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Wedding Stages and Rituals Among the Indigenous Itawes in Isabela, Philippines

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Wedding Stages and Rituals Among the Indigenous Itawes in Isabela, Philippines Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 11, 2020 WEDDING STAGES AND RITUALS AMONG THE INDIGENOUS ITAWES IN ISABELA, PHILIPPINES Rodel B. Guzman Assistant Professor, College of Education, Isabela State University-Echague, Isabela, Philippines Received: 04.03.2020 Revised: 05.04.2020 Accepted: 06.05.2020 Abstract The Itawes of Isabela have a unique culture which defines them as a people. Their marriage manifests their cosmology. This study was conducted to document the different wedding rituals of the Itawes and analyze their cultural significance. Data were gathered through observation, community immersion and non-formal interview among the elders. These were interpreted and presented to the elders for validation, after which, a revision was made to include their feedback. The study revealed that the Itawes have several marriage rituals and stages like tubad, mangatatawa, gumina or landay, entrega, boda (wedding ceremony), gala-gala, and dallut. However, tubad and mangatatawa are no longer practiced due to some practical reasons. The study further revealed that these wedding rituals manifest the communal characteristics of the Itawes as a group of people. All members of the community are encouraged to participate in the conduct of the rituals. Further, it was also found out that female Itawes are given high regard specially in preparing them for married life. The parents of the female ensures that their daughter will be given a better life after the wedding by their soon to be husband. It is the reason why the parents are testing the determination of their suitors through the conduct of mangatatawa and other related rituals. It is highly recommended that the Local Government Unit (LGU), the Department of Education (DepEd) and the academe must have an intervention for the promotion, conservation and preservation of these rituals for better understanding the Itawes unique culture. Keywords: Culture, Wedding rituals, Itawes, Family, Ethnolinguistic group, Indigenous people © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.01 INTRODUCTION Article XIV Sec. 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that Practically, marriage is the beginning of founding a family. It is a the State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the special contract of permanent union between a man and a nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively woman entered into in accordance with law for the promote its total development. Further, Section 2 of the same establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of article states that marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State. consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation (Article 1, Executive Order No. 209-Family Code of According to Kusmana (2020), family is a sociological unit that the Philippines). has its own problems and dynamics. As a sociological unit, it has its own system, sometimes these dynamics and problems are Marriage as stipulated in the Philippine Constitution, is a legal quite different from other sociological units such as community contract between two parties who are about to create a family as and society. Therefore, as an entity, the role and function of the the basic foundation of the nation. Although marriage is family in the life of wider community (humanity) becomes very governed by the Constitution, the Philippines being an important. archipelagic nation have different cosmology in terms of marriage. In the context of the Philippines, according to Hammer (2017), Filipino family is very important because it is the foundation of Since marriage is important in the creation of family, various Filipino society and culture. Filipino family members are very beliefs, rituals, traditions and practices is observed across the close and loving to each other. Filipino traditions are centered in country and even abroad. According to Philippine Primer (2016), bringing members together from generation to generation. The Filipino weddings are usually big occasion since it is once-in-a- family causes the smile in every Filipino faces and it’s the family lifetime event, hence, its being meticulous. Further, there is a that creates Filipino culture. need for the conduct of pamamanhikan, money dance, throwing of rice grain and consideration of the reception. According to Retuya et.al. (2017) Filipinos are family-oriented. They are known for their close family-ties. They also center their Pamamanhikan is the process where the male family members lives on their families. They have a tendency to always put the are going to ask for the wedding approval from the female family family first when it comes to decision making. This occurs to the members. Along this activity is the giving of dowry. Money dance extent of their staying with their parents after marriage in order is being done in the wedding reception. The newlywed couple to take care of them - it is one way of repaying their parents for will dance at the center. While dancing, family members of both the sacrifices they have made for them. sides, friends, and the wedding sponsors are expected to pin Filipino family is the foundation of the Philippine society and money on the couple. On the other hand, reception is an issue culture. Its importance is stipulated in the 1987 Constitution of before the wedding ceremony. The wedding reception can be the country. Founding a family is a serious decision among done in a barrio or in a hotel. Filipino community. Hence, there are various stages, styles, and In Asia, wedding is an important celebration to start a marital procedures to be carefully followed and observed to fully life. According to Cleghorn (2016), Asian countries have many prepare the men and women for family life. different wedding customs. Furthermore, varying wedding Journal of critical reviews 1 WEDDING STAGES AND RITUALS AMONG THE INDIGENOUS ITAWES IN ISABELA, PHILIPPINES traditions in Asia shows incredibly diverse social customs and which means “people” and root word “tawid” which means traditions. However, not all of the customs are maintained today “across the river.” Itawes therefore are the people living across because of western influences which are replacing or the river. They are also called Itawit, Tawis, Itavi, Itaves and complementing these ancient practices. Kaggi. When the Spaniards came to the valley, the Itawes resisted them. To avoid further conflict, they left their land in Cagayan According to Gautam (2020), wedding ceremonies in Asian and found settlement in Isabela. countries are directly affected by their rich culture and ancient traditions. Typically, Asian weddings are lavish, extravagant and The culture of the original ethnic group of Isabela is in danger of the couple’s religious practices and customs are part of the whole extinction due to influence of the formal education that is not ritual. Further, when the couple are more traditional, there is a supportive to their culture, and their exposure to media and the big tendency that they will practice more rituals based on their dominant culture in town, cities and even abroad (Toquero, traditions while younger generations are more in the fusion of 2008). The problem of the vanishing traditions and customs is western-based practices. also a reality in the conduct of wedding ceremonies and rituals. Gautam (2020), Cleghorn (2016) and Chua (2016) asserted that Cleghorn (2016), explained that while the white Japanese many of the Asian wedding traditions and customs in today’s weddings gown is becoming popular, one-third of Japanese generation are being influenced by western culture and tradition. women still lean towards a traditional pure white kimono (Shiro- Muku) for the formal ceremony, symbolizing purity and In response to this problem, the United Nations Educational, maidenhood. Japanese women generally prefer beautifully Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) urged its member colored silk kimonos with rich embellishments that are often countries to preserve and protect their cultural heritage. In the embroidered with purple iris flowers because in Japan the color Philippines, the passage of Republic Act (RA) 8371 created the purple represents love. The wedding ceremony itself is National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP) and Republic traditionally either Shinto or Buddhist. Act 7356 created the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). It paved the way for a national agency whose main Gautam (2020), on the other hand, explained that Muslim function is to promote, protect, conserve and develop the wedding traditions are an honor for both families, which are very different ethnolinguistic groups of the country together with important to everyone involved. Although, there are various their traditional arts, history, culture and heritage. The aim of wedding rituals in Muslim ceremony, nikah, arsi mushraf, marh, these agencies is to develop national identity using the diverse rukhsat,walimah and chauthi are the most common. cultural uniqueness of the Filipino people. Also, Patwari (2013) explain that Indian weddings are not only to Efforts to document and analyze indigenous knowledge, systems unite bride and groom but also their families. Family plays a key and practices is a practical way of understanding a group of role in making life decisions. India is a collectivist culture to the people. Peoples’ culture can be considered as a form science. It core. Indian weddings, also called ‘Vivaah’, are best known for may be useful to understand and explain human experiences. the grandeur, traditions, grace, colors and almost carnival-type However, culture of the different indigenous group is in danger celebration associated with this sacred event. of extinction. Hence, this study. In the Philippine, according to Chua (2016), from the ancient to Objectives of the Study present time, there are various wedding traditions.
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