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Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney Baffles Evolutionists

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Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney Baffles Evolutionists Answers Research Journal 14 (2021): 37–44. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v14/vertebrate_kidney_evolution.pdf Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney Baffles Evolutionists Jerry Bergman, Genesis Apologetics, PO Box 1326, Folsom, California 95763-1326. Abstract An unbridgeable gap exists between the simple urinary system used in invertebrates and the far more complex kidney system used in all vertebrates. No direct evidence of the evolution of one system into the other exists, nor have any viable “just-so” stories been proposed to explain the evolution of the simple invertebrate urinary system into the complex vertebrate kidney-urinary system. The common reason evolutionists give for the lack of evidence to bridge this chasm is that soft tissue is usually not preserved in the fossil record. The problem with this claim is thousands of so-called “living fossils” exist that are claimed to be anatomically close to their hundreds of millions years old design which should display evidence of the less evolved organs. Thus, if kidney evolution occurred, evidence of primitive kidneys in living animals that bridged the two very different systems would exist. Comparisons with living fossils reveals a “paleontologic record [that] is ambiguous and open to controversy” (Romer and Parsons 1986, 399). Another problem for evolution is that a design is employed even in the simplest, least-evolved mammals, that is very similar to that used in the highest-evolved primates, including humans (Romagnani, Lasagni, and Remuzzi 2013). All vertebrates use very close to the same design, and the few variations that exist are relatively minor. The main reason the designs are very similar is that, functioning effectively to remove waste products requires a specific, irreducibly complex kidney design. Keywords: kidney anatomy and physiology, evolution of body organs, fossil record, intelligent design, irreducible complexity, living fossils Introduction absorbed from our indiscriminate gastrointestinal Mahasen opines that, the “Evolution of the kidney tracts,” (Vize 2004, 345) a function which is actually is a hot topic for many researchers and biologists part of the critical as there is no better place to see the impact of task of keeping our internal environment in an ideal, evolutionary pressures on organ development balanced state. Our glands, our muscles, our bones, than in the kidney” (Mahasen 2016). This review our tendons, even our brains, are called upon to do examines the evidence for this “hot topic,” of kidney only one kind of physiological work, while our kidneys evolution from the simple system that functions to are called upon to perform an innumerable variety of remove waste products in invertebrates. The fact is, operations. Bones can break, muscles can atrophy, “the human kidney appears to be extraordinarily glands can loaf, even the brain can go to sleep, without complex” and well designed (Vize 2004, 344). The immediately endangering our survival, but when kidney is also the kidneys fail to manufacture the proper . blood an excellent biochemical model showing design in [composition] neither bone, muscle, gland nor brain nature. Design implies a designer. The development can carry on (Vize 2004, 344; emphasis added). of the kidney follows a very precise pattern and time The primary material the mammalian kidney schedule. The anatomy and physiology of the kidney removes is urea, the major waste product of protein and the entire urinary system are complex and metabolism, but numerous toxins are also removed. precise. The kidneys perform an incredible function. The kidneys must produce a healthy balance in In one day’s time, they filter the equivalence of sixty the blood of water, salts, and minerals (including times the total plasma. (Speck 1994, 505, 508). especially sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium). The kidneys also remove waste products The Importance of the Kidney produced by the body’s somatic cells (Ringoir, The kidneys’ critical importance, as summarized Vanholder, and Massry 2012). by Vize, is: “the composition of the blood is determined not by what the mouth ingests but by Basic Kidney Types and Functions what the kidneys keep; they are the master chemists The invertebrate excretory-kidney system is of our internal environment” (Vize 2004, 344). They generally divided into three basic types—contractile also “remove from the blood the infinite variety vacuoles, protonephridia, and the true kidney, the of foreign substances which are constantly being metanephridium. ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2021 Answers in Genesis, Inc. All content is owned by Answers in Genesis (“AiG”) unless otherwise indicated. AiG consents to unlimited copying and distribution of print copies of Answers Research Journal articles for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For website and other electronic distribution and publication, AiG consents to republication of article abstracts with direct links to the full papers on the ARJ website. All rights reserved. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 38 Jerry Bergman The contractile vacuoles used in protozoa, The protonephridia design consists of flame such as the amoeba, are not true excretory organs cells. Flame cells are a cluster of cilia that resemble but function primarily to remove water to regulate a flickering flame when microscopely examined the organism’s electrolyte balance. Excess water is (Valverde-Islas et at. 2011). The cilia propel waste collected in vesicles surrounding the cell membrane, matter through the tubules and out of the body which are then emptied into contractile vacuoles. through excretory pores on the body surface. This When the contractile vacuoles accumulate enough system is use in flatworms, annelids, nemertines and fluid, the excess passes through a membrane pore rotifers. into the surrounding environment. The cellular wastes are also excreted by ordinary exocytosis by The First True Kidney contractile vacuoles merging with the cell membrane, Metanephridium is the first system that could then expelling the wastes into the environment. be properly called a kidney (see figs. 1 and 2). It Some fish have chloride-secreting glands on is used in many invertebrate animals including their gills, while iguanas, marine turtles, snakes, crustaceans, arthropods, mollusks, and annelids. and birds that scoop fish out of the water, all have This system consists of a series of nephridium salt glands that excrete excess salt. Thus they tubules that terminates into a ciliated flame cell serve some of the same functions as kidneys (Kent where specific ions and molecules are reabsorbed. 1992, 510). These salt glands, however, use a very Materials remaining in the flame cells, including different design than kidneys and, therefore, are water, surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins, and not considered by evolutionists to be evolutionary excess hormones, are removed from the organism precursors to kidneys. Furthermore, all of these by directing them down funnel-shaped ciliated creatures have kidneys in addition to salt glands, so bodies called nephrostomes. These wastes are then one would not expect the salt gland to have evolved expelled into the environment through an excretory into the kidney or vice versa. Rather, they are extra- pore called the nephridiopore, located on the animal’s renal salt-excretion mechanisms that are not located body surface (Buchsbaum 1987, 299). in the same place as kidneys (Kent 1992, 510). For Malpighian tubule is a comparatively simple example, the salt excretion glands of lizards (for osmoregulatory system used in insects, myriapods example, the chuckwalla) and some marine birds (including millipedes and centipedes), arachnids, are located near the eye orbits and empty into the and tardigrades (that is, water bears). The system nasal canals (Kent 1992, 510–511). Sweat glands are consists of thin, delicate, convoluted, blind-branching another extra-renal method that mammals use to tubules extending away from the alimentary eliminate excess salt. canal. The excretory system is formed by a bank of Transverse Intestine Pharynx nerve Eyespot Mouth and anus Cerebral ganglia Longitudinal nerve cords Peripheral nerves Cilia Nucleus Excretory canal Tubule Tube cell Flame cell Excretory pore Fig. 1. Metanephridium in a planarian flatworm. Contrast this with the vertebrate kidney in fig. 2. Image: https:// courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology2/chapter/superphylum-lophotrochozoa/. 39 Cortical blood vessels Arcuate blood vessels Interlobar blood vessels Minor calyx Renal vein Major calyx Renal pelvis Renal Renal hilum nerve Pyramid Renal artery Papilla Medulla Renal column Ureter Cortex Capsule Fig. 2. A cross section of the body of the human kidney. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/87/2610_The_Kidney.jpg. OpenStax College, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons. Malpighian tubules. Malpighian tubules are slender Kangaroo rats require a highly efficient water
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