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Monograph Tenebrionidae Southern Africa Vol. I Map I: Distribution of Somaticus Hope

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Monograph Tenebrionidae Southern Africa Vol. I Map I: Distribution of Somaticus Hope TRANSVAAL MUSEUM MEMOIR No.7 PUBLISHED BY THE TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, PRETORIA, with the assistance of a Grant from the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 1955 Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011) CONTENTS Page Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Principal divisions of the Tenebrionidae 1 TENTYRIINAE .. 3 Synopsis of the South African tribes of Tentyriinae .. 9 I. MOLURINI 9 Diagnosis 28 Systematic position and history of classification 29 Synopsis of the generic groups of Molurini 33 A. Trachynotina 34 Key to Southern African genera 43 1. Somaticus Hope .. 45 Diagnosis .. 47 Morphologic terminology 49 Intra-generic system and distribution 49 Systematic Catalogue 50 Species incertae sedis 56 Key to morpho-geographic groups 57 a. Subgenus Clinocranion Solier 70 b. " Somaticus s. str. 74 c. " Ceromelaephus nov. 87 d. " Bechuanitis nov. 93 e. Diacis nov. 105 " f. Trichotrichus nov. 108 " g. Trachyderes nov. 112 " h. ACI"omaticus nov. 143 " 1. Tracheloeum Hope ·178 " J. Trichotl'achys nov. 202 k. " Tropitrachys nov. 229 References " 233 Systematic index .. 237 Index to auxiliary map 2 of Southern African districts 239 Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted the Publisher (dated 2011) Reproduced PRINCIPAL ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｾｓ＠ OF THE TENEBRIONIDAE Abdomen without intersegmental membranes between distal sternites (text-fig. 10). Body apterous, except in Epitragina of Tentyriini (PI. I, figs 15-17) when mentum is large and covers at least cardo and stipes of ｾ｡ｸｩｉｉ｡･＠ '(text-fig. 22). Mesocoxae either without or with large trochantin (text-fig. 46), in the latter case (Molurina of Molurini, PIs III-IX) scutellum very large, occupying the entire mesothoracic peduncle (PI. IV, fig. 5). Body with continuous lateral contours only when mentum is large. TENTYRIOID TENEBRIONIDAE With only the one subfamily of Tentyriinae. The aedeagus of tentyrioid Tenebrionidae (text-fig. 2B) is very constant and simple, but similar structures are found also in the heterogeneous group of tenebrioid Tenebrionidae. It consists of the tegmen of aedeagus, which is constantly divided into an apicale and basale, while the inner structure is reduced to a simple, tubiform middle IQbe or the penis. Abdomen with intersegmental membranes between distal sternites . (text-fig. 2), except for Caenocrypticini, Belopini, and entire Cossyphini, in which either body with continuous lateral contours but mentum small or body alate and mentum small or body foliaceous, with the head com- pletely concealed by the enlarged pronotum. Body alate or apterous, in the latter case mentum small, leaving cardo and stipes of maxillae exposed. Mesocoxae with trochantin, except in Cossyphini; Neopsectropini and some genera of Ulomini, in which either the head concealed by pronotum (Cossyphini) or distal sternites of abdomen with intersegmental membranes (Neopsectropini and Ulomini). Scutellum small to moderately large, but not occupying the entire width of base of mesothoracic tergite. TENEBRIOID TENEBRIONIDAE With several subfamilies and many tribes, a considerable part of which is new to science and will be described in the subsequent volumes (cf. also Koch, 1954a). The aedeagus.of tenebrioid Tenebrionidae exhibits many different and often complicated structures, although the simple tentyrioid construction is found in many groups. The outer shell of aedeagus is generally divided into an apicale and basale (text-figs. 2C and 2D), but there are several tribes (e.g. Litoborini, Loensini, Helopinini etc.), in which both parts of the shell are completely fused to an even tube, without exhibiting any separating sutures (text-fig. 2E). The apicale is often split into a pair of movable parameres, which some- times (in many Opatrini) enclose the penis in state of rest. The inner parts are very variable and often composed of the median lobe (or 1 Reproduced bySabinet Gateway under licence granted bythe Publisher (dated 2011) 2 TENTYRIINAE penis) plus one to several pairs of paramere-like lacinia (text-figs. 2C and 2E). This structure of the inner parts can be constant within a tribe (e.g. Oendarini, Pedinini, Litoborini etc.), but there are also tribes with and without lacinia (e.g. Crypticini) and in the Anomalipus of Platynotini this character varies to an extreme extent even intra_ generically (cf. text-figs. 2C and 20). The penis, which is generally well sclerotized, is often very small and in some cases reduced to a badly sclerotized, small apical portion of orifice of the ductus ejacu- latorius. Frequently complicated internal armatures are developed in the median lobe and also in the lacinia. Asymmetrical formations are rare. FIG. l.-Gonopus agrestis Fahraeus, 1870 (tenebrioid Tenebrionidae, Opatrinae, Platynotini}.-Underside of head (cst=cardo and stipes of maxilla; gu=gula; I=labrum; m-mentum; md=mandible; me=maxillary emargination of postgenal margin; pg=postgena; pl=preIabium). FIG. 2A.-Gonopus agrestis Fahraeus, 1870 (tenebrioid Tenebrionidae, Opatrinae, Platynotini}.-Underside of hind-body (E=episternum of metasternum; e=epister- num of mesosternum; Em=epimeron of metasternum; em=epimeron of mesoster- num; im=inter-segmental membranes of abdomen; ms=mesosternum; msc= mesocoxal cavity; mt=metasternum; mtc=metacoxal cavity; pa=inter-coxal pro- cess of abdomen; ps=pseudopleura; r=reflected and ventrally exposed portion of elytra; t=trochantin of mesocoxae). Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011) Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated TENTYRIINAE 3 b c d e f FIG. 2B.-Aedeagus of a tentyrioid Tenebrionid (Somaticus [TrichotrachysJ metro- polis sp.n.).-a=dorsal surface of aedeagus; b=inner surface of penis; c=lateral aspect of penis, with the inner surface at right; d=outer surface of penis; e=ventral surface of aedeagus, with the penis extracted; f=lateral aspect of aedeagus. with the penis extracted. (ap = apicale; ba=basale; d=ductus ejaculatorius; g=ventral groove; ig=inner groove of penis.) TENTYRIINAE The subfamily Tentyriinae is sharply separated from all the other Tenebrionidae by the above-mentioned and very constant characters. Leconte and Horn divided the American Tenebrionidae into the three subfamilies Tentyriinae, Asidinae and Tenebrioninae. Gebien, 1937b, in his systematic catalogue of Tenebrionidae of the world, accepted the same three subfamilies, but in a different conception. While Leconte and Horn separate the Asidinae from the Tentyriinae, by the presence of a distinct trochantin of mesocoxae, Gebien uses as a criterion the size of mentum and places in the Asidinae all those tentyrioid tribes, the mentum of which leaves exposed the cardo and stipes of maxillae, whether or not exhibiting a trochantin of mesocoxae. However, he confesses that this division is weak, as the large tribe of Asidini ought to be placed in the Tentyriinae on account of the large mentum, concealing cardo and stipes of maxillae. I do not see the necessity of subdividing the tentyrioid tribes into subfamilies, as their separation from the many 1enebrioid tribes is extremely sharp and constant on the basis of the absence of intersegmental membranes of distal sternites of abdomen. Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011) Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated TENTYRIINAE 3 b c d e f FIG. 2B.-Aedeagus of a tentyrioid Tenebrionid (Somaticus [TrichotrachysJ metro- polis sp.n.).-a=dorsal surface of aedeagus; b=inner surface of penis; c=lateral aspect of penis, with the inner surface at right; d=outer surface of penis; e=ventral surface of aedeagus, with the penis extracted; f=lateral aspect of aedeagus. with the penis extracted. (ap = apicale; ba=basale; d=ductus ejaculatorius; g=ventral groove; ig=inner groove of penis.) TENTYRIINAE The subfamily Tentyriinae is sharply separated from all the other Tenebrionidae by the above-mentioned and very constant characters. Leconte and Horn divided the American Tenebrionidae into the three subfamilies Tentyriinae, Asidinae and Tenebrioninae. Gebien, 1937b, in his systematic catalogue of Tenebrionidae of the world, accepted the same three subfamilies, but in a different conception. While Leconte and Horn separate the Asidinae from the Tentyriinae, by the presence of a distinct trochantin of mesocoxae, Gebien uses as a criterion the size of mentum and places in the Asidinae all those tentyrioid tribes, the mentum of which leaves exposed the cardo and stipes of maxillae, whether or not exhibiting a trochantin of mesocoxae. However, he confesses that this division is weak, as the large tribe of Asidini ought to be placed in the Tentyriinae on account of the large mentum, concealing cardo and stipes of maxillae. I do not see the necessity of subdividing the tentyrioid tribes into subfamilies, as their separation from the many 1enebrioid tribes is extremely sharp and constant on the basis of the absence of intersegmental membranes of distal sternites of abdomen. Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011) Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 4 TENTYRIlNAE Moreover, Leconte and Horn's criterion of the presence of a distinct trochantin of mesocoxae in the American Asidini, does not hold for the Southern African Asidini, in which the trochantin is lacking or punctiform. Gebien's Asidinae are an artificially mixed group of tribes and set up as a last resource
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