a few species has transovarial transmission been demonstrated. Thus, two forms of transmission by insects generally are known for phytoplasmas: trans-stage transmission occurs for most phytoplasmas in their interactions with their insect vectors, and transovarial transmission is known for only a few phytoplasmas. UNESCO – EOLSS 1. Introduction The phytoplasmas are non culturable parasitic prokaryotes, the mechanisms of dissemination isSAMPLE mainly by the vector insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Passiflora Coccinea -- Red Passion Flower Page 2
    Fact Sheet FPS-455 October, 1999 Passiflora coccinea1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction Red Passion Flower is an evergreen, flowering vine from South America that climbs by tendrils (Fig. 1). Its height and spread varies depending on the structure it climbs on. The flower of Passiflora coccinea is a spectacular scarlet to deep orange color and generally reaches a width of 3 to 5 inches. Each unique flower lasts about one day appearing in the summer and early fall. They fill the plant making Passion Vine a fine flowering plant for central and south Florida. The evergreen leaves are obovate in shape and have doubly serrate margins. Fruits of Red Passion Flower are ovoid, orange or yellow in color, and are mottled green. They are attractive and edible and attain a diameter of 2 ½ to 3 inches. General Information Scientific name: Passiflora coccinea Pronunciation: pass-siff-FLOR-ruh kock-SIN-nee-uh Common name(s): Red Passion Flower, Passion Vine Family: Passifloraceae Plant type: vine Figure 1. Red Passion Flower. USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11 (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 9: year round Planting month for zone 10 and 11: year round Description Origin: not native to North America Height: depends upon supporting structure Uses: attracts butterflies; attracts hummingbirds; cascading Spread: depends upon supporting structure down a wall Plant habit: spreading Availablity: somewhat available, may have to go out of the Plant density: dense region to find the plant Growth rate: fast Texture: medium 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-455, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Ciências Biológicas Departamento De Botânica
    Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Botânica Clonagem e Estudo da Expressão do Gene da mio-Inositol 3-Fosfato Sintase (MIPS) em maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) Emanuel Felipe Medeiros Abreu Brasília-DF 2006 Clonagem e Estudo da Expressão do Gene da mio-Inositol 3-Fosfato Sintase (MIPS) em maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) Dissertação apresentada ao Departamento de Botânica, do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de MESTRE EM BOTÂNICA. Emanuel Felipe Medeiros Abreu Orientador: Francisco José Lima Aragão Brasília-DF 2006 ii Este trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de transferência de genes da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, sob orientação do Dr. Francisco José Lima Aragão. iii Clonagem e Estudo da Expressão do Gene da mio-Inositol 3-Fosfato Sintase (MIPS) em maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) Emanuel Felipe Medeiros Abreu Esta dissertação foi julgada adequada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica e aprovada em sua forma final pelo programa de Pós- graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília. ____________________________________________ Dr. Francisco José Lima Aragão Presidente da Banca Examinadora-Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia ____________________________________________ Dra. Diva Maria de Alencar Dusi Membro - Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia ____________________________________________ Dr. Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira Membro - Universidade de Brasília (UnB) ____________________________________________ Dr. Giovanni Rodrigues Vianna Membro - Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia iv Dedico esta Dissertação de Mestrado ao Brasil, que anda tão carente de conhecimentos e valores. Espero que um dia eu possa ajudá-lo a se tornar em uma grande nação.
    [Show full text]