Resources of Ilmulamraz During Early Abbasid Caliph (7Th-9Th
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Introduction
Introduction Just over a century has passed since a team of scholars from across Europe, led by German historian of ancient philosophy and science Hermann Diels (1848–1922)1, compiled the manuscripts containing Greek medical texts and their medieval translations into a catalogue2. Following such classical bibliographies as the Bibliotheca Graeca by Johann Albert Fabricius (1668–1736)3 and the several Bibliothecae by Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777)4, Diels, as the catalogue became known, was a landmark in classical and medico-historical scholarship5. It was not completely 1 For a broad approach to Diels’ multifaceted activity, see for example Calder et al. 1999. All works referred to in this introduction are cited in an abbreviated form (author’s last name and year of publication). For the full reference, see the bibliography at pp. xxi–xxx. 2 The catalogue was published in two issues in 1905 and 1906, in the proceedings of Berlin Acade- my of Science, with a supplement in 1908 in the same series (Diels 1905, 1906a, and 1908, respectively). The 1905 and 1906 issues were published together as a volume in 1906 (Diels 1906b) with a slightly different title (Die Handschriften der antiken Ärzte, Griechische Abtei- lung) which implied that a similar programme would have dealt with the Latin manuscripts. The frontmatter of the second issue (1906a), which provided a general presentation of the programme, the list of the collaborators, and the bibliography, is reproduced as the front matter of this volume with the same pagination as in the first publication. All three issues (1905, 1906a, and 1908) were reprinted in 1970 with an introduction by Fridolf Kudlien (1928–2008) (Kudlien 1970). -
Ancient Greek Physicians
Ancient Greek physicians Abascantus Acesias Acron Acumenus Adamantius Aegimus Aelianus Meccius Aelius Promotus Aeschines (physician) Aeschrion of Pergamon Agapetus (physician) Agathinus Agnodice Alcmaeon of Croton Alexander of Tralles Alexander Philalethes Epipodius and Alexander Alexias Alexion Alexippus Amentes Ammonius Lithotomos Anaxilaus Andreas (physician) Androcydes (physician) Andromachus Andromachus (physician) Andron (physician) Andronicus (physician) Anicia Anonymus Londinensis Antaeus (physician) Antigenes Antigonus (physician) Antiochis Antiochus (physician) Antiochus Philometor Antipater (1st-century BC physician) Antipater (2nd-century physician) Antiphanes of Delos Antonius (herbalist) Antyllus Apollodorus (physician) Apollonides (physician) Apollonides of Cos Apollonios of Kition Apollonius (physician) Archigenes Aretaeus of Cappadocia Aristogenes (physician) Aristoxenus (physician) Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepiades Pharmacion Aspasia the Physician Athenaeus of Attalia Athryilatus B Bacchius of Tanagra Bolus of Mendes C Calliphon of Croton Chrysippus of Cnidos Claudius Agathemerus Criton of Heraclea Ctesias D Damocrates Democedes Demosthenes Philalethes Dexippus of Cos Dieuches Diocles of Carystus Pedanius Dioscorides Diphilus (physician) Draco (physician) E Epicles Erasistratus Eudemus (physician) Eudoxus of Cnidus Euphorbus (physician) Euryphon Evenor G Galen Glaucias (physician, 3rd century BC) Glaucias (physician, 4th century BC) -
The Journey of Discovering Skull Base Anatomy in Ancient Egypt and the Special Influence of Alexandria
Neurosurg Focus 33 (2):E2, 2012 The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria ALI M. ELHADI, M.D., SamUEL KALB, M.D., LUIS PEREZ-ORRIBO, M.D., ANDREW S. LITTLE, M.D., ROBERT F. SpeTZLER, M.D., AND MARK C. PREUL, M.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 BC) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century AD, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, in- cluding neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. -
WINE and MEDICINE in ANCIENT GREECE in an Attempt to Dispel The
chapter ten WINE AND MEDICINE IN ANCIENT GREECE In an attempt to dispel the grief caused by the death of loved ones, Helen pours into the crater that was used for drinking an ingenious remedy that came from Egypt, the land of the most knowledgeable doctors in the world, who descend from Paeon, the doctor of the gods. This passage from the Odyssey (4,219f.) is well known, and is the rst attestation in Greek liter- ature of a remedy against love sickness. However, what is less well known is the reading of this passage by a Greek doctor who lived between Hip- pocrates and Galen, Rufus of Ephesus ( rst century ad), in a discussion of wine preserved in Oribasius:1 Wine is more praiseworthy for health than any other thing; however, anyone who drinks it must be wise, if he does not wish to sufer some irreparable ill; for wine can encourage heat, ll the body with strength and digest food from all parts; and there is no wine that is not harmful so as not to produce these efects; but it has, as all other things, some inferior qualities and some superior qualities. Wine can also give pleasure to the soul in a certain state, since it is the remedy (φάρµακον) against grief and, in my opinion, it is what Helen poured into the crater. This interpretatio graeca of the Egyptian remedy is most certainly incorrect, but it clearly shows the important place that wine occupied in the medical thought of ancient Greece. Wine was believed to be relevant to medicine in several ways. -
Treatment of Mental Illness in Post-Hippocratic Ancient Medicine
ENCEPHALOS 55, 36-41, 2018 Treatment of Mental Illness in Post-Hippocratic Ancient Medicine S. KOTSOPOULOS, MD, PhD, FRCPC* Summary Introduction The medical treatises of a number of physicians of The time period covered in the present study extends the Hippocratic tradition, which have survived to pos - from the 1 st to the 7 th century A.D. A number of terity, provide a record of concepts of mental illness - important physicians-writers flourished in the six cen - es and their management for Late Antiquity and the tury period. Among those who lived in the earlier cen - early centuries of Byzantium. The writings are con - turies, Aretaeus the Cappadocian (c. 50 A.D.)[1], sidered here of Early Byzantium physicians. A nosol - Soranus of Ephesus (c. 78-117 A.D.)[2], and Rufus of ogy landmark was provided early by Aretaeus and Ephesus[3], probably contemporary of Soranus, Caelius Aurelianus distinguishing acute and chronic have dealt with mental illness extensively. Galen of diseases. Ancient physicians considered the pathol - Pergamum (131-201 A.D.) presented his views on ogy of mental illness as being biological consequent - mental illness less systematically. Among his several ly the treatment was primarily biological although treatises none is dealing exclusively with them.[4] At environmental interventions were also considered. a later date other medical writers such as Oribasius Prevalent was the concept of imbalance of the body of Pergamum (c.325-400)[5], Aetius of Amida (6 th fluids [humors]. Primary objective of the intervention century A.D.[6], Alegander of Tralles (525-605 was the restoration of balance among the humors. -
The Journey of Discovering Skull Base Anatomy in Ancient Egypt and the Special Influence of Alexandria
Neurosurg Focus 33 (2):E2, 2012 The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria ALI M. ELHADI, M.D., SamUEL KALB, M.D., LUIS PEREZ-ORRIBO, M.D., ANDREW S. LITTLE, M.D., ROBERT F. SpeTZLER, M.D., AND MARK C. PREUL, M.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 BC) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century AD, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, in- cluding neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. -
6 X 10 Long.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81954-1 - The Cambridge Companion to Galen Edited by R. J. Hankinson Index More information index Note: Works by or debatably by Galen are indexed by title in the form most commonly used in the text (usually English), and only where there is substantive comment or extended quotation (not for every citation). Latin titles and standard abbreviations are to be found in the Appendixes on pp. 391–403. Other authors’ works are indexed under the author’s name. Academics see Carneades, Academy of Alexandria, as centre of medical studies actuality/potentiality, Aristotelian 243–4, 259, 263, 268, 341 theory of 308–9 sixth-century Galenic syllabus 362–3, Adrastus 52, 327, 328 384–5 Aephicianus 335, 336 alphabetical ordering, arguments Aetius 359 for/against 320–1 agnosticism, as Galen’s philosophical Ammonius 88–9, 147 stance 178–9 anatomy on the nature of the soul 185–6, 196, ’adventitious’ 246, 259 198–9, 211, 233, 280 central role in medical study 242–3, on physiology 280–1 257, 276, 281 on theology 233 Galen’s training/predecessors 242, Agricola, Georg 370 243–4, 257 al-Biruni 364 Galen’s writings on 36, 41, 258 al-Farabi 350 historical development 256–7, 258, al-Razi (Rhazes) 356, 360, 366 262 Albinus of Smyrna 4 Renaissance interest in 372, 373–8 Alcinous 206 value denied by medical schools Didaskalikos 115 246 Alderotti, Taddeo 366 Anaxagoras 158–9, 294 Aldus Manutius/Aldine Press 367, ancient world, revivals of interest in 381 369–72, 386, 387 Alexander of Aphrodisias 24–5, 29, 93, ’ancients,’ Galen’s respect for 159, 107–8, 202, 203–4, 328, 329, 350, 180–1, 204 358 role in commentaries 330 Alexander of Damascus 12, 29, 44, 48, Andromachus (court physician to Nero) 180 312, 316 Alexander of Tralles 365 Andromachus (son of the above) 316 435 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81954-1 - The Cambridge Companion to Galen Edited by R. -
How to Uproot a Mandrake: Reciprocity of Knowledge Between Europe, the Middle East, and China Yuriko Yamanaka, Isabelle Draelants
How to Uproot a Mandrake: Reciprocity of Knowledge between Europe, the Middle East, and China Yuriko Yamanaka, Isabelle Draelants To cite this version: Yuriko Yamanaka, Isabelle Draelants. How to Uproot a Mandrake: Reciprocity of Knowledge be- tween Europe, the Middle East, and China. Horizons médiévaux d’Orient et d’Occident. Regards croisés entre France et Japon, s. dir. d’Egawa ATSUSHI, Marc SMITH, Megumi TANABE, Hanno WIJSMAN, [28 p.], inPress. halshs-03095958 HAL Id: halshs-03095958 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03095958 Submitted on 4 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Horizons médiévaux d’Orient et d’Occident Regards croisés entre France et Japon sous la direction de EGAWA Atsushi, Marc SMITH, TANABE Megumi, Hanno WIJSMAN Une version japonaise de ce volume a paru aux éditions Chisen Shokan en juin 2020 : 江川溫, マルク・スミス, 田邉めぐみ, ハンノ・ウェイスマン 『東西中世のさまざまな 地平― フランスと日本の交差するまなざし』 東京， 知泉書館，2020, 360 pages, ISBN : 978-4-86285-317-2 (EGAWA Atsushi, Marc SMITH, TANABE Megumi, Hanno WIJSMAN (éds.), Horizons médiévaux d‟Orient et d‟Occident. Regards croisés entre France et Japon, Tōkyō, Chisen Shokan). 1 Table des matières Introduction ........................................................................................................................... -
Anatomical Study in the Western World Before The
Acta Biomed 2019; Vol. 90, N. 4: 523-525 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i4.8738 © Mattioli 1885 Medical humanities Anatomical study in the Western world before the Middle Ages: historical evidence Andrea Alberto Conti, Ferdinando Paternostro Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy Summary. Although modern anatomy is commonly retained to begin in the XVI century, the roots of ana- tomical study in the Western world may be identified beforehand. An anatomical practice was present in the Western world well before the Middle Ages, starting in ancient Greece. Hippocrates of Cos (V-IV centuries B.C.) provided descriptions of the heart and vessels, and the so-called “Hippocratic Corpus” largely deals with anatomy. Aristotle of Stagira (IV century B.C.) was one of the first well-known scholars of the past to perform dissections of animals. The anatomical interest of Aristotle contained a “physiological” background too, since he was convinced that all parts of human organisms had one or more specific functions. Galen of Pergamum (II century A.D.) was the performer of hundreds of dissections of animals, and he described a great number of anatomical parts of apes, dogs, goats and pigs. The anatomical system of Galen became a gold standard for medicine for more than a thousand years, and in the Middle Ages (V-XV centuries A.D.) the human anatomy that was taught and acquired in European universities remained based on Galenic anatomy. In conclusion, Greek-speaking scholars between the IV century B.C. and the II century A.D. set the basis for the systematic dissection of animals and the comparative investigation of animal anatomical findings. -
The Thymus Gland in Ancient Greek Medicine
Hormones (2018) 17:285–286 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0026-4 HISTORICAL NOTE The thymus gland in ancient Greek medicine Konstantinos Laios1 Received: 20 August 2017 /Accepted: 9 February 2018 /Published online: 19 April 2018 # Hellenic Endocrine Society 2018 Abstract The term thymus was used in ancient Greek medical literature to describe not only the thymus gland but also the warty excrescences found mainly in the genitals or the anus, but also over the entire body. Rufus of Ephesus (1st–2nd c. AD) gave the earliest anatomical description of this gland in humans, while Galen (1st–2nd c. AD) first described it in animals. However, the origins and meaning of this term have long mystified researchers. A careful investigation into its etymology together with the information derived from early anatomical descriptions has enabled us to propose a new interpretation of the origins of the name of the thymus gland. Keywords Thymus gland . Rufus of Ephesus . Galen . Joannes Galenus Introduction Thymus in ancient Greek medicine and medical literature The origins of the term “thymus” (Greek: θύμος)todescribe the thymus gland have baffled researchers. In Indo-European ItshouldbeborneinmindthatinancientGreekmedical linguistics, the PIE root *dheu (1) meaning ‘vapor, fumes,’ literature, the term thymus (Greek: θύμος), mostly in the formed the basis for a large number of words throughout the plural form, that is thymoi (Greek: θύμοι), while being I. E. languages possessing the basic literal meaning of “to rise used to describe the thymus gland, mainly referred to warty in a cloud,” for example, Latin fumus,smoke,steam[1]. In excrescences or outgrowths that may be seen in the genitals Greek, it produced both literal and metaphorical meanings: the or the anus, though generally throughout the body. -
Gerrit Bos' Edition of Qusta Ibn Luqa's Ar-Risala Within
Vol 35 No 02: July - December 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v25i3.1695 GERRIT BOS’ EDITION OF QUSTA IBN LUQA’S AR-RISALA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE WESTERN SCHOLARSHIP1 Ayatullah Humaeni UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten Email: [email protected] Abstract This essay focuses on Gerrit Bos’ critical edition of Qusta Ibn Luqa’s Risala ila al-hasan b. Mahlad fi-tadbir safar al-hajj. This edition is one of Gerrit Bos’ works dealing with classical Arabic manuscript which was published by E.J. Brill publisher in 1992. As its title suggests, this work discusses unique insights regarding problems faced by the pilgrims in medieval times. The treatise is a concise, well-organized health guide for the pilgrims, who were lack of medical knowledge. It contains basic information about the best regimen to preserve one’s health and about potential major disease as well as their treatment. This essay also deals with the tradition of Western scholarship in editing and annotating classical Arabic manuscripts. In addition, this essay tries to discuss how Bos edited and annotated the classical Arabic text in accordance with the modern Western scholarship so that he could produce a reliable critical edition. In doing so, I refer to some relevant sources such as Rosenthal’s Technique, Witkam’s Establishing Stemma, Vrolijk’s Bringing a Laugh, GAL, GAS, EI², and some periodicals. The tradition of editing and annotating classical Arabic manuscripts have become concern of Western scholars for a couple of centuries. The works by Gerrit Bos (since 1992), Hans Daiber (since 1976), Frank Griffel (since 2000), Recha Allgaier (in progress), Martina Hussein (in progress), and Jessica Kley (in progress) are obvious samples proving that this tradition remain to continue for generations. -
Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen Studies in Ancient Medicine
Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen Studies in Ancient Medicine Edited by John Scarborough Philip J. van der Eijk Ann Ellis Hanson Joseph Ziegler VOLUME 40 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/sam Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen Selected Papers By Jacques Jouanna Translated by Neil Allies Edited with a Preface by Philip van der Eijk LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Miniature from the rst page of Galen's Commentary on Hippocrates' Prognostic as preserved in a Latin manuscript from Naples, VIII D 25 f. 85. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jouanna, Jacques. [Selections. English. 2012] Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen : selected papers / by Jacques Jouanna ; edited with a preface by Philip van der Eijk, translated by Neil Allies. p. cm. – (Studies in ancient medicine, ISSN 0925-1421 ; v. 40) Articles originally published in French. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-20859-9 (hbk. : acid-free paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-23254-9 (e-book) 1. Medicine, Greek and Roman–History. 2. Medicine, Greek and Roman–Philosophy. 3. Hippocrates. 4. Galen. I. van der Eijk, Philip. II. Allies, Neil. III. Title. R138.J685 2012 610.938–dc23 2012016074 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface.