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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, FEBRUARY 7, 2017 Serial No. 115–3 Printed for the use of the Committee on Education and the Workforce ( Available via the World Wide Web: www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/ committee.action?chamber=house&committee=education or Committee address: http://edworkforce.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 23–842 PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 10:07 Aug 09, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\E&W JACKETS\23842.TXT CANDRA CEWDOCROOM with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE VIRGINIA FOXX, North Carolina, Chairwoman Joe Wilson, South Carolina Robert C. ‘‘Bobby’’ Scott, Virginia Duncan Hunter, California Ranking Member David P. Roe, Tennessee Susan A. Davis, California Glenn ‘‘GT’’ Thompson, Pennsylvania Rau´ l M. Grijalva, Arizona Tim Walberg, Michigan Joe Courtney, Connecticut Brett Guthrie, Kentucky Marcia L. Fudge, Ohio Todd Rokita, Indiana Jared Polis, Colorado Lou Barletta, Pennsylvania Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan, Luke Messer, Indiana Northern Mariana Islands Bradley Byrne, Alabama Frederica S. Wilson, Florida David Brat, Virginia Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Mark Takano, California Steve Russell, Oklahoma Alma S. Adams, North Carolina Elise Stefanik, New York Mark DeSaulnier, California Rick W. Allen, Georgia Donald Norcross, New Jersey Jason Lewis, Minnesota Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Francis Rooney, Florida Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Paul Mitchell, Michigan Carol Shea-Porter, New Hampshire Tom Garrett, Jr., Virginia Adriano Espaillat, New York Lloyd K. Smucker, Pennsylvania A. Drew Ferguson, IV, Georgia Brandon Renz, Staff Director Denise Forte, Minority Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 10:07 Aug 09, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\E&W JACKETS\23842.TXT CANDRA CEWDOCROOM with DISTILLER CONTENTS Page Hearing held on February 7, 2017 ......................................................................... 1 Statement of Members: Foxx, Hon. Virginia, Chairwoman, Committee on Education and the Workforce ....................................................................................................... 1 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 3 Scott, Hon. Robert C. ‘‘Bobby’’, Ranking Member, Committee on Edu- cation and the Workforce ............................................................................. 4 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 6 Statement of Witnesses: Akers, Dr. Beth, Senior Fellow, Manhattan Institute, New York, NY ........ 9 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 12 Cruz, Dr. Jose´ L., President, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY ............................................................................... 27 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 29 Gilligan, Mr. Kevin, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Capella Edu- cation Company, Minneapolis, MN ............................................................. 39 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 41 Kirwan, Dr. William E., Co-Chair, Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education, Rockville, MD ............................................................ 18 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 20 Additional Submissions: Bonamici, Hon. Suzanne, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oregon: Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 94 Davis, Hon. Susan A., a Representative in Congress from the State of California: Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 96 Rooney, Hon. Francis, a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida: Article: UV Letters .................................................................................... 80 Scott, Hon. Robert C. ‘‘Bobby’’, a Representative in Congress from the State of Virginia: Letter February 21, 2017, from The George Washington University ... 102 Takano, Hon. Mark, a Representative in Congress from the State of California: Letter February 2, 2017, from Sixteen Organizations ........................... 77 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 105 Questions submitted for the record by: Ms. Bonamici ............................................................................................. 116 Messer, Hon. Luke, a Representative in Congress from the State of Indiana ............................................................................................... 110 Roe, Hon. David P., a Representative in Congress from the State of Tennessee ...........................................................................................108, 121 Mr. Scott ....................................................................................................111, 114 Stefanik, Hon. Elise, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York ............................................................................................ 108 Thompson, Hon. Glenn ‘‘GT’’, a Representative in Congress from the State of Pennsylvania .....................................................................108, 119 Response to questions submitted: Dr. Akers .................................................................................................... 122 Dr. Cruz .....................................................................................................111, 114, 116, 124 Dr. Kirwan ................................................................................................. 128 Mr. Gilligan ............................................................................................... 126 (III) VerDate Mar 15 2010 10:07 Aug 09, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\E&W JACKETS\23842.TXT CANDRA CEWDOCROOM with DISTILLER VerDate Mar 15 2010 10:07 Aug 09, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\E&W JACKETS\23842.TXT CANDRA CEWDOCROOM with DISTILLER CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION Tuesday, February 7, 2017 House of Representatives, Committee on Education and the Workforce, Washington, D.C. The committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:30 a.m., in Room 2175, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Virginia Foxx [chair- woman of the committee] presiding. Present: Representatives Foxx, Hunter, Walberg, Guthrie, Rokita, Messer, Byrne, Bishop, Grothman, Stefanik, Allen, Lewis, Rooney, Mitchell, Smucker, Ferguson, Scott, Davis, Courtney, Fudge, Polis, Wilson of Florida, Bonamici, Takano, Adams, DeSaulnier, Norcross, Blunt Rochester, Krishnamoorthi, Shea-Por- ter, and Espaillat. Staff Present: Emmanual Guillory, Professional Staff Member; Tyler Hernandez, Deputy Communications Director; Amy Raaf Jones, Director of Education and Human Resources Policy; Nancy Locke, Chief Clerk; Dominique McKay, Deputy Press Secretary; James Mullen, Director of Information Technology; Krisann Pearce, General Counsel; Jenny Prescott, Professional Staff Member; Bran- don Renz, Staff Director; Alex Ricci, Legislative Assistant; Emily Slack, Professional Staff Member; Alissa Strawcutter, Deputy Clerk; Tylease Alli, Minority Clerk/Intern and Fellow Coordinator; Jacque Chevalier, Minority Deputy Education Policy Director; Mi- chael DeMale, Minority Labor Detailee; Denise Forte, Minority Staff Director; Mishawn Freeman, Minority Staff Assistant; Chris- tian Haines, Minority Education Policy Counsel; Stephanie Lalle, Minority Press Assistant; Arika Trim, Minority Press Secretary; Katherine Valle, Minority Education Policy Advisor; and Chris- topher Zbrozek, Minority Education Detailee. Chairwoman FOXX. Good morning, everyone. A quorum being present, including Duncan Hunter, the Committee on Education and the Workforce will come to order. We’re delighted to have ev- eryone here. I want to welcome everyone to today’s hearing on America’s higher education system. These are exciting times in higher education. Institutions across the country are providing their students new opportunities to earn a degree. As a result, we’re seeing more diversity on campuses and the idea of a traditional student has been turned on its head. To- day’s students come from a wide range of backgrounds, they are at (1) VerDate Mar 15 2010 10:07 Aug 09, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 C:\E&W JACKETS\23842.TXT CANDRA CEWDOCROOM with DISTILLER 2 various stages in their lives and careers, and they have new, unique, and changing needs. Perhaps the only thing that hasn’t changed in recent years is the importance of a higher education. A post-secondary degree or cer- tificate is still vitally important to helping individuals pursue suc- cessful and fulfilling careers. It is also essential in helping many men and women achieve their own dreams and goals and earn