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Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária UNDERSTANDING SHELTER

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Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária UNDERSTANDING SHELTER UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária UNDERSTANDING SHELTER MEDICINE Tânia Isabel Gomes Frazão Pina Santos CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR: PRESIDENTE: Dr. Luís Miguel Alves Carreira Doutor Virgílio da Silva Almeida VOGAIS: Doutora Ilda Maria Neto Gomes Rosa Dr. Luís Miguel Alves Carreira 2010 LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária UNDERSTANDING SHELTER MEDICINE Tânia Isabel Gomes Frazão Pina Santos DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR: PRESIDENTE: Dr. Luís Miguel Alves Carreira Doutor Virgílio da Silva Almeida VOGAIS: Doutora Ilda Maria Neto Gomes Rosa Dr. Luís Miguel Alves Carreira 2010 LISBOA DEDICATION I dedicate to my seventeen year old female dog Funny that died during the writing process of the dissertation. She was the first shelter dog rescued by me and she came to me when she was ten years old, blind, with a mammary gland adenocarcinoma and with a pyometra. She was always there during my veterinary course. She taught me to be persistent and never give up despite all the obstacles. She is my motivation to pursue shelter medicine and to help other animals. Rest in peace. Special thanks to the doctors that helped during her final moments: Dra. Júlia Bragança, Dr. Sales Luís and Dra. Ana Paula. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I‟m very grateful to Dr. Miguel Carreira for his willingness to guide and help me during this project of doing a dissertation about a new specialty, for having patience and believing in my skills. I would like to say thank you to the veterinary doctors at the Animal Care Center for their support and encouragement to have more confidence in myself; Humane Society of Plainfield volunteers and staff for recognizing my value and work and giving me more motivation to pursue my ideas; To my family, especially my mother, the never-ending backup system; my friends in the USA and Portugal (special thanks to Ricardo Almeida and Marta Carrera), all the network correspondents support in VIN.com (especially Dr. Miranda Spindle, shelter medicine resident at UC Davis, USA) and ASV mailing list. Thank you very much, Tânia Frazão. II ABSTRACT Shelter medicine is a small animal herd health discipline that is becoming an emerging area of specialization. This discipline rose from difficulties that shelter veterinarians face every day in local community shelters or supporting associations that protect the interests of animal well-being. The demands of veterinary health care when dogs, cats and other animals are housed together are so myriad, that demonstrates the necessity to establish protocols, standards, guidelines and the need to perform scientific investigations in shelter settings. Shelter Medicine also considers the demands of the community striving to find ways to reduce euthanasia and increasing the numbers of animals adopted. This thesis expects to describe the overall importance of Shelter Medicine and its main contents showing at the same time a practical evaluation application in a local Humane Society, in the USA, of the shelter medicine theoretical information available. Key words: Shelter, Humane society, Shelter Medicine, disease, community III Compreender a Medicina de Abrigos RESUMO A Medicina de Abrigos, considera todos os actos médicos e cirúrgicos realizados em populações de pequenos animais indigentes, reunidos num mesmo espaço físico. Embora seja um conceito novo, ela assume-se já como uma área emergente de especialização no universo da Medicina Veterinária. A sua origem teve por base, a tentativa de suprimir as dificuldades que os Médicos Veterinários de abrigos, encontravam no seu dia-a-dia para garantirem a sanidade de toda a comunidade de que eram responsáveis, garantindo a defesa e o bem-estar dos animais indigentes. A sua vasta aplicabilidade e exigência de saberes demonstram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de protocolos e de linhas orientadoras, cujos objectivos finais se expressarão na redução do número de eutanásias, numa melhoria do estado hígido e das condições higio-sanitárias dos animais que constituem a comunidade (abrigo) e por fim no aumento do número de animais adoptados. A tese objectiva apresentar e aproximar o leitor a este novo ramo das Ciências Veterinárias – a Medicina dos Abrigos. Palavras-chave: Medicina das Populações, abrigo, sociedades humanitárias, doenças, comunidade. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... III RESUMO .............................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... XI List of Figures on Appendices .............................................................................................. XII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ XII LIST OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... XIII PART I ................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 SECTION 1 ............................................................................................................................ 3 Overview of shelter medicine ................................................................................................. 3 1.1. History of animal welfare groups and the evolving animal shelter in the USA – The beginning ... ………………………………………………………………………… ………3 1.2. History of veterinary shelter medicine and what it involves ............................... 5 1.3. Role of Shelter Veterinarian .............................................................................. 5 1.4. The necessity of a shelter medicine curriculum in veterinary schools ............... 6 SECTION 2 ............................................................................................................................ 8 Animal shelters and their functions ........................................................................................ 8 2.1. Types of Animal Welfare agencies and functions .............................................. 8 2.2. Animal Welfare agencies statistics .................................................................... 9 2.3. Types of shelters .............................................................................................. 9 2.4. Mission and shelter philosophy in civil society ................................................ 10 2.5. Terms and definitions ..................................................................................... 11 2.6. Adoptable definition and strategies to save the greatest number of lives ........ 11 2.7. Veterinary organization: The Association of Shelter Veterinarians ................. 11 V SECTION 3 .......................................................................................................................... 13 Husbandry ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Animal Shelter Building: Design ...................................................................... 13 3.2. Animal Shelter Building: Sanitation ................................................................. 18 3.3. Nutrition .......................................................................................................... 21 SECTION 4 .......................................................................................................................... 25 Disease management .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Physical examinations and selection of animals ............................................. 25 4.2. Infectious diseases of dogs and cats .............................................................. 26 4.2.1. Respiratory disease ........................................................................................ 26 4.2.2. Gastrointestinal disease ................................................................................. 31 4.2.3. Miscellaneous Pathogenic GI Flora ................................................................ 35 4.2.4. Integumentary Infectious ................................................................................ 36 4.2.5. Vector borne, bite transmitted and systemic diseases in shelters ................... 38 4.2.6. Retroviruses ................................................................................................... 38 4.3. Non-infectious diseases in shelters ................................................................. 40 4.3.1. Dirofilariosis .................................................................................................... 40 4.3.2. Demodecosis
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