Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 43: 1–12 (2007)

Lichens from Saqqaq and Qeqertaq, Central West Greenland

Eric Steen Hansen Botanical Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Gothersgade 130, DK–1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A total of 189 taxa of lichens are reported from two localities situated at the south coast of Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland. The new combination Arctocetraria simmonsii (Krog) E. S. Hansen is proposed. Northern extensions of 15 species in West Greenland are presented. Geology, climate and vegetation of the localities are briefly treated. Kokkuvõte: Saqqaq'i ja Qeqertag'i samblikud (Gröönimaa kesk-lääs). Esitatakse Kesk-lääne Gröönimaa Saqqaq'i ja Qeqertaq'i piirkondade 189 samblikutaksoni andmed. Pakutakse välja uus kombinatsioon Arctocetraria simmonsii (Krog) E. S. Hansen. Esitatakse 15 liigi Lääne-Gröönimaa levila põhjasuunalise laienemise andmed. Lühidalt peatutakse piirkonna geoloogial, kliimal ja taimkattel.

INTRODUCTION Saqqaq and Qeqertaq are situated at the south Th. M Fries and J. Grøntved. Further informa- coast of Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West tions about lichen collections from the south Greenland (Fig. 1). The settlement, Saqqaq coast of Nuussuaq are available in the following (= ”sunny side”, with c. 160 inhabitants) is lo- publications: Breuss & Hansen, 1988; Hansen, cated in a hilly lowland exposed to a big fjord, 1984, 1986, 2003, 2004a & b, 2005a; Hansen Vaigat, which separates Nuussuaq from Disko. et al., 1987a & b; Leuckert et al., 1987; Moberg The lichenological investigations took place in & Hansen, 1986 and Thomson, 1984, 1997. A this lowland within a radius of about 5 km from paper dealing with lichens collected at three lo- Saqqaq (Fig. 2). Qeqertaq is a settlement with calities located at the north coast of Nuussuaq, c. 75 inhabitants and is situated at the south- viz. Uummannaq, Qilakitsoq and Qaarsut, has ernmost point of Qeqertaq Ø, which covers an recently been published (Hansen, 2005b). area of c. 10 square kilometres. The island has a somewhat sheltered position in a bay, Tasi- Localities and geology ussaq, at the southernmost part of Nuussuaq The following two localities were investigated: (Fig. 3). A 211 m high rocky ridge occupies the 1. Saqqaq. 70°01´N, 51°57´W. Alt. 0–100 m central part of Qeqertaq Ø. The distance between (Fig. 2). 13–22 August 2002. Archaean Saqqaq and Qeqertaq is about 25 km. gneiss intersected by dykes composed of The most important collections of lichens dolerite (Escher & Stuart Watt, 1976). from the south coast of Nuussuaq were made by 2. Qeqertaq. 70°00´N, 51°19´W. Alt. 0–211 m Th. M. Fries (Lynge, 1937). He visited the area in (Fig. 3). 30 July–6 August 2003. Archaean 1871 and collected numerous interesting species gneiss with extensive occurrences of amphi- at two localities, viz. Saqqaq and Atanikerdluk. bolite. Lynge also reports on about 20 lichen species collected by J. Grøntved in 1932 at three locali- Climate ties situated somewhat north of those of Fries. P. Gelting collected many lichens in the area, in Scanty meteorological information is available particular around Saqqaq and Atanikerdluk, in from Saqqaq and Qeqertaq, which are both lo- 1949 and 1950, but comparatively few of these cated in the continental, low arctic vegetational collections have been published so far, most of zone. Their climate presumably is comparable them by the present author. Additional lichen to that of Ilulissat, situated c. 90 km south of species of particular interest are mentioned in the two settlements. Measurements made by the chapter, ”Results and discussion”, together ASIAQ/Grønlands Forundersøgelser show that with similar interesting lichens collected by the mean temperature of the warmest month,  Folia Cryptog. Estonica

July, is 8°C at Ilulissat, while the mean tem- perature of the coldest month, February, is –15°C. The annual precipitation is about 250 mm (2000).

MATERIAL AND METHODS Investigations of the lichen flora of the surround- ings of Saqqaq and Qeqertaq were carried out by the author in August 2002 and from late July to early in August 2003, respectively. Lichens were collected at numerous sample plots around Saqqaq and all parts of the island Qeqertaq Ø were also studied. The collected material, a to- tal of 440 lichen specimens, was studied with Zeiss light microscopes. Selected specimens Fig. 1. Location of investigation area in Central of Bryoria, Cladonia and Stereocaulon were West Greenland. 1 – Saqqaq. 2 – Qeqertaq. The identified by means of HPTLC. The material is small Greenland map shows the situation of the deposited at the Botanical Museum, University investigation area. of Copenhagen (C).

Fig. 2. Gneissic rocks and fell-field patches just north of Saqqaq. The rocks hold a dense vegeta- tion of epilithic lichens dominated by different species of Umbilicaria and microlichens with black thallus, for example, Orphniospora moriopsis. ”Livets top” and other mountains are seen in the background. 

Fig. 3. A mosaic of dwarf shrub heaths with Cetrariella delisei and Cladonia trassii and low gneis- sic rocks covered with black lichens characterize the landscape north of Qeqertaq.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 100 lichens have previously been re- more resistant dolerite. Lynge (1937) mentions ported from the south coast of Nuussuaq, most a number of more or less calciphilous lichens of them by Th. M. Fries, fewer by Hansen and from this locality, for example, Catillaria groen- other authors (see Introduction). The geological landica Lynge, Eiglera flavida(Hepp) Hafellner, conditions prevailing in the areas visited by the Staurothele arctica Lynge, Thelidium papulare author in 2002 and 2003 are comparatively (Fr.) Arnold and T. pyrenophorum (Ach.) Mudd. uniform with dominance of different types of In his diary from 1950 P. Gelting notes some siliceous rocks, primarily gneiss. The lichen lichens from different basaltic rocks occurring flora of Saqqaq and Qeqertaq distinctly reflects at Atanikerdluk, for example, Dimelaena oreina these conditions, as it contains rather few cal- (Ach.) Norman, Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) ciphilous lichens. The northern half of the Nu- Räsänen, H. subobscura (Vain.) Poelt, Pannaria ussuaq Peninsula, which is separated from the hookeri (Borrer ex Sm.) Nyl. and Usnea sphace- southern half along a line from western Sarqaq lata R. Br. These species are not included in the to Uummannaq Ø north of Nuussuaq, is both present list of Saqqaq and Qeqertaq. The last climatically and geologically different from the mentioned lichen is very common on basaltic present investigation area, as it is situated in rocks at Qeqertarsuaq on Disko and on the the middle arctic and oceanic zone and is domi- basaltic top of the mountain Aucellabjerg in the nated by Tertiary volcanic rocks and Cretaceous Zackenberg area in East Greenland (Hansen, sediments (Escher & Stuart Watt, 1976). The 1996, 1999a). Apart from a few localities on the rocks near Atanikerdluk are composed of such, north and south coast of Nuussuaq, for example, more or less calcareous sediments together with Qeqertaq, Saqqaq and Qaarsut, the whole pe-  Folia Cryptog. Estonica ninsula is in need of lichenological exploration. ful components of this fairly dry and moder- The region is presumably just as rich in lichens ately wind exposed heath type. The extensive as Disko, which also is composed by both ba- Betula nana inland heaths north of Saqqaq are saltic, siliceous and more or less calcareous comparatively poor in lichens, but some mixed sediments. The following additional, mostly rare B. nana-Ledum palustre-Vaccinium heaths at species of particular interest reported from the Qeqertaq contain many lichen species, for ex- south coast of Nuussuaq were not found here ample, Cladonia mitis, Flavocetraria cucullata, in 2002 and 2003: F. nivalis and Stereocaulon paschale. Empetrum Acarospora pyrenopsoides H. Magn. (Lynge, hermaphroditum-Salix glauca-Vaccinium heath 1937; Thomson, 1997) patches occur frequently near the two settle- Aspicilia pergibbosa (H. Magn.) Räsänen (Thom- ments. They differ from the above-mentioned dry son, 1997; Hansen, 2004b) heath types by their abundant contents of lichen Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell species preferring moist habitats, for example, (Hansen et al., 1987a) Arctocetraria andrejevii, A. simmonsii, Cetrariella Caloplaca epiphyta Lynge (Hansen et al., delisei, Cladonia phyllophora and C. trassii. A few 1987a) populations of Arctocetraria nigricascens occur- Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. (Hansen ring in this community at Saqqaq are of particu- et al., 1987a) lar interest, as this species presumably is very Caloplaca tominii L. I. Savicz (Hansen et al., rare in this region. Cladonia macrophyllodes and 1987a) Peltigera didactyla and the microlichens, Buellia Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel (Syn. Lecidea papillata, Caloplaca jungermanniae, Ochrolechia vorticosa (Flörke) Körb.) (Lynge, 1937) upsaliensis and Psoroma tenue, occur commonly Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. (Hansen, 1984) along paths, where they can avoid competition Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman chemotype II from dwarf shrubs and more quick-growing (usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid) lichens in the heaths. Some pioneer lichens (Leuckert et al., 1987) such as, for example, Acarospora rhizobola, Hypocenomyce leucococca R. Sant. (Hansen, Baeomyces carneus, Candelariella placodizans, 1984). Protomicarea limosa and Psora rubiformis, have Lecania flavescensLynge (Lynge, 1937; Thom- a distinct preference for mineral soil, while oth- son. 1997) ers, for example, Trapeliopsis granulosa, prefer Lecanora groenlandica Lynge (Lynge, 1937; soil rich in humus. Numerous crustose lichens Thomson, 1997) are usually found growing on plant remains and Lecanora molariformis Lynge (Lynge, 1937) mosses in the heaths. This applies to the follow- Lecidea brachyspora (Th. Fr.) Nyl. (Hansen, ing species: Bryonora pruinosa, Buellia papillata, 2004a) Caloplaca cerina, C. tetraspora, C. tiroliensis, Lecidea fuscocapitata Lynge (Lynge, 1937) Fuscopannaria praetermissa, Lecanora epibryon, Lecidea leucothallina Arnold (Thomson, 1997; Lecidella wulfenii, Ochrolechia frigida, O. lapuën- Hansen, 2004b) sis, Pertusaria dactylina, P. geminipara and Lecidea theodori Lynge (Lynge, 1937; Thomson, Rinodina turfacea. Species such as Lichenom- 1997) phalia hudsoniana and Peltigera leucophlebia Pyrenopsis grumulifera Nyl. (Hansen, 2004b) grows abundantly on thick moss cushions among rocks. Cassiope tetragona heath patches with Cetrariella delisei, Cladonia bellidiflora, C. General remarks on the lichen vegetation borealis, C. mitis, C. stygia, C. sulphurina, Per- Different heath complexes more or less rich in tusaria oculata and Stereocaulon alpinum occur terricolous lichens are of great importance at at some small, north-facing terraces at Saqqaq both Saqqaq and Qeqertaq. Macrolichens such just north of Saqqaq. Some terraces are covered as Alectoria nigricans, A. ochroleuca, Bryoria with Salix herbacea snow-patches containing nitidula, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia mitis, Fla- lichens such as Arthrorhaphis alpina, Cladonia vocetraria cucullata and F. nivalis cover large sulphurina and Cetrariella delisei. The latter patches in some dwarf shrub heaths dominated species also occurs on frost boils together with by Vaccinium uliginosum just east of Saqqaq. Pertusaria oculata at Saqqaq. The Salix herbacea Dryas integrifolia and Carex rupestris are faith- snow-patches at Qeqertaq differ from those at 

Saqqaq by a richer occurrence of lichens such a black community dominated by Orphniospora as Cladonia ecmocyna, Pertusaria oculata and moriosis, was recorded around some rock pools Solorina crocea. A mixed Cassiope-Empetrum- at Saqqaq. The last mentioned community is Salix herbacea heath at the middle of Qeqertaq Ø widely distributed on gneissic rocks at both contains well-developed populations of Cladonia settlements and contains species such as Al- stellaris (Fig. 4) and Nephroma arcticum (Fig. lantoparmelia alpicola, Arctoparmelia incurva, 5), which are both extremely rare so far north Brodoa oroarctica, Cetraria nigricans, Parmelia in Greenland. Peltigera aphthosa also occurs saxatilis, Pseudephebe minuscula, Rhizocarpon abundantly in this heath type. The corticolous inarense, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Umbilicaria lichens are represented by one species, only, viz. hyperborea, U. lyngei and U. torrefacta. Rocks Lecanora fuscescens. This agrees well with the composed of amphibolite and other gneissic situation at the north coast of Nuussuaq, where rocks more or less rich in iron support a veg- L. fuscescens is the only recorded epiphytic li- etation of ferrugineous lichens, for example, chen (Hansen, 2005b). Miriquidica atrofulva, Porpidia flavocaerulescens Some conspicuous E-facing, vertical rocks and Tremolecia atrata. Leprocaulon subalbicans composed of amphibolite and gneiss just north and Massalongia carnosa were both found grow- of Qeqertaq hold a characteristic lichen vegeta- ing on mosses on moist, sloping rock faces at tion consisting of some more or less nitrophilous Qeqertaq. Placidium lachneum occurs at similar species such as Phaeophyscia sciastra, Physcia habitats. caesia, Rhizocarpon geminatum, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (infested by Caloplaca epith- Annotated list of lichens allina), Umbilicaria decussata and dominant Xanthoria elegans. Lecanora swartzii grows on The following list of lichens is based on the overhanging parts of these rocks, which in some author´s collections. It is very important to moist places hold a particular association with document the present contents of different Collema glebulentum, Lecanora argopholis, Pla- Greenland floras to be able to state the vegeta- cynthium asperellum, Rhizocarpon badioatrum, tion changes caused by, for example, climatical Umbilicaria deusta and U. vellea (dominant). changes. Even very common lichens can pos- Similar associations dominated by Umbilicaria sible be rare or absent in the future. A number arctica and Xanthoria elegans occur on E-facing, of sterile and lecideoid microlichens have been vertical gneissic rocks just north of Saqqaq and neglected during the present investigation. No- on dykes composed of dolerite just northwest menclature follows Santesson et al. (2004) with of the settlement. Bryoria lanestris also grows some exceptions. Numbers 1 and 2 indicate the abundantly on the rock faces, while Physconia two localities listed above. Annotations are given detersa occurs sparsely on mosses on these as regards the substrate of the lichens, associ- rocks. Wind-exposed parts of the rocks are ate lichen species and presence of apothecia covered by Calvitimela armeniaca, Ophiparma (ap.) or perithecia (pe.); ”st.” means that the ventosum and Sporastatia testudinea. Xan- specimen is sterile. The asterisk * in front of the thoria sorediata is restricted to the basal rock name indicates that the collection represents a faces, which provide a rich supply of nutrition northern range extension of the taxon in West via guano from, for example, ravens together Greenland. The frequency of selected lichens with optimum moisture conditions. Gneissic is shortly stated. Collections, which have been seashore rocks at Saqqaq and Qeqertaq hold a distributed previously from herbarium C as part characteristic association consisting of lichens of ”Lichenes Groenlandici Exsiccati” (LGE) are such as Acarospora molybdina, Caloplaca mentioned by their numbers. Selected refer- alcarum, Lecanora contractula, L. straminea, ences are cited. Melanelia infumata, Physcia caesia, P. dubia, Acarospora molybdina (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. – 1, Umbilicaria arctica (dominant) and Xanthoria 2. On gneissic seashore rocks manured by candelaria. Verrucaria ceuthocarpa occurs on sea birds; ap. the partly submerged coastal rocks. A particular A. rhizobola (Nyl.) Alstrup – 1. On clay soil, to- zonation pattern with algae, Tremolecia atrata, gether with Arthrorhaphis alpina and Baeo- Ephebe hispidula, Rhizocarpon bolanderi, Umbili- myces carneus; ap.; rare. caria virginis and at the uppermost rock faces,  Folia Cryptog. Estonica

A. smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. – 2. On andrejevii, which has easily separated lobes gravel; ap. as pointed out by Krog (1968). The under- Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl. – 1, 2. On soil side of the lobes is always strongly wrinkled in dwarf shrub heaths; st.; common. LGE by A. simmonsii, while it is almost smooth 881. or pitted by A. andrejevii. Like Kärnefelt, the A. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal. – 1, 2. On soil present author considers characters such as in dwarf shrub heaths; st.; common. LGE marginal lobules and projections to be of no 878, 918. taxonomical importance. Allantoparmelia alpicola (Th. Fr.) Essl. – 1, 2. On Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale – 1, 2. On gneis- gneissic rocks, together with, for example, sic boulders, together with Pseudephebe Orphniospora moriopsis; ap.; common. minuscula; ap. Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. A. incurva (Pers.) Hale – 1, 2. On gneissic boul- – 1. On dead twig of Salix glauca, together ders, together with, for example, Calvitimela with Caloplaca tiroliensis and Lecanora armeniaca, Orphniospora moriopsis, Rhizo- hagenii var. fallax; ap.; rare. carpon inarense and Rhizoplaca melanoph- * Amygdalaria panaeola (Ach.) Hertel & Brodo – 2. thalma; st. On siliceous rock with traces of limonite; Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R. Sant. – 1, 2. st.; rare. On mineral soil, together with Baeomyces Arctocetraria andrejevii (Oxner) Kärnefelt & A. carneus and Candelariella placodizans; st. Thell – 1, 2. On moist soil in depressions in Arthrorhaphis citrinella has previously been dwarf shrub heaths, together with Cetrari- reported from Disko, but has so far not ella delisei; ap.; common. LGE 886, 932. been reported from Nuussuaq (Hansen & A. nigricascens (Nyl.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell – 1. On Obermayer, 1999). moist soil in dwarf shrub heath, together Aspicilia mastoidea (Lynge) Thomson – 2. On with Cetrariella delisei; st.; rare. LGE 893. gneissic rocks; ap. Arctocetraria nigricascens is an Amphi-Ber- A. mastrucata (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On ingian taxa with a northern distribution gneissic rocks, together with Umbilicaria in Greenland (Kärnefelt, 1979; Hansen, arctica; ap. 1995). Baeomyces carneus Flörke – 1, 2. On clay soil, * A. simmonsii (Krog) E. S. Hansen nov. comb. together with, for example, Acarospora (Basionym: Cetraria simmonsii Krog, Norsk rhizobola and Arthrorhaphis alpina; st. Polarinstitutt Skrifter nr. 144: 124, 1968) Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.) Clauzade & Cl. – 1. On moist soil in dwarf shrub heath, Roux – 2. On siliceous rock, together with together with Cetrariella delisei; st.; lo- Rhizocarpon geminatum and Umbilicaria cally abundant. LGE 891. The material hyperborea; ap. agrees with that previously described by Brodoa oroarctica (Krog) Goward – 1, 2. On hori- Krog (1968). Kärnefelt (1979) considers A. zontal face of gneissic rocks; st. simmonsii to be a broad-lobed form of A. Bryonora pruinosa (Th. Fr.) Holt.–Hartw. – 1, 2. andrejevii and states that he usually finds On mosses, together with Cladonia borealis; a continuous series from very broad-lobed ap. to normal individuals within one stand. Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. However, the two species always appear – 1. On soil; st. Cortex and medulla react to be well-separated in different stands in Pd–; soralia present. Greenland, although they have the same B. lanestris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – 1. On habitat preferences, moist depressions in vertical face of gneissic rock, together with dwarf shrub heaths. Here A. simmonsii is Parmelia saxatilis, Umbilicaria arctica and H. morphologically well distinguished from A. decussata; st. Thallus contains fumarpro- andrejevii, in particular by its very broad tocetraric acid (HPTLC). LGE 890. lobes with chestnut-brown upper parts. The B. nitidula (Th. Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – 1, basal parts of A. simmonsii are yellowish 2. On soil in Vaccinium uliginosum heaths, brown, never greyish white such as those of together with Alectoria nigricans, A. ochro- A. andrejevii. In addition, they are persistent leuca, Flavocetraria cucullata and F. nivalis; and anastomosing contrary to those of A. st.; common. LGE 880, 919. 

* Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd – 1. On dead twigs C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. – 1. On gneissic of Betula nana, together with Xanthoria and basaltic rocks, together with, for exam- candelaria; ap. ple, Lecanora polytropa, Melanelia hepatizon B. papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck. – 1. On mosses and Pseudephebe minuscula; ap. and soil rich in humus, together with, for C. xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau – 1. On dead twigs; example, Physconia muscigena; ap. st.; rare. Caloplaca alcarum Poelt – 1. On gneissic rocks, to- Cetraria ericetorum Opiz. ssp. ericetorum – 2. On gether with Acarospora molybdina, Lecanora soil in heath; st.; rare. contractula and Xanthoria candelaria; ap. C. islandica (L.) Ach. – 1, 2. On soil in dwarf shrub C. ammiospila (Wahlenb.) H. Olivier – 1. On min- heaths; st.; common. LGE 883, 914. eral soil and dead mosses, together with, for C. muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt – 1, 2. On soil in dwarf example, Caloplaca tiroliensis, Candelariella shrub heaths and fell–fields, together with, placodizans and Megaspora verrucosa; ap. for example, Alectoria nigricans, Cladonia C. cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On dead amaurocraea, C. mitis and Thamnolia ver- mosses and dead Silene acaulis, together micularis var. subuliformis; st.; common. with, for example, Caloplaca tiroliensis, C. nigricans Nyl. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks and Lecanora epibryon and Physcia muscigena; on soil, together with, for example, Sphaero- ap. phorus fragilis; ap.; locally abundant. LGE C. epithallina Lynge – 2. On Rhizoplaca melano- 885, 940. phthalma on gneissic rock; ap.; rare. Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt & C. jungermanniae (Vahl) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On soil rich A. Thell – 1, 2. On moist soil in depressions in humus and on dead mosses and other in heaths, together with, for example, Clado- plant remains, together with, for example, nia trassii; ap.; common. LGE 882, 915. Bryonora pruinosa, Caloplaca tetraspora, Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaer. – 1, 2. On C. tiroliensis and Rinodina turfacea; ap. soil in heaths and fell–fields, together with, LGE 901. for example, Cladonia mitis, Flavocetraria C. nivalis (Körb.) Th. Fr. – 2. On Andreaea on nivalis and Sphaerophorus globosus; st.; rock; ap.; rare. common. C. tetraspora (Nyl.) H. Olivier – 1. On plant re- C. bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. – 1, 2. On soil rich mains; ap. in humus, together with, for example, Cla- C. tiroliensis Zahlbr. – 1. On plant remains, donia crispata and C. macrophyllodes; ap.; mosses and bones; ap.; common. common. LGE 917. Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hafellner – 1. On C. borealis S. Stenroos – 1, 2. On soil and plant gneissic rocks; ap.; rare. remains, together with, for example, Clado- C. armeniaca (DC.) Hafellner – 1, 2. On wind-ex- nia phyllophora, C. pyxidata and Ochrolechia posed gneissic rocks, together with, for ex- frigida; ap.; common. ample, Orphniospora moriopsis, Rhizocarpon C. cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. – 2. On soil rich in inarense, R. jemtlandicum and Sporastatia humus, together with Cladonia borealis and testudinea; st. C. sulphurina; st.; rare. * Candelariella arctica (Körb.) R. Sant. – 1. On C. chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. – 1, gneissic seashore rock, together with Rhizo- 2. On mosses, plant remains and soil rich carpon geminatum; ap. in humus; st.; common. Thallus contains C. aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. – 1. On old bone, fumarprotocetraric acid (HPTLC). together with Caloplaca tiroliensis, Lecanora C. cornuta (L.) Hoffm. – 2. On soil; st.; rare. hagenii var. fallax and Lecidella euphorea; C. cyanipes (Sommerf.) Nyl. – 2. On dead mosses; ap. st.; rare. C. dispersa (Räsänen) Hakul. – 2. On Placynthium C. ecmocyna Leight – 2. On moist soil in Salix asperellum on gneissic rock; st. herbacea snow–patch; ap.; locally abundant. C. placodizans (Nyl.) H. Magn. – 1, 2. On soil and LGE 945. mosses in heaths; ap.; locally abundant. C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. – 1. On dead mosses; st.; LGE 896. rare. C. terrigena Räsänen – 2. On mosses and soil; C. gracilis (L.) Willd. – 1, 2. On mosses, plant st. remains and soil in heaths, together with,  Folia Cryptog. Estonica

for example, Cetraria islandica and Flavoce- together with, for example, Alectoria nig- traria cucullata; ap.; common. ricans, Bryoria nitidula and Flavocetraria C. luteoalba Wheldon & A. Wilson – 1. On mosses nivalis; ap.; common. LGE 877. and plant remains, together with Cladonia F. nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell – 1, 2. On soil borealis; st.; rare. in dwarf shrub heaths; st.; common. LGE C. macrophylla (Schaer.) Stenh. – 1, 2. On soil 879, 920. rich in humus, together with Cladonia bel- Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. – 1. lidiflora; ap. On plant remains; st. C. macrophyllodes Nyl. – 1, 2. On soil rich in hu- Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni – 2. On tempo- mus, together with Cladonia pyxidata; ap. rarily moistened gneissic stones; ap. C. mitis Sandst. – 1, 2. On soil in dwarf shrub I. odora (Ach.) Stein. – 2. On temporarily mois- heaths, together with, for example, Cetraria tened gneissic stones coated with limonite; islandica, Cladonia gracilis and Stereocaulon ap. alpinum; st.; common. LGE 887, 913. Lecanora argopholis (Ach.) Ach. – 2. On siliceous C. phyllophora Hoffm. – 1, 2. On soil rich in rocks; ap. humus and on mosses, together with, for L. chloroleprosa (Vain.) H. Magn. – 1, 2. On example, Cladonia stygia; ap. gneissic rocks; st. C. pleurota (Flörke) Schaer. – 1, 2. On plant L. contractula Nyl. – 1, 2. On gneissic seashore remains and mosses; ap.; common. rocks, together with, for example, Caloplaca C. pocillum (Ach.) Grognot – 1, 2. On soil and alcarum; ap.; locally abundant. mosses; st. L. epibryon (Ach.) Ach. – 1. On dead mosses, C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. – 1, 2. On soil rich in hu- together with Caloplaca cerina and C. tiro- mus, together with Cladonia borealis and C. liensis; ap. chlorophaea; st. LGE 941. L. fuscescens (Sommerf.) Nyl. – 2. On twigs of C. squamosa Hoffm. – 1. Among mosses on soil; Salix glauca, together with, for example, st.; rare. Ochrolechia frigida; ap.; rare. * C. stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vězda – 2. In dwarf L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. fallax Hepp – 1, 2. On shrub heath, together with Nephroma arcti- old bone, dead twig of Salix glauca and dead cum; st.; locally abundant. LGE 921. Silene acaulis; ap. C. stygia (Fr.) Ruoss – 1, 2. On soil in dwarf L. intricata (Ach.) Ach. – 1. On basaltic rock, shrub heaths, together with, for example, together with Xanthoria elegans; ap. Cladonia gracilis; st. L. polytropa (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Rabenh. – 1, 2. On C. sulphurina (Michx.) Fr. – 1, 2. On soil rich gneissic and basaltic rocks, together with in humus and on mosses in dwarf shrub both ferruginous and nitrophilous lichens, heaths, together with, for example, Cladonia for example, Miriquidica atrofulva and Rhizo- borealis and C. cenotea; st. LGE 933. carpon geminatum; ap.; common. C. trassii Ahti – 1, 2. On soil near snow–patches L. straminea Ach. – 1, 2. On gneissic seashore and in depressions in dwarf shrub heaths, rocks manured by sea birds; st. together with, for example, Cetrariella delisei * L. swartzii (Ach.) Ach. ssp. swartzii – 1, 2. On and Cladonia phyllophora; st.; locally abun- overhanging gneissic rocks, together with, dant. LGE 944. for example, Rhizocarpon copelandii; ap. Collema glebulentum (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Degel – 2. Lecidea atrobrunnea (Ramond ex Lam. & DC.) On mosses on siliceous rock; st.; rare. Schaer. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks, together * Ephebe hispidula (Ach.) Horw. – 1, 2. On mosses with, for example, Rhizoplaca melanoph- on moist gneissic rocks; st. thalma; ap. * Epilichen glauconigellus (Nyl.) Hafellner – 1. On L. auriculata Th. Fr. – 1. On gneissic rock; ap. Baeomyces carneus on clay soil; ap.; rare. L. lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. lapicida – 1. On gneissic E. scabrosus (Ach.) Clem. – 1, 2. On Baeomyces rock, together with Miriquidica nigroleprosa; carneus; ap.; rare. ap. Euopsis pulvinata (Schaer.) Vain. – 1. On siliceous L. lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. pantherina Ach. – 1, 2. rock; ap. On gneissic rocks; ap. Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A. L. tessellata Flörke – 1, 2. On gneissic and Thell – 1, 2. On soil in dwarf shrub heaths, basaltic rocks, together with, for example, 

Rhizocarpon bolanderi, Tremolechia atrata Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge – 1, 2. On soil, and Xanthoria elegans; ap. mosses and plant remains, together with, for Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel – 1. On old example, Flavocetraria nivalis and Pertusaria bone, together with, for example, Candelari- dactylina; ap.; common. LGE 900. ella aurella; ap. O. grimmiae Lynge – 1. On Racomitrium lanugi- L. wulfenii (Hepp) Körb. – 1, 2. On dead moss- nosum; ap.; rare. es, together with, for example, Rinodina O. lapuënsis (Räsänen) Räsänen – 1, 2. On mniaraea; ap. mosses and plant remains; ap. Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Lettau – 1. On soil and O. upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal. – 1. On dead mosses, mosses. together with Caloplaca jungermanniae and * L. vouauxii (Hue) R. C. Harris – 2. On mosses. Rinodina turfacea; ap.; rare. Leprocaulon subalbicans (I. M. Lamb) I. M. Lamb Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman – 1, 2. On gneis- & A.M.Ward – 2. On mosses on rocks. LGE sic rocks; ap. 938. Orphniospora moriopsis (A. Massal.) D. Hawksw. Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead et al. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks and stones, to- – 1. On soil rich in humus. gether with, for example, Pseudephebe L. hudsoniana (H. S. Jenn.) Redhead et al. – 1. minuscule, Rhizocarpon geographicum and On mosses. Umbilicaria hyperborea; ap.; locally abun- Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.) Körb. – 2. On mosses dant. LGE 889. on moist rocks; ap.; locally abundant. Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. – 1, 2. On gneissic Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth rocks, together with, for example, Sphaero- – 1. On mineral soil; ap. phorus fragilis; st. Melanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl. – 1, 2. On P. saxatilis (L.) Ach. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks, gneissic rocks, together with, for example, together with, for example, Parmelia sul- Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Umbilicaria cata; st. virginis and Physconia muscigena; st. P. sulcata Taylor – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks ma- M. hepatizon (Ach.) A. Thell – 1, 2. On gneissic nured by birds, together with Melanelia rocks, together with, for example, Placopsis infumata; st. gelida, Rhizocarpon geminatum and R. ina- Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. – 1, 2. On and rense; ap.; common. among mosses in scrubs and marshes; st. M. infumata (Nyl.) Essl. – 1, 2. On siliceous and LGE 937. basaltic rocks manured by birds, together * P. canina (L.) Willd. – 1. On mosses in dwarf with, for example, Parmelia saxatilis, Phys- shrub heath; st. cia dubia and Xanthoria elegans; st. P. didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon – 1, 2. On soil Miriquidica atrofulva (Sommerf.) A. J. Schwab and mosses in dwarf shrub heaths and open & Rambold – 2. On gneissic rocks, together scrubs; st. LGE 892. with Lecanora polytropa and Rhizocarpon P. leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. – 1, 2. On soil and geographicum; st.; rare. Miriquidica atrof- among mosses in scrubs and dwarf shrub ulva is restricted to iron-containing rocks in heaths; st; locally abundant. LGE 936. Greenland (Hansen, 1995, 1999b). P. malacea (Ach.) Funck – 1, 2. On soil and M. garovaglii (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold – 1. On mosses in moist dwarf shrub heaths; st. gneissic rocks, together with, for example, P. rufescens (Weiss) Humb. – 1, 2. On soil and Rhizocarpon geographicum and Umbilicaria among mosses in dwarf shrub heaths; st. torrefacta; ap. P. scabrosa Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On mosses in dwarf M. nigroleprosa (Vain.) Hertel & Rambold var. nig- shrub heaths; ap. roleprosa – 1, 2. On siliceous rocks, together Pertusaria dactylina (Ach.) Nyl. – 1, 2. On mosses with, for example, Lecidea lapicida var. lapi- and plant remains in dwarf shrub heaths; cida, Melanelia hepatizon and Orphniospora st. moriopsis; ap. P. geminipara (Th. Fr.) C. Knight ex Brodo – 1, 2. * Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. – 2. On soil in On mosses; st. dwarf shrub heath, together with Cladonia P. oculata (Dicks.) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On soil in Salix stellaris; st.; rare, but abundant at its single herbacea snow–patches; st.; rare. habitat. LGE 922. 10 Folia Cryptog. Estonica

Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg – 1, 2. On with, for example, Physconia muscigena; gneissic rocks, together with Rhizocarpon ap. geminatum; rarely on mosses; st. Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr. Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr – 1, 2. On gneissic – 2. On moist gneissic rock, together with and basaltic rocks and over mosses, together Rhizocarpon bolanderi, R. jemtlandicum and with Xanthoria elegans; st. Umbilicaria deusta; ap. P. dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau – 1, 2. On gneissic and R. bolanderi (Tuck.) Herre – 1, 2. On gneissic basaltic rocks manured by birds, together rocks, together with Rhizocarpon geminatum with, for example, Melanelia infumata, Um- and R. inarense; ap. bilicaria arctica, Xanthoria candelaria and X. R. copelandii (Körb.) Th. Fr. – 1. On gneissic rock, elegans; rarely on plant remains; st. together with Lecanora swartzii, Rhizocarpon Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt – 1, 2. On mosses grande and Stereocaulon botryosum; ap. on vertical rocks manured by birds, together R. eupetraeoides (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell – 1. On with, for example, Xanthoria sorediata; gneissic rocks; ap. sparse at its habitats; st. R. geminatum Körb. – 1, 2. On manured gneissic P. muscigena (Ach.) Poelt – 1, 2. On manured and basaltic rocks, together with, for ex- gneissic rocks and over mosses, together ample, Candelariella vitellina and Lecanora with, for example, Melanelia disjuncta and polytropa; ap. Xanthoria elegans; st. R. geographicum (L.) DC. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks, Placidium lachneum (Ach.) de Lesd. – 1, 2. On together with, for example, Orphniospora mosses and soil; pe. LGE 897. moriopsis, Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum and Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds. – 1. On siliceous rock; Umbilicaria hyperborea; ap.; common. st.; rare. R. grande (Flörke) Arnold – 1. On gneissic rocks, Placynthium asperellum (Ach.) Trevis – 1, 2. On together with, for example, Melanelia hepa- gneissic rocks, together with Rhizocarpon tizon and Rhizocarpon inarense; ap. geminatum and Xanthoria elegans; ap. LGE R. inarense (Vain.) Vain. – 1, 2. On gneissic 899. rocks, together with, for example, Allan- * P. pannariellum (Nyl.) H. Magn. – 1. On gneissic toparmelia alpicola, Melanelia hepatizon and stones in moist depression; ap.; rare. Pseudephebe minuscula; ap.; common. Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray – 2. On mosses; R. jemtlandicum (Malme) Malme – 1, 2. On gneis- st. sic rocks, together with Orphniospora mori- * Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph – 1. opsis and Rhizocarpon inarense; ap. On gneissic rock; ap.; rare. * R. lavatum (Fr.) Hazsl. – 2. On gneissic rock; P. flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Hertel & A. J. ap.; rare. Schwab – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks with traces R. superficiale (Schaer.) Vain. – 1, 2. On gneissic of limonite, together with Rhizocarpon badio- rocks, together with Orphniospora moriop- atrum and Tremolecia atrata; ap. sis; ap. Protomicaria limosa Ach. – 1. On clay soil; ap. Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Hafellner – 2. On Poelt – 1, 2. On gneissic and basaltic rocks gneissic rock manured by birds; ap. manured by birds, together with Lecidea Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. atrobrunnea, Physcia dubia and Rhizocarpon Hawksw. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks, together geminatum; ap. with, for example, Melanelia hepatizon, Rinodina archaea (Ach.) Arnold – 1, 2. On primary Orphniospora moriopsis and Rhizocarpon squamules of Cladonia and dead Silene inarense; ap.; common. LGE 912. acaulis tussock, together with, for example, P. pubescens (L.) M. Choisy – 1. On gneissic rock, Caloplaca jungermanniae; ap. together with Parmelia omphalodes and R. mniaraea (Ach.) Körb. – 2. On mosses, together Sphaerophorus fragilis; ap. with Lecidella wulfenii and Peltigera didac- Psora rubiformis (Ach.) Hook. – 2. On mineral tyla; ap.; rare. soil; ap. R. turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb. – 1. On dead Psoroma tenue Henssen var. boreale Henssen – 1, mosses; ap. 2. On plant remains and mosses, together 11

Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. – 1, 2. On clay soil minuscula and Umbilicaria torrefacta; ap.; in snow patches; rarely on mosses on the common. ground; ap. U. lyngei Schol. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks; ap.; Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers. – 1, 2. On gneis- common. LGE 884. sic rocks and soil; ap. LGE 898. U. proboscidea (L.) Schrad. – 1, 2. On gneissic S. globosus (Huds.) Vain. – 1, 2. On soil rich in rocks, together with, for example, Miriquidi- humus and among mosses in dwarf shrub ca nigroleprosa and Orphniospora moriopsis; heaths, together with, for example, Cladonia ap.; common. mitis, Flavocetraria nivalis and Ochrolechia U. torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad. – 1, 2. On sili- frigida; st.; locally abundant. ceous rocks, together with, for example, Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal. – 2. On Pseudephebe minuscula, Rhizocarpon geo- gneissic rocks, together with, for example, graphicum and Umbilicaria hyperborea; ap. Calvitimela armeniaca; ap.; rare. U. vellea (L.) Hoffm. – 1, 2. On moist vertical Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer – 1, 2. On soil in rocks; st.; locally abundant. LGE 939. dwarf shrub heaths and snow patches; st.; U. virginis Schaer. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks; ap.; locally abundant. LGE 888, 916. locally abundant. LGE 895, 992. S. botryosum Ach. – 1, 2. On gneissic rocks, Verrucaria ceuthocarpa Wahlenb. – 1. On gneissic together with Rhizocarpon copelandii and seashore rocks; pe. R. grande; st. Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On gneis- S. glareosum (L. I. Savicz) H. Magn. – 1. On frost sic and basaltic rocks manured by birds, boils; st. together with, for example, Physcia caesia; * S. paschale (L.) Hoffm. – 1, 2. On soil and among ap.; rarely on bark. mosses in dwarf shrub heaths, together X. elegans (Link) Th. Fr. – 1, 2. On gneissic and with, for example, Cladonia mitis; st.; locally basaltic rocks manured by birds, together abundant. LGE 935. with, for example, Melanelia infumata, Phy- S. vesuvianum Pers. – 1, 2. On siliceous rocks and scia caesia and Rhizocarpon geminatum; gravel; st. Thallus contains atranorin and ap.; common. stictic acid (HPTLC). X. sorediata (Vain.) Poelt – 1, 2. On vertical gneis- Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. var. subu- sic rocks; st. liformis (Ehrh.) Schaer. – 1, 2. On soil and mosses in dwarf shrub heaths and fell– ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS fields, together with, for example, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria muricata and Cladonia I wish to thank Palle Petersen for allowing me to amaurocraea; st. rent his house in Saqqaq and Lasse Østergaard Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch – 1, 2. and Kristen Grønvold for given me permission On soil rich in humus and on dead mosses, to stay on the school in Qeqertaq. Thanks are together with Cladonia bellidiflora and C. also due to Peer Corfixen for technical help with borealis; ap. the manuscript and to Steen Christensen for Tremolecia atrata (Ach.) Hertel – 1, 2. On gneissic assistance with HPTLC. The investigation was rocks, together with Lecidea tesselata and financially supported by the Botanical Museum, Rhizocarpon bolanderi; ap. University of Copenhagen. Umbilicaria arctica (Ach.) Nyl. – 1, 2. On gneissic and basaltic rocks manured by birds, toget­ her with, for example, Melanelia infumata, REFERENCES Physcia dubia and Xanthoria candelaria; ap.; Breuss, O. & Hansen, E. S. 1988. The lichen genera locally abundant. LGE 894, 943. Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis in Greenland. U. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. – 1, 2. On manured Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 95–105. gneissic and basaltic rocks; st. Escher, A. & Stuart Watt, W. 1976. Geology of Green- land. The Geological Survey of Greenland. Co- U. deusta (L.) Baumg. – 2. On moist gneissic penhagen. 603 pp. rock; st. Hansen, E. S. 1984. Notes on new revisions of Green- U. hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm. – 1, 2. On gneissic landic lichens II. Mycotaxon 21: 299–314. and basaltic rocks, together with, for ex- Hansen, E. S. 1986. New or interesting Greenland ample, Aspicilia mastrucata, Pseudephebe lichens III. Mycotaxon 26: 173–186. 12 Folia Cryptog. Estonica

Hansen, E. S. 1995. Greenland lichens. Atuagkat, Hansen, E. S., Poelt, J. & Søchting, U. 1987a. Rhodos and Danish Polar Center, Copenhagen. Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in Grönland. 124 pp. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 25: 1–52. Hansen, E. S. 1996. Vertical Distribution of Lichens Hansen, E. S., Poelt, J. & Vězda, A. 1987b. The lichen on the Mountain, Aucellabjerg, Northeastern genera Gyalecta, Gyalidea and Sagiolechia in Greenland. Arctic and Alpine Research 28 (1): Greenland. Herzogia 7: 367–374. 111–117. Krog, H. 1968. The macrolichens of Alaska. Norsk Hansen, E. S. 1999a. Lichens from Qeqertarsuaq/ Polarinstitutt Skrifter 144: 1–180. Godhavn, Disko, Central West Greenland. Folia Kärnefelt, I. 1979. The brown fruticose species of Cryptog. Estonica 34: 33–42. Cetraria. Opera Botanica 46: 1–150. Hansen, E. S. 1999b. Epilithic lichens on iron- and Leuckert, C., Schirrmeister, M. & Hansen, E. S. 1987. copper-containing crusts at Qeqertarsuaq, Cen- Chemosystematical investigation of lichens from tral West Greenland. Graphis Scripta 10: 7–12. Greenland. Dimelaena oreina (Ach. ) Norm. Bot. Hansen, E. S. 2003. New or interesting Greenland Jahrb. Syst. 108: 373–379. lichens and lichenicolous fungi V. Mycotaxon 86: Lynge, B. 1937. Lichens from West Greenland, col- 149–155. lected chiefly by Th. M. Fries. Meddelelser om Hansen, E. S. 2004a. Notes on some new and in- Grønland 118 (8): 1–125. teresting Greenland lichens VI. Graphis Scripta Moberg, R. & Hansen, E. S. 1986. The lichen 15: 1–6. genera Physcia and allied genera in Greenland. Hansen, E. S. 2004b. New or interesting Greenland Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 22: 1–32. lichens VII. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 25 (1): Santesson, R., Moberg, R., Nordin, A, Tønsberg, T. & 83–90. Vitikainen, O. 2004. Lichen-forming and licheni- Hansen, E. S. 2005a. New or interesting Greenland colous fungi of Fennoscandia. Museum of Evolu- lichens VIII. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 26: 45–90. tion, Uppsala University, Uppsala. 359 pp. Hansen, E. S. 2005b. Lichens from Uummannaq, Thomson, J. W. 1984. American Arctic Lichens. I. The Qilakitsoq and Qaarsut, Central West Greenland. Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New Folia Cryptog. Estonica 41: 35–44. York. 504 pp. Hansen, E. S. & Obermayer, W. 1999. Notes on Ar- Thomson, J. W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens. II. The throrhaphis and its lichenicolous fungi in Green- Microlichens. The University of Wisconsin Press, land. Bryologist 102: 104–107. Wisconsin. 675 pp.