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Nonouti Social and Economic Report 2007 3 of 3

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Nonouti Social and Economic Report 2007 3 of 3 According to records from the Ministry of Public Works (2007), Nonouti has benefited from various water development projects in the form of poly tanks, rainwater catchments, hand pumps and several solar pumps. Generally, all islands have benefited in one way or the other in the various water development projects that include installation of hand pumps, provision of rainwater tanks and establishment of water systems. The hand pumps were installed in the households, with solar pumps and water tanks installed in the schools, the churches and the community. In total there are 83 hand pumps, 24 poly tanks and 8 solar pumps. The purpose of these projects is to improve water accessibility and provide clean drinking water to the population. The hand pump project was the first phase of the UNCDF project and the solar pumps were installed under the second phase of the UNCDF where rain catchments also are funded from “quoted from Nonouti Water Resource assessment, by Marc Overmars, SOPAC preliminary report”. By and large, most wells located near to the coastlines are rarely freshwater sites and thus normally used for daily water needs but not drinking. Drinking water is fetched from fresher wells that are normally found further inland and Nonouti is no exception. However, there are still freshwater sites that are found close to the coastline such as in the old wells found at Tenanoraoi, in the village of Taboiaki. Despite the effects of prolonged droughts on water, there are freshwater sites for all of the villages that are at times very far considering that one has to carry the buckets home on foot. Some of these sites have been buried when water piping systems were introduced to the island. The islets of Tebuange and Abamwakoro suffer from brackish wells all the time but the worst water supply of all is on the village of Abamwakoro whose water is also abundant throughout the year but tastes salty. The people on this latter islet are so used to this kind of brackishness that they do not get sick anymore and are actually healthy as anyone can be under the circumstances. In fact, it is said that when they drink freshwater from other parts of Nonouti, they get running stomachs and vice versa for mainlanders drinking Abamakoro water. Rainwater tanks have also been provided to the islet but are not used for the purpose of storing rain so the community can have an alternative means of water supply. According to a resident Abamwakoro man, ‘the people seem to get so excited when rain falls and fills the tanks that they will transport all the rain into household containers until the tanks are again empty. And what do they do with the rain collected from the tanks? They use it for cooking, bathing, washing and mix it with their well water for drinking until it is all used up at which point, they again return to their community well to await the next filling of the rainwater tanks. Relocation suggestions have only met with refusal from the community who do not see the status of their water as an issue but a part of their life that they have adapted to. - 51 - - 52 - 2.8.2 Status of Water Supply The supply of water is dependent on a number of factors the more important of which are population, climate and topography. Rainwater serves as the major source of drinking water, which can be obtained by collecting it in poly water tanks or through open wells dug into the ground where rainwater accumulates after rains. Nonetheless, Nonouti is not like those islands located on the north where rain annually falls, provided with the dry weather only at start of the year or end that Nonouti receives rain and even sometimes a year goes without having rain. The most recent and common water supply the island has is underground fresh water. According to the study undertaken by SOPAC, Nonouti had an estimated underground water lens of 9.56 kilometer squared that is approximately 1,722 cubic meters per day, as calculated by Falkland(2003) based on estimates by Shalev “Nonouti Water Resource Assessment, distributed by SOPAC, page 5”. Abamwakoro, Tebuange and Matabou(Benuaroa) are facing saline intrusion into their underground freshwater lens in periods of no rain or drought (quoted from Nonouti - Water Resources Assessment, SOPAC, 2003). Plans have been laid ahead in helping these islands of the north with accessible water however none have been done up until now. 2.8.3 Other Issues As far as water supply is concerned most of the installed hand pumps, solar pumps do not last long where only 38% of solar pumps are working while the rest have been damaged mostly do not have spare parts leaving them deteriorate over time. The other issue that the 83 hand pumps 25% are still working and the rest have been deteriorated over time. Nonouti is threatened by saltwater pollution through surface intrusion. Already the freshwater from the northern side is affected around drought seasons, most of all if population increase rapidly the underground water lens will not last that long. Surface intrusion of seawater leaves the groundwater reservoir completely vulnerable to pollution, which slowly spreads out to affect the entire island water supply. - 53 - Energy The traditional form of fuel is firewood, mainly in the form of coconut husk, dry coconut leaves and common wood. In the olden days dried coconut meat was burned to provide lighting in the homes at night, while woven coconut leaves were used in night fishing. Nowadays people are resorting to the use of modern technology to provide energy to meet their private and public needs. The new technologies however use fuel which must be imported from overseas through the Kiribati Oil Company Limited (KOIL). 200000 KOIL imports fuel from ULP ADO DPK overseas and distribute it 180000 to all the islands in Kiribati. 160000 Kerosene, benzene and diesel provide energy for 140000 cooking, lighting and transport. The 2005 120000 census recorded that out of 100000 540 households 4 owned 80000 power generators and 440 metric tons have pressure lamps. 60000 There were also 2 trucks, 128 motorcycles and 41 40000 outboard motor engines. 20000 Electrical appliances include 378 radios, 5 0 computers and 13 CB 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year radios. All these equipment and machinery require fuel or energy for their operation. The chart below shows the volume (in liters) of three major types of fuel sent to Nonouti by the year 2001 to 2006. In terms of volume, unleaded petroleum (commonly known as benzine) has been the most commonly used fuel on the island, followed by kerosene and diesel. The chart shows that the volume of fuel sent by KOIL to Nonouti Island between 2001 and 2006 has generally increased, with unleaded petroleum constituting 67% of total requirements, kerosene 23% and diesel 103% (average of combined fuel requirements from 2001 to 2005). It is anticipated that the proportion of unleaded fuel will increase as the use of automotive machines and equipment (portable generators, outboard engines, motorbikes, etc.) becomes more widespread. Conversely, around the year 2006 Nonouti had a very less share of only 532 tons of benzene, 220 for Kerosene and 108 tons for - 54 - diesel, reasons underlying the circumstances are particularly unknown. To reduce dependency on fossil-based fuel Government has been promoting the use of solar energy on the outer islands, through its company – the Kiribati Solar Energy Company Limited (KSECL). Over the last 3 years KSECL, with funding from the European Union, has installed more than 2000 stand alone solar photovoltaic systems throughout the country. The objective of this “Outer Island Electrification Project” is to enhance economic activity and improve children performance in school through the provision of affordable and efficient lighting, as well as to provide an alternative environment-friendly energy source that does not pollute the air. From the 2000 solar systems made available under this EU-funded project 215 of them were installed on Nonouti. Of the 215 installed, 140 were still operational in 2007 including the 5 others that were installed in mwaneabas while 70 of the 215 installed were not operational. More similar systems are expected to be made available under the second phase of the project which is presently being negotiated with EU. - 55 - CHAPTER 3: TE RAOI – SOCIAL CAPITAL, COMMUNITY LIFE AND GOVERNANCE 3.1 Local Institutions and Social Change 3.1.1 The Maneaba System and Unimwane Association The mwaneaba was and remains the most important institutional symbol and foundation of community life in Kiribati. Its importance is related to its function as the center of social life, where matters pertaining to the social, economic and political life of the community are discussed and resolved with the leadership of the Unimwane. Beside the traditional function as a community hall, court of judgment/reconciliation, and sanctuary for all, the purpose of the mwaneaba has considerably widened to include shelter for the sick, storage facility for copra, fundraising venue, medical ward and more. Despite the additional uses invented for this culturally important structure, the system of governance and leadership that developed and revolves around the mwaneaba has remained largely intact. This was the result, first of colonial support, and later on of Government’s recognition of the importance of traditional leadership vested in the Unimwane. In all Island Councils including Nonouti, there is a seat for a representative of the Unimwane Association, who embodies the highest traditional authority on the island. Figure XX: Structure of traditional authority The Unimwane Association on Nonouti known by the name of “Buroon Nonouti” has representatives from the different wards on the island, of which there are practically 11 and only one is selected to represent the ’unimwane’ in council meetings, most of the e time, the chairperson.
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