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Women's Experiences of Intimate Intrusions Experienced Via Tinder, This Thesis Necessarily Contains Explicit Language and Graphic Descriptions of Intimate Intrusions

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Women's Experiences of Intimate Intrusions Experienced Via Tinder, This Thesis Necessarily Contains Explicit Language and Graphic Descriptions of Intimate Intrusions EVERYDAY VIOLENCE: WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES OF INTIMATE INTRUSIONS ON TINDER A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Rosalie Gillett Bachelor of Justice (Honours) School of Justice | Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology 2019 Keywords Intimate intrusions Dating Tinder Dating apps Normalisation of abuse Continuum of sexual violence Walkthrough Cross-platform convergence Trivialisation Minimisation Invalidation Platform governance i Abstract In 2014, Gable Tostee was charged with the murder of Warriena Wright, who fell to her death from Tostee’s high-rise apartment balcony after they met via the mobile dating application (app) Tinder. Although Tostee was acquitted of all charges, Wright’s death demonstrated the potential for serious harm when meeting with relatively unknown internet strangers. In the years following Wright’s death, an abundance of popular and social media reports have shed light on women’s experiences of abuse on the platform. While such reports are good at identifying the behaviours, there remain wide inconsistencies in terms of if, when and how experiences commonly associated with digital dating are conceptualised as abusive. But Intimate intrusions, which I define as behaviours that made women feel uncomfortable, uneasy, or unsafe, on dating apps like Tinder, are a pressing social issue. Despite emerging popular and scholarly interest in gendered violence and online abuse, to date, little is known about women's everyday lived experiences of intimate intrusions in mobile dating contexts. This thesis investigates women’s experiences of intimate intrusions on the dating app Tinder. To better understand women’s experiences, this research draws upon data from 17 semi-structured interviews with women aged 18 – 30 years who were current or former Tinder users living in Brisbane, Australia and had experienced what they themselves defined as intimate intrusions through the app. To supplement the interview data, and provide information about Tinder’s textual content, aesthetics, functions and features, the thesis also presents a comprehensive walkthrough of the app (Light et al. 2016). Findings from this research (1) help to identify the commonness of women’s experiences of intimate intrusions on Tinder; (2) demonstrate how intimate intrusions on Tinder are routinely normalised as part of digital dating cultures; and (3) highlight the cumulative impact everyday intimate intrusions can have for women who experience such behaviour. This is a significant area of study because relationship patterns established early on, as well as experiences of abuse, have potentially long- term implications for health and well-being (Hlavka 2014). At the same time, the normalisation of intimate intrusions experienced via dating apps, such as Tinder, may reinforce a wider culture that supports violence against women. ii Table of Contents Keywords ................................................................................................................... i Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vii Statement of Original Authorship ........................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. ix Previously Published Content ............................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Aim and Research Questions ........................................................................ 3 1.2 Background and Context ............................................................................... 5 1.3 Terminology .................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Connecting Insights from Woman Abuse Research ........................................ 14 2.2.1 Dating Violence ......................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Sexual Harassment .................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 How Women Understand and Respond to Dating Violence and Gendered Harassment ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2.4 Attitudes toward Violence and Abuse against Women and Girls .............. 21 2.2.5 The Normalisation of Abuse ...................................................................... 23 2.3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 26 2.4 Social Constructionism .................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Constructions of Gender ........................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Intimate Intrusions as Flattery ................................................................... 31 2.5 Serendipity in the Modern Age: Mobile Dating Apps ....................................... 31 2.5.1 Tinder: Where ‘Any Swipe Can Change Your Life’ ................................... 32 2.6 Risks Associated With Dating Apps ................................................................ 34 2.6.1 Technological Risks .................................................................................. 35 2.6.2 Interpersonal Risks ................................................................................... 36 2.7 Safety .............................................................................................................. 38 2.8 How Platform Governance Contributes to Intimate Intrusions on Social Media Platforms ............................................................................................................... 39 2.8.1 Toxic Technocultures ................................................................................ 41 2.8.2 Arbitrary Enforcement of Platform Rules .................................................. 44 iii 2.8.3 Lack of Meaningful Transparency ............................................................. 46 2.9 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 49 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Epistemological Foundation ............................................................................ 49 3.3 The Walkthrough Method ................................................................................ 50 3.3.1 Tinder Walkthrough .................................................................................. 51 3.3.2 Walkthrough reflections ............................................................................ 53 3.4 Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................................... 54 3.4.1 The Social Media ‘Scroll Back’ .................................................................. 55 3.4.2 Interview Sampling and Recruitment ........................................................ 56 3.4.3 Interview Reflections ................................................................................. 57 3.5 Data Analysis: Thematic Analysis ................................................................... 58 3.6 Limitations ....................................................................................................... 59 3.7 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................... 60 3.7.1 Ethics Considerations for Walkthroughs ................................................... 60 3.7.2 Ethics Considerations for Interviews ......................................................... 61 3.8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER FOUR: INTIMATE INTRUSIONS ON TINDER ...................................... 65 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Online Intimate Intrusions ............................................................................... 67 4.2.1 Sexualised Messages ............................................................................... 67 4.2.2 Sexual Double Standard ........................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Angry When Turned Down ....................................................................... 71 4.2.4 Critiques of Women’s Appearances .......................................................... 73 4.2.5 Possessive and Controlling Messages ..................................................... 73 4.2.6 Flashing in the Digital Age: ‘Dick Pics’ ...................................................... 76 4.2.7 Ordinary Intrusions:
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