As h Me a d o w s Re f e r e n c e s by Kathleen Capels and Terence Yorks, High Level Research http://www.hlresearch.org/ in cooperation with Frank J. Smith, Western Ecological Services http://ecocorridors.com/western-ecological.php

Note: all hyperlinks were checked for validity in late July 2009. Some may require entering the desired genera or local site name into a search space on the linked page to generate appropriate information.

Abrams, Leroy, and Roxana Stinchfield Ferris. 1960. Bignoniaceae to Compositae: Begonias to Sunflowers. Vol. 4 of Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [Enceliopsis]

Baldwin, Bruce G., Steve Boyd, Barbara J. Ertter, Robert W. Patterson, Thomas J. Rosatti, and Dieter H. Wilken, eds. 2002. The Jepson Desert Manual: Vascular Plants of Southeasten California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Centaurium, Ivesia, Nitrophila]

Barneby, R[upert] C. 1970 [published 1971]. A new Astragalus (Fabaceae) from Nevada. Madroño 20(8):395–398. [Astragalus]

Beacham, Walter, Frank V. Castronova, and Suzanne Sessine. 2000. Dicots. Vol. 4 of Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America. Detroit: Gale Group. [Nitrophila]

Beatley, Janice C. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site, Nellis Air Force Range, and Ash Meadows (Northern Mojave and Southern Great Basin Deserts, South-Central Nevada). Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1970. Additions to Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site, Nellis Air Force Range, and Ash Meadows. Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Ivesia]

———. 1971. Vascular Plants of Ash Meadows, Nevada. Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1973. Check List of Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site and Central-Southern Nevada. Cincinnati, OH: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1976. Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site and Central-Southern Nevada: Ecologic and Geographic Distributions. [Oak Ridge, TN]: Office of Public Affairs, Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1977. Ash Meadows: Nevada’s unique oasis in the Mojave Desert. Mentzelia 3:20–24. [Ash Meadows]

Brandegee, T.S. 1899. New species of western plants. Botanical Gazette 27(6):444–457. [Mentzelia]

Bonneville Power Administration. 1994. Appendix D: Biological assessment and supporting materials. Non-Federal Participation in Ac Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement. http://gc.energy.gov/NEPA/nepa_documents/EIS/ EIS0145/eis0145_d.html#299. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Broome, C. Rose. 1978. Chromosome numbers and meiosis in North and Central American species of Centaurium (Gentianaceae). Systematic Botany 3(3):299–312. [Centaurium] Ash Meadows References 2

———. 1981. A new variety of Centaurium namophilum (Gentianaceae) from the Great Basin. Great Basin Naturalist 41(2):192–197. [Centaurium]

Calflora. Calflora database. http://www.calflora.org/index0.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

California Department of Fish and Game, Habitat Conservation Planning Branch. 2005. The Status of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals and Plants of California 2000–2004. Sacramento: State of California Resources Agency. Document is available online at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/t_e_spp/docs/2004/t_esummary.pdf. [Nitrophila]

California Native Plant Society. 2008. CNPS considered but rejected taxa. http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/pdf/cbr.pdf. [Centaurium, Mentzelia]

———. Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. 7th ed. http://cnps.web.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Nitrophila]

California Native Plant Society, Bristlecone Pine Chapter. 1983. Newsletter 2(4) [August]: 1–2. http://www.bristleconecnps. org/Newsletters/cnv024.htm. [Nitrophila]

———. 1993–1995 scrapbook, May 27–28, 1995. http://www.bristleconecnps.org/Scrapbook/1993-95.htm. [1 photo of Enceliopsis]

Center for Biological Diversity. 2000. Center for Biological Diversity challenges BLM to protect and recover 24 imperiled species on 10.2 million acre California Desert Conservation Area. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/swcbd/goldenstate/ cdca/CDCAphotos.htm. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Center for Environmental Education and Information. Endangered species early warning: Plant species. http://www.esew. org/warning_lists/plants/plants.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Chuang, T.I., and L.R. Heckard. 1973. Taxonomy of Cordylanthus subgenus Hemistegia (Scrophulariaceae). Brittonia 25(2):135–158. [Cordylanthus]

Clark, Curtis. Encelia and its relatives. http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/encelia/species.html. [Enceliopsis]

Consortium of California Herbaria. Specimen database. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Coville, Frederick Vernon. 1892. Descriptions of new plants from southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 7(2):65–80. [Ivesia]

Crapo, Mike. ESRA state by state information [information for Nevada]. http://crapo.senate.gov/issues/cresa/cresa_by_state. cfm?state=nv/. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Cronquist, Arthur. 1972 [published 1973]. A new variety of Enceliopsis nudicaulis (Asteraceae) from southern Nevada. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 99(5):246–247. [Enceliopsis]

Cronquist, Arthur, Arthur H. Holmgren, Noel H. Holmgren, James L. Reveal, and Patricia K. Holmgren. 1984. Subclass Asteridae (Except Asteraceae). Vol. 4 of Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. [Cordylanthus]

———. 1994. Asterales. Vol. 5 of Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. [Enceliopsis]

Czech, Brian, Paul. R. Krausman, and Patrick K. Devers. 2000. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States. Bioscience 50(7):593–601. [Nitrophila] Ash Meadows References 3

Davis, William S. 2005. Meiotic and mitotic chromosome numbers for Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Loasaceae). Madroño 52(3):207. Also available online at http://oregonstate.edu/~knausb/pubs/Knaus_2005_Madrono.pdf. [Mentzelia]

Desert Managers Group. 2001. Table 3: Federally listed plants and animals of the California desert as of May 2001. Desert Managers Group White Paper. http://www.dmg.gov/documents/PAP_White_Attchmnts_DMG_091401.doc. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2001. Table 5: Federal and state listed plants and animals and species of special concern associated with California desert wetlands and riparian habitats. Desert Managers Group White Paper. http://www.dmg.gov/documents/PAP_ White_Attchmnts_DMG_091401.doc. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Eight more Ash Meadows species proposed as endangered. 1983. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 8(11):1, 8–10. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Elisens, Wayne, Amy Buthod, and Priscilla Crawford. 2005. The vascular plant type specimens in the Robert Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma (OKL). Publications of the Oklahoma Biological Survey, ser. 2, 6:1–14. [Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia]

Ellis, David J. 1996. An oasis in Nevada. American Gardener 75 (May/June):9. [Ash Meadows]

Ertter, Barbara. 1989. Revisionary studies in Ivesia (Rosaceae: Potentilleae). Systematic Botany 14(2):231–244. [Ivesia]

———. 2002. On the trail, with Purpus, in California. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/talk24.html. [Ivesia]

Fehlberg, Shannon D., and Tom A. Ranker. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of Encelia (Asteraceae) in the Sonoran and Peninsular deserts based on multiple DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 32(3):692–699. [Enceliopsis]

Fielder, Peggy Lee. 1985. Heavy metal accumulation and the nature of edaphic endemism in the genus Calochortus (Liliaceae). American Journal of Botany 72(11):1712–1718. [Calochortus]

———. 1996. Rare Lilies of California. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. [Calochortus]

Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 2002. Magnoliophyta: Lilidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Vol. 26 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Calochortus Spiranthes]

———. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, Part 1. Vol. 4 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Nitrophila]

———. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7; Asteraceae, Part 2. Vol. 20 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Grindelia]

———. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 8; Asteraceae, Part 3. Vol. 21 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Enceliopsis]

Fraser, Jody, and Cynthia Martinez. 2002. Restoring a desert oasis. Endangered Species Bulletin 2002 (March–June):18–19. [Ash Meadows]

Gentian Research Network. Endangered gentians: Vulnerable, threatened, and endangered species. http://gentian.rutgers. edu/endang.htm. [Centaurium]

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). GBIF data portal [for information on specimens and observations]. http:// www.gbif.org/about_gbif/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Greater Las Vegas Orchid Society. 2006. Sunday, March 5, 2006 Newsletter. http://www.glvos.com/newsletter.html. [1 photo of Spiranthes] Ash Meadows References 4

Hartman, Ronald L., and B.E. Nelson. 1998. Taxonomic Novelties from North America North of Mexico: A 20-Year Vascular Plant Diversity Baseline. Monographs in Systematic Botany 67. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. [Centaurium, Spiranthes]

Harvard University Herbaria. Index of botanical specimens database. http://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/ specimen_index.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Hasselquist, Niles J. and Michael F. Allen. Increasing demands on limited water resources: Consequences for two endangered plants in Amargosa Valley, USA. AJB [American Journal of Botany] Advance Access (February 12, 2009), doi:10.3732/ajb.0800181. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/ajb.0800181v1/. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Heckard, Lawrence. 1977. Cordylanthus tecopensis Munz and Roos. Mentzelia 3:22. [Cordylanthus]

Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1955. Part 5: Compositae. Vol. 5 of Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [Enceliopsis]

Holmgren, Patricia K., and Noel H. Holmgren. 1998 [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Home page available online at http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp. Search page at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). ITIS report. http://www.itis.gov/index.html. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS). Legume web. http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/. [Astragalus]

Isley, Duane. 1998. Native and Naturalized Leguminosae (Fabaceae) of the United States (Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii). Provo, UT: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. [Astragalus]

Kartesz, John Thomas. 1987. A flora of Nevada. PhD dissertation, University of Nevada–Reno. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Kay, Jane. 2001. Compromise over desert protects 24 state species. San Francisco Chronicle, January 19, A2. Also available online at http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/deserts/california_desert_conservation_area/media_ highlights.html. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Knight, Teri A., and Glenn H. Clemmer. 1987. Status of Populations of the Endemic Plants of Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Reno, NV: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Basin Complex. Also available online at http://heritage. nv.gov/reports/ashmtext.pdf. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Kruckeberg, Arthur R., and Deborah Rabinowitz. 1985. Biological aspects of endemism in higher plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:447–479. [Mentzelia]

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Native plant database. http://www.wildflower.org/plants/. [1 photo of Calochortus]

Mansion, Guilheim. 2004. A new classification of the polyphyletic genus Centauirum Hill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): Description of the New World endemic Zeltnera, and reinstatement of Gyranda Griseb. and Schenkia Griseb. Taxon 53(3):719–740. [Centaurium]

Mansion, Guilheim, and Louis Zeltner. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the New World endemic Zeltnera (Gentianaceae-Chironiinae) inferred from molecular and karyological data. American Journal of Botany 91(2):2069– 2086. [Centaurium] Ash Meadows References 5

Missouri Botanical Garden. W3 TROPICOS nomenclatural database [also includes information on and some images of type specimens, as well as some distribution data]. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Morefield, James D., ed. 2001. Nevada Rare Plant Atlas. Compiled by the Nevada Natural Heritage Program. Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Morefield, James D., and Teri A. Knight. 1991. Endangered, Threatened, and Sensitive Vascular Plants of Nevada. Reno: Nevada State Office, U.S. Bureau of Land Management. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Mozingo, Hugo N. 1977. Nitrophila mohavensis Munz and Roos. Mentzelia 3:24. [Nitrophila]

Mozingo, Hugh N., and Margaret Williams. 1980. Threatened and Endangered Plants of Nevada: An Illustrated Manual. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Reno, NV: Nevada State Office, U.S. Bureau of Land Management. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A., and David D. Keck. 1959. A California Flora. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A., and John C. Roos. 1950. California miscellany II. Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 2(3):217–238. [Cordylanthus]

———. 1955. California miscellany III. Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 3(2):111–129. [Nitrophila]

Nash, J. Madeleine. 2009. Silenced springs? High Country News 41(17):13–18. [Ash Meadows]

NatureServe. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Nevada Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Plant species status reports and surveys available or in preparation. http://heritage. nv.gov/statreps.htm. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

———. Index to available images. http://heritage.nv.gov/images.htm (accessed February 25, 2009). [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Nevada wildflower reports on-line [25–26 April 2000, 22 June 2003, 31 July 2004, and 4 April 2007]. http:// heritage.nv.gov/wildflow.htm. [Calochortus and Enceliopsis in 2000; Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Ivesia, Nitrophila, and Spiranthes in 2003; Centaurium, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Spiranthes in 2004; Astragalus, Enceliopsis, Ivesia, Mentzelia in 2007]

Nevada, State of. 2001. Adopted temporary regulation of the Division of Forestry of the State Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: LCB file no. T044-01. Register of Administrative Regulations, 2000–2001 Temporary Regulations. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Register/indexes/2000_NAC_TEMPORARY_NUMERICAl.htm [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2003. Adopted regulation of the State Forester Firewarden: LCB file no. R222-03. Register of Administrative Regulations, 2003 Regulations. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Register/indexes/2003_NAC_REGISTER_NUMERICAl. htm [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Chapter 527: Protection and preservation of timbered lands, trees, and flora. Nevada Administrative Code. http:// leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-527.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila] Ash Meadows References 6

New York Botanical Garden, International Plant Science Center, C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium. Vascular plant types catalog. http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/vasc/index.asp. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Parish, Samuel B. 1902. The southern California species of Calochortus II. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1(9):120–125, 280. [Calochortus]

Pinzl, Ann. 1982. T/E Map Book: 1982 Revised Maps. [Astragalus, Calochlortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

Photoshelter. Photographer archives. http://pa.photoshelter.com/. [photo of Calochortus]

Pitts, James. Pollination biology of rare plants project. http://www.biology.usu.edu/htm/our-people/faculty/ memberID=3096. [Mentzelia, Spiranthes]

Proksch, Peter, Matthias Breuer, Aristotelis Mitsakos, and Herbart Budzikiewicz. 1987. New dihydroflavenols from Enceliopsis and Geraea. Planta Medica 53(4):334–337. [Enceliopsis]

Purpus, C[arl] A[lbert]. 1898. Report by C.A. Purpus on his expedition to the desert areas of southern and western Nevada, northern Arizona, and western Utah. Translated by Barbara Ertter. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/18981. html#Para0190/. [Ash Meadows]

———. 1899. A cactus-collecting trip to the deserts of southern Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and southwestern Utah. Translated by Barbara Ertter. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/1898p2.html#Para0180 / [Ash Meadows]

Ramsar. Ramsar Sites database, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/ Directory/4US001.html. [Ash Meadows]

Reveal, James L. 1977. Astragalus phoenix Barneby. Mentzelia 3:27. [Astragalus]

———. 1977. Centaurium namophilum Reveal, Broome, and Beatley. Mentzelia 3:16–17. [Centaurium]

———. 1977. Mentzelia leuycophylla Brandegee. Mentzelia 3:31. [Mentzelia]

———. An array of botanical images. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/WWW/flowers.html. [5 photos of Ash Meadows, 1 photo of Nitrophila]

———. An array of botanical images: The slide collection [index]. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/ RevealSlides/slideindex.html. [6 photos of Astragalus]

Reveal, James L., and Janice C. Beatley. 1971 [published 1972]. A new Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) and Grindelia (Asteraceae) from southern Nye County, Nevada. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 98(6):332–335. [Grindelia]

Reveal, James L., C. Rose Broome, and Janice C. Beatley. 1973 [published 1974]. A new Centaurium (Gentianaceae) from the Death Valley region of Nevada and California. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(6):353–356. [Centaurium]

Riverside[, California] Metropolitan Museum. Clark Herbarium type specimens. http://www.riversideca.gov/museum/na- clark.asp. [Nitrophila]

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Electronic plant information centre (ePIC). http://www.kew.org/searchepic/searchpage.do. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1898. Monograph of the North American Potentilleae. Memoirs, Department of Botany, Columbia College [University] 2:1–223. [Ivesia]

———. 1908. Ivesia T[orrey] & [A.] G[ray]. North American Flora 22(3):283–291. Reprinted Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden, 1963. [Ivesia] Ash Meadows References 7

Sada, Don W. 1990. Recovery Plan for the Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

San Diego State University, Soil Ecology and Research [Restoration] Group. 2002. Death Valley. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/ SERG/restorationproj/mojave%20desert/deathvalley.html. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2004. Demographics and ecology of the Amargosa niterwort (Nitrophila mohavensis) and Ash Meadows gumplant (Grendelia [sic] fraxino-pratensis) of the Carson Slough Area. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/restorationproj/mojave%20 desert/deathvalleyfinal.htm. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Sheviak, Charles J. 1989. A new Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) from Ash Meadows, Nevada. Rhodora 91(867):225–234. [Spiranthes]

Siegel, Carol. 2004. The native orchids of Nevada. Native Orchid Conference Journal 1(3):1–11. [Spiranthes]

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Botanical type specimen register. http://botany.si.edu/ types/. [Calochortus, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Southern California Association of Governments. 2008. 3.3: Biological resources. Draft 2008 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Update Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR). http://scag.ca.gov/RTPpeir2008/draft/index.htm. [Cordylanthus]

Tank, David C., and Richard G. Olmstead. 2008. From annuals to perennials: Phylogeny of subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae). American Journal of Botany 95(5):608–625. [Cordylanthus]

Terrill, Ceiridwen. 2005. Pister’s pupfish. Isotope: A Journal of Literary Nature and Science Writing 3.2:16–20. [Ash Meadows]

———. 2007. Chapter 2: Pister’s pupfish. In Unnatural Landscapes: Tracking Invasive Species, 45–72. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Ash Meadows]

Tiehm, Arnold (Jerry). Geographical index of Carl Purpus. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/geoidxA.html#NVAshMdws/. [Ash Meadows]

———. U.S. types based on Purpus collections. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/types.html. [Mentzelia]

Tiner, Ralph W. 2003. Geographically isolated wetlands of the United States. Wetlands 23(3):494–516. [Centaurium, Grindelia]

Trammell, Erick Jamie. 2006. Groundwater, land use, and land cover change in the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge from 1948 to 1999. Master’s thesis, University of Nevada, Reno.

Trammell, Erick Jamie, Kate Berry, Scott Basset, and Donald W. Sada. 2008. Distribution and recovery of vegetational assemblages in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 53(3):326–334. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. CITES [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora] species database. http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/ Taxonomy/. [Spiranthes]

———. UNEP–WCMC species database. http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/species/dbases/about.cfm. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

University of California, Berkeley, Biodiversity Sciences Technology Group (BSCIT), Berkeley Natural History Museum. CalPhotos photo database. http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/. [1 photo of Astragalus, 35 photos of Calochortus, 4 photos of Nitrophila] Ash Meadows References 8

University of Nevada, Reno. Biodiversity data: Threatened and endangered plants of the Great Basin. http://www. biodiversity.unr.edu/data/threatened_endangered/plants/. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzerlia, Nitrophila]

University of North Carolina, Herbarium. Type specimen database. http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/types.htm. [Enceliopsis, Grindelia]

University of Vermont. Images of the Loasaceae family. http://www.uvm.edu/~sfriend/bot109/images.html. [1 photo of Mentzelia]

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. PLANTS database. http://plants.usda.gov/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. 2002. Chapter 3.1.5.1.3: Special status species. Final Environmental Impact Statement for a Geologic Repository for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada, Vol. 1. http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/feis_a/ index.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1997. Chapter 9, biological resources: Federal candidate, California listed and Bureau sensitive species parcel and geographic area lists. Caliente Resource Area Resource Management Plan. http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/planning/rmpcontents/chapt9_sens_species. html [Calochortus]

———. 1998. Nevada special status species list. Instruction Memorandum No. NV-98-013. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Projects funded by SNPLMA (Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act), environmentally sensitive land acquisitions. http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/snplma/snplma_prephase_1.html [click on “advanced search”, then choose the category “environmentally sensitive land acquisitions” and the project name “Ash Meadows”]. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California. 2000. County of Kern sensitive plant species, supplemental information. http://gis.ca.gov/catalog/BrowseRecord.epl?id=21235/. [Calochortus]

———. Special status plants of the Bakersfield Field Office. http://www.blm.gov/ca/pa/ssp/fo/bakssp.htm. [Calochortus]

———. Special status plants of the Barstow Field Office. http://www.blm.gov/ca/pa/ssp/fo/barssp.htm. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California, Barstow Field Office. 2007. Amargosa River Area of Critical Environmental Concern Implementation Plan [draft]. BLM/CA/GI-2006-028+8300. http://www.blm. gov/ca/pdfs/barstow_pdfs/amargosa_ea/Index.pdf. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. 50 CFR 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Proposed endangered status and critical habitats for seven plant and one insect species in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California. Federal Register 48, no. 199 (October 13):46590–46598. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 1995. 50 CFR 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Determination of threatened status with critical habitat for six plants and one insect in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California; and endangered status with critical habitat for one plant in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California. Federal Register 50, no. 97 (May 20):20777–20794. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila] Ash Meadows References 9

———. 1998. II: County/species list [for Nevada]. Federal Register 63, no. 189 (September 30):52536–52537. [Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2005. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Extension of comment period. Federal Register 70, no. 221 (November 3):66842–66844. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2005. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Initiation of 5-year reviews. Federal Register 70, no. 129 (July 7):39327–39329. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2006. Ash Fire burned area emergency stabilization accomplishment report, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. Prepared by Matt Burks. http://www.fws.gov/fire/Rehab/FAR/Ash ES-FAR.pdf [Centaurium, Grindelia].

———. Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS). http://ecos.fws.gov/ecos_public/index.do;jsessionid=8FACC 9CD03F533C4B31744EB24D2E8DF. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Threatened and endangered plant species found on the National Wildlife Refuge system. http://www.fws.gov/ refuges/whm/tes.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Threatened and endangered species, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.fws.gov/desertcomplex/ ashmeadows/endangered.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Welcome to Ash Meadows NWR. http://www.fws.gov/desertcomplex/ashmeadows/index.htm. [Ash Meadows]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Refuge Planning. 1999. Planning update 1: Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.fws.gov/pacific/planning/am_pu1.pdf [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1998. Appendix D: Species of special consideration within the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Area. Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, Mojave National Preserve/California, Produced as a Component of the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Effort. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/mojaplan/mojaappd.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2000. Affected environment. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1e. pdf. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

———. 2000. Appendix C: Species of special consideration, first part. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/ planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1j.pdf. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2000. Appendix C: Species of special consideration, second part. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/ planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1j1.pdf. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2001. Corrections and revisions to the revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement/General Management Plan. Abbreviated Final Environmental Impact Statement & General Management Plan, Death Valley National Park, California & Nevada, June 2001. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/devafeis/correct3.htm. [Cordylanthus]

———. Flora & fauna: Some listed and proposed for listing animals and plants of the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Area. NEMO: Northern and Eastern Mohave Planning Effort. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/ fauna.htm. [Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. Some threatened and endangered species in the Great Basin. Ecology of the Great Basin. Document no longer available on National Park Service website. [Astragalus, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. District Court, Northern District of California. 2000. Center for Biological Diversity, Sierra Club, and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Plaintiffs v. Bureau of Land Management, Defendant, and High Desert Ash Meadows References 10

Multiple Use Coalition, Desert Vipers Motorcycle Club, San Diego Off-Road Coalition, California Association Of 4-Wheel Drive Clubs, and The Blueribbon Coalition, Defendant-Intervenors, case no. C-00-0927 WHA (JCS). Stipulation and Proposed Order Concerning All Further Injunctive Relief. http://www.off-road.com/land/mojave_ correct.PDF. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Appendix 1: Demography and ecosystems. Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Final Background Information Document for Final 40 CFR 197 (EPA 402-R-01-004). http://www.epa.gov/radiation/yucca/bid.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Montzelia]

U.S. National Arboretum. Specimen isotype image of Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata. http://www.usna.usda.gov/ graphics/usna/Research/Herbarium/Specimens/0026456.jpg. [Enceliopsis]

Virginia Tech, Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (FWEI). Endangered species information system, plants. http:// fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/plants.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Wikimedia Commons. Free media repository. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. [10 photos of Calochortus, 7 photos of Nitrophila]

Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordeylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes].

Wikispecies. Free species directory. http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. [Astragalus, Grindelia]

Williams, Cynthia D. 1984. The decline of Ash Meadows, a unique desert ecosystem. In California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management, ed. Richard E. Warner and Kathleen M. Hendrix, 716–719. Berkeley: University of California Press. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

References cited elsewhere but not found: California Department of Fish and Game. 1995. Rare find report. Natural Diversity Database. Calochortus[ ]

———. 2000. Natural Diversity Database (RareFind2), Version 2.1.2 [Note: must be a paid subscriber to view this database]. [Calochortus]

Cochrane, Susan A. 1981. Status report for the Ash Meadows gumplant (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Reveal and Beatley). Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. [note in NatureServe says manuscript is in files of Nevada Natural Heritage program]

Reveal, James L. 1978. Status report on Astragalus phoenix. Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

———. 1978. Status report on Nitrophila mohavensis Munz & Roos (Amargosa niterword). U.S. Department of the Interior. 36 pp.

———. [no date]. Status report on Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Ash Meadows stick-leaf). Draft report for the U.S. Department of the Interior. 36 pp.

Threloff, D. 1990. Status report on Ash Meadows lady’s tressesSpiranthes ( infernalis). Las Vegas: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

Tollefson, R. 1992. The Nature Conservancy Monitoring Report. Calochortus[ ]