“Heartland Como Um Dos Objectivos Estratégicos Do Estado Russo: Da Fundação Da Rússia À Actualidade”

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“Heartland Como Um Dos Objectivos Estratégicos Do Estado Russo: Da Fundação Da Rússia À Actualidade” Autor: Dmytro Sydorenko Orientador: Professor Catedrático António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara “Heartland como um dos objectivos estratégicos do Estado Russo: da fundação da Rússia à actualidade” Dissertação para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Estratégia Lisboa 2014 O autor da Dissertação não é um português nativo, no entanto, está numa fase de aprendizagem intensiva da língua portuguesa. Devido a este facto, pede desculpas pelos erros ortográficos e gramaticais cometidos e espera que estes não afectam a avaliação final. “Everyone who wants to know what will happen ought to examine what has happened: everything in this world in any epoch has their replicas in antiquity.” ― Niccolò Machiavelli Índice Índice Lista de Figuras Agradecimentos Enquadramento 1. Introdução, objecto e métodos ................................................................................. p. 1 1.1. Introdução ................................................................................................. p.1 1.2. Objecto de estudo ..................................................................................... p.2 1.3. Objectivos da Dissertação ....................................................................... p. 2 1.4. Enquadramento metodológico ................................................................. p. 3 1.5. A importância e a actualidade da dissertação........................................... p. 4 1.6. As balizas temporais ................................................................................ p. 5 1.7. Perguntas de partida ................................................................................ p. 6 1.8. Conceitos operacionais ............................................................................ p. 6 2. Geopolítica como ciência ........................................................................................ p. 7 2.1. Causas do surgimento da Geopolítica, a sua importância e definição ..... p. 7 2.2. O actual renascimento da Geopolítica ................................................... p. 10 2.3. Terra versus Mar .................................................................................... p. 10 3. Heartland do sir Halford Mackinder ...................................................................... p. 12 3.1. Sobre o conceito ..................................................................................... p. 12 3.2. “Trilogia” de Heartland .......................................................................... p. 14 3.3. Heartland no significado histórico ......................................................... p. 15 3.4. Espaço vital e as fronteiras naturais ....................................................... p. 18 3.5. Rússia ...................................................................................................... p. 21 4. Perspectiva histórica .............................................................................................. p. 24 4.1. De Principado de Kiev até ao Império Russo ......................................... p. 24 4.2. Período inicial de criação do império ..................................................... p. 31 4.3. Século XVIII – Império Russo .............................................................. p . 37 4.4. Século XIX ............................................................................................. p. 40 4.5. Análise do passado histórico .................................................................. p. 46 5. Século XX .............................................................................................................. p. 52 5.1. Guerra Russo-Japonesa ................................................................................. p. 53 5.2. A Primeira Guerra Mundial .......................................................................... p. 55 5.3. Aspectos da Geopolítica da União Soviética ................................................ p. 59 5.4. Guerra Fria .................................................................................................... p. 65 5.4.1. 1ª fase: 1947-1953 ............................................................................. p. 66 5.4.2. 2ª fase: 1953-1979 ............................................................................. p. 67 5.4.3. 3ª fase: 1979-1991 ............................................................................. p. 67 5.5.Contenção da Rússia ...................................................................................... p. 70 5.5.1. Dois séculos de contenção ................................................................. p. 70 5.5.2. A contenção durante Guerra Fria ....................................................... p. 72 5.5.3. Contenção no tempo actual ................................................................ p. 82 6. Rússia moderna ...................................................................................................... p. 84 6.1. Rússia até Vladimir Putin ....................................................................... p. 84 6.2. Vladimir Putin e a posição geopolítica actual da Rússia ........................ p. 85 6.3. Os flancos ............................................................................................... p. 96 6.3.1. Teoria dos flancos .................................................................... p. 96 6.3.2. Flanco Norte (Árctico) ............................................................. p. 97 6.3.3. Flanco Este (Círculo do Pacífico) .......................................... p. 103 6.3.4. Flanco Sul (Cáucaso e Ásia Central) ..................................... p. 114 6.3.5. Flanco Oeste (Europa) ........................................................... p. 129 6.4.Outras direcções .................................................................................... p. 151 6.4.1. Planos de reorganização geopolítica da Eurásia ................... p 151 6.4.2. As crises e o gás ................................................................... p. 154 6.4.3. O Golfo Pérsico ................................................................... p. 158 7. Conclusão ............................................................................................................ p. 159 Bibliografia Lista de Figuras Figura 1. A localização do Estreito de Ormuz e os principais exportadores de petróleo de Médio Oriente ............... (Enquadramento) Figura 2. As rotas de Passagem de Nordeste ............................. (Enquadramento) Figura 3. Fases de alargamento da UE ............................................................ p. 4 Figura 4. Fases de alargamento da NATO ...................................................... p. 5 Figura 5. Modelo geopolítico de sir Halford Mackinder ............................... p. 13 Figura 6. A temperatura anual média na Rússia ............................................ p. 22 Figura 7. Cordão sanitário actual a volta das fronteiras da Rússia ................ p. 23 Figura 8. Expansão do Principado de Kiev entre 862 e 980 .......................... p. 25 Figura 9. Rota comercial dos varegues com os gregos .................................. p. 25 Figura 10. Antiga Rota do Âmbar ................................................................. p. 26 Figura 11. A estepe dos cumanos no final do século XI – início do século XII ..................................................................................... p. 27 Figura 12. Esquema de funcionamento de Zasechnaya cherta ...................... p. 28 Figura 13. Construção de Zasechnaya cherta no quadro de Maksimilian Presnyakov ................................................................................... p. 28 Figura 14. Expansão da Rússia 1500-1600-1700 .......................................... p. 34 Figura 15. Uma das páginas da “Mapa Geral do Império Russo” de 1734. Autor - Ivan Kirilov ..................................................................... p. 36 Figura 16. Mapa do mundo. Atlas do Império Russo, 1745 .......................... p. 36 Figura 17. Mapa da expansão russa entre 1598 e 1725 ................................ p. 39 Figura 18. Desafio geográfico de Moscóvia .................................................. p. 47 Figura 19. Planície Européia ......................................................................... p. 48 Figura 20. As fases de expansão da Rússia ................................................... p. 50 Figura 21. Caúcaso do Norte russo ................................................................ p. 52 Figura 22. Todas as ameças para o Heartalnd, de acordo com sir Halford Mackinder ...................................................................... p. 57 Figura 23. “Zona tampão” entre a Europa Ocidental e a Rússia após o final da Primeira Guerra Mundial ................................................ p. 57 Figura 24. Intermarium de Józef Pilsudski .................................................... p. 58 Figura 25. A actual rede das bases da NATO ................................................ p. 82 Figura 26. Posição estratégica da base naval Cam Rahn ............................... p. 86 Figura 27. Diminuição do território russo em comparação com Pacto de Varsóvia e a URSS......................................................... p. 87 Figura 28. A densidade da população na Rússia ........................................... p. 89 Figura 29. Pontos quentes e regiões instáveis perto das fronteiras russas ........................................................................................... p. 91
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