The Passion Fruit1
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. HS60 The Passion Fruit1 R.J. Knight, Jr. and Julian W. Sauls2 • Scientific names: Passiflora edulis Sims cm (2 in.) long, weighing 30-45 g (1-1.5 oz.) Fruit of (purple passion fruit); P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg. the yellow passion fruit is deep yellow and similar in (yellow passion fruit); P. quadrangularis L. shape but slightly longer -- 6 cm (2.5 in.) -- than the (giant granadilla). purple passion fruit. It weighs 60-90 g (2-3 oz.) and averages about 75 g (2.5 oz.) under Florida • • Family: Passifloraceae. conditions. Fruits contain numerous small, black wedge-shaped seeds that are individually surrounded • • Origin: American tropics by deep orange-colored sacs that contain the juice, the • Distribution: Introduced and grown in most edible part of the fruit. The giant granadilla bears tropical and subtropical parts of the world, irregularly rounded or oblong-shaped fruit 10-20 cm passion fruit is particularly important (4-8 in.) long and has a thick, edible rind in addition commercially in Australia, Hawaii, South Africa to black seeds surrounded by juice sacs. It may weigh and Brazil. 225-450 g (8-16 oz.) or more. DESCRIPTION Plant.- Vigorous perennial vine. The purple and Flowers.- Flowers of the purple passion fruit are yellow passion fruit have trilobed leaves 10-18 cm normally smaller, approximately 4.5 cm (1.75 in.) in (4-7 In.) long with finely-toothed margins. The giant diameter, than those of the yellow form, about 6 cm granadilla has rounded-oblong leaves 10-20 cm (4-8 (2.5 in.) in diameter. Both are dull white with very in.) long and its stem is characteristically square in deep blue centers. Flowers of the giant granadilla are cross section. quite different; they droop like old-fashioned lampshades and their petals are deep maroon on the inner surface. Fruit.- The purple passion fruit bears dark-purple or nearly black, rounded or egg-shaped fruit about 5 1. This document is HS60, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date April 1994. Reviewed November 2005 and November 2009. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. R.J. Knight, Courtesy Professor, Horticultural Sciences; Julian W. Sauls, Former Extension Horticulturist, Horticultural Sciences Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. Reviewed by Dr. Jonathan H. Crane, Professor and Tropical Fruit Crop Specialist, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy, Interim Dean Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. The Passion Fruit 2 Season of bearing.- The purple passion fruit PROPAGATION flowers in Florida in early spring and its fruit matures some 60-80 days later, so fruit may be expected from All 3 passion fruits can be propagated from seed, late May until early July. The yellow passion fruit which should be fresh (less than I year old) because flowers from spring until late fall-with a break in seeds lose viability rapidly. Seeds may be sown in early summer-so that mature fruit appears at intervals flats or pots of sterile soil and kept in a moist place from early summer into winter. The giant granadilla shaded from direct sunlight. Seeds ordinarily begins to flower in spring and its fruit matures in germinate in 10-20 days and young plants grow summer. It may continue flowering throughout the rapidly. Seedlings should be potted individually in summer but ordinarily sets or produces no normal small containers as soon as practical after fruit at that time in southern Florida, probably germination. They can be transferred to a permanent because high temperatures interfere with normal location when they are 25-40 cm (10-16 in.) tall. fertilization after pollination. When the weather cools, Purple passion fruit is sometimes grafted onto a this granadilla resumes setting fruit, which matures at yellow passion fruit rootstock to alleviate nematode odd times through the season. and disease problems affecting the root system of purple passion fruit. Seedlings of both stock and scion should be about 45 cm (18 in.) tall and have a stem CLIMATE AND SOILS diameter about that of a pencil when grafted. Scions should be about 8-10 cm (3-4 in.) long and contain at The yellow passion fruit and giant granadilla are least 2 nodes. The stock should be cut off 25-30 cm tropical plants, and thus restricted to protected sites in (10-12 in.) above the soil line. the southern half of Florida. The purple passion fruit is adapted to subtropical conditions and endures a few For grafting, a long, slanting cut is made from 1 degrees of winter frost without injury, but will not side to the other through the base of the scion for tolerate severe freezes. It thrives in the Tampa Bay about half its length, and a similar cut is made area and in protected spots across the mid through the stem of the stock. The 2 cut surfaces are peninsula. then placed together with cambia aligned and the graft is tied firmly with budding tape. The graft is Passion vines prefer a slightly acid soil, but the enclosed in a small plastic bag tied shut below the yellow passion vine will tolerate alkaline soils in graft, and placed in a warm, shady location for 10-14 southern Florida if adequate micronutrients are days or until the union takes. Then the bag is added. Well-drained soil is essential. Otherwise, root loosened to admit air and is removed when scion buds problems develop that soon destroy these plants. begin to grow. The budding tape is removed before it can construct the growing stem. CULTIVARS Cuttings from passion fruit vines can be rooted No well-established cultivars are regularly under intermittent mist, but they should be selected available in Florida, so plants are customarily grown carefully from healthy, productive plants to avoid from seed or cuttings of vines selected for desirable spreading virus disease. characteristics. A form of yellow passion fruit that sets fruit abundantly in southern Florida from PLANTING AND TRELLISING self-pollination is often grown from cuttings or seeds. Its fruit is usually smaller than that of other, Ideally, young passion vines should be set in the cross-pollinated yellow passion fruits. Seeds of large field early in spring after danger of frost is past. In fruited selections of yellow passion fruit were brought Florida, passion vines are planted 3-4.5 m (10-15 ft.) to Florida from Hawaii some years ago and plants apart in rows 4.5-6 m (1 5-20 ft.) apart. from this source still are grown here occasionally. Locally selected purple passion fruit is vegetatively Horizontal trellises have cross-pieces at the top propagated for commercial production. of each post with 2-4 wires strung horizontally 60 cm Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. The Passion Fruit 3 (2 ft.) apart along the top of each cross-piece. Vertical normal fruiting and may bloom but set no fruit (or trellises consist of heavy posts without cross-pieces, misshapen fruit) during the hottest part of the with 2 or 3 wires strung along the row like barbed summer. Hand pollination may be the easiest way to wire fencing, attached to the posts from the top down ensure fruit production on a few passion vines at intervals about 30-40 cm (12-16 in.) apart. growing in the home garden. Trellis wires should be No. 9 or 10 galvanized FERTILIZATION steel. The posts need to be stout enough to withstand the weight of the vines throughout a season that A balanced fertilizer that supplies nitrogen, normally includes the buffeting of strong winds. phosphorus and potassium in approximately equal Ideally they should be long enough to provide a trellis proportions, as well as essential micronutrients height of 1.5 m (5 ft.), with 45-75 cm (18-30 in.) in (magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc and iron), is the ground. Trellis rows should be oriented adequate for passion vines on the slightly acid, sandy north-south for maximum exposure to sunlight, and soils characteristic of central Florida. On the alkaline, the vines should be allowed to grow together along rocky soils of southeastern Florida, phosphorus is the trellises to promote cross-pollination. needed less than nitrogen and potash, but micronutrients must be applied for normal growth and POLLINATION production. These can be applied 4 times a year in foliar sprays. In addition, iron chelates can be applied Pollination is essential for fruit production on directly in solution to the soil near the roots. passion vines. Flowers of the purple passion vine normally set fruit when self-pollinated, but many Fertilizer should be applied in early spring before yellow passion vines will not set fruit unless their growth begins. Light applications should be given flowers are dusted with pollen from a different vine 4-to 6-week intervals through July in the northern part that is genetically compatible.