DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND today, and more than 40 others have recently ENGINEERING expressed an interest in developing new nuclear energy programs. Nuclear power is the only low-carbon energy source that is both inherently scalable and already generating a signicant share of the The Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE) provides world's electricity supplies. Fission technology is entering a new era undergraduate and graduate education for students interested in in which upgraded existing plants, next-generation reactors, and developing new nuclear technologies for the benet of society and new fuel cycle technologies and strategies will contribute to meeting the environment. the rapidly growing global demand for safe and cost-competitive low- carbon electricity supplies. This is an exciting time to study nuclear science and engineering. There is an upsurge of innovative activity in the eld, including a Fission energy research in the Nuclear Science and Engineering drastic increase in nuclear start-up companies, as energy resource department is focused on developing advanced constraints, security concerns, and the risks of climate change are designs for electricity, process heat, and fluid fuels production creating new demands for safe, secure, cost-competitive nuclear that include passive safety features; developing innovative energy systems. At the same time, powerful new tools for exploring, proliferation-resistant fuel cycles; extending the life of nuclear measuring, modeling, and controlling complex nuclear and fuels and structures; and reducing the capital and operating costs processes are laying the foundations for major advances in the of nuclear energy systems. These research goals are pursued via application of nuclear technologies in medicine and industry as well targeted technology options, based on advanced modeling and as in fundamental science. simulation techniques and state-of-the-art experimental facilities. Progress toward these goals also entails advances in the thermal, In response to these developments, the department has created materials, nuclear, and computational sciences. The overall objective programs of study that prepare students for scientic and is to advance the role of nuclear energy as an economical, safe, engineering leadership roles in energy and non-energy applications environmentally benign, and flexible energy source, thereby of nuclear science and technology. Applications include nuclear contributing to energy security, economic growth, and a sustainable ssion energy systems, fusion energy systems, and systems global climate. for securing nuclear materials against the threats of and terrorism. Underlying these applications are core Plasma and Fusion Technology. A dierent source of nuclear elds of education and research, including low-energy nuclear energy results from the controlled fusion of light elements, notably physics; plasma physics; thermal sciences; radiation sources, hydrogen isotopes. Since the basic source of fuel for fusion can detection, and control; the study of materials in harsh chemo- be easily and inexpensively extracted from the ocean or from very mechanical, radiation, and thermal environments; and advanced abundant lithium, the supply is virtually inexhaustible. Fusion computation and simulation. reactions can only readily occur in a fully ionized plasma heated to ultra high temperatures (150 million K). Such hot plasmas cannot Students in nuclear science and engineering study the scientic be contained by material walls and are usually conned instead fundamentals of the eld, engineering methods for integrating these by strong magnetic elds. An alternative approach entails inertial fundamentals into practical systems, and the interactions of nuclear connement, usually achieved with very high-power lasers. Recent systems with society and the environment. Undergraduate and progress within the international fusion community increases the graduate students take core subjects in the eld and can then select likelihood that controlled fusion will become a practical source of from a wide variety of application areas through more specialized energy within the next half-century. Attainment of a subjects. plant involves the solution of many intellectually challenging physics Principal areas of research and education in the department are and engineering problems. Included among these challenges are a described below. mastery of the sophisticated eld of plasma physics; the discovery of improved magnetic geometries to enhance plasma connement; the Energy. Nuclear reactors, utilizing the ssion of development of materials capable of withstanding high stresses and heavy elements such as , supply approximately 13% of the exposure to intense radiation; and the need for great engineering world's electricity, powering grids, ships and submarines. They ingenuity in integrating fusion power components into a practical, produce radioisotopes for medical, biological, and industrial uses, safe, and economical system. The department has strong programs and for long-lived on-board power sources for spacecra. They can in plasma fundamentals, materials for intense radiation elds, and also provide energy for chemical and industrial processing and engineering of fusion systems. portable fuel production (e.g., synthetic fuels or hydrogen). Plasma processes are key to many naturally occurring phenomena, Electricity generation is the most familiar application. In some and to many practical applications. Solar physics, space countries, the fraction of electricity obtained from nuclear power weather, and dusty plasma physics, are basic plasma research exceeds 50%. In the United States, 100 nuclear power plants supply areas of departmental expertise. Treatment of toxic gases, almost 20% of the nation's electricity. Thirty countries generate magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion, ion propulsion, radiation

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 3 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

generation, materials processing, and various other industrial new scientic tools, including advanced compact radiation sources, applications use the knowledge students gain in applied plasma material probes and characterization at the nanoscale, and advanced physics. The Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering leads computational simulations. MIT's interdepartmental graduate instruction in plasma physics and many of its research applications. Interdisciplinary Research. Students and faculty in the department work closely with colleagues in several other departments, Nuclear Security. The eld of nuclear security concerns itself including Physics, and Engineering, Mechanical with the challenges and dangers of nuclear weapons and , and Computer Science, and materials. Various areas of nuclear security include nuclear Political Science, and with the Sloan School of Management. The nonproliferation, arms control treaty verication, cargo security, department is an active participant in the MIT Energy Initiative and as well as nuclear safeguards. In order for nuclear ssion power in MIT's interdisciplinary programs of instruction and research in the to retain its societal relevance, it is important for the nuclear management of complex technological systems and technology and community to develop a culture of security just as it has developed public policy. a culture of safety. Thus, nuclear security in its broadest sense becomes of paramount importance to the nuclear engineering community. MIT in particular is perfectly positioned to perform long- Undergraduate Study term research in the eld of nuclear security, to make the use of The department's undergraduate programs oer a strong foundation nuclear energy less risky for global security. Part of this eort of in science-based engineering, providing the skills and knowledge necessity contains a component of policy, as well as a component for a broad range of careers, with an emphasis on hands-on of technological research necessary to stop proliferation, improve exploration of the subject matter. The programs develop scientic nuclear safeguards, and intercept any attempts at nuclear terrorism: and engineering fundamentals in the production, interactions, a successful program cannot be either purely technology driven measurement, and control of radiation arising from nuclear or purely policy driven but rather a careful integration of these two processes. In addition, the program introduces students to thermal- areas. MIT is actively pursuing an integration of both technology and fluid engineering and computational methods. Building upon these policy development. fundamentals, students understand the principles, design, and Quantum Physics. An exciting new frontier in nuclear science appropriate application of nuclear-based or nuclear-related systems and engineering is to precisely control the quantum mechanical that have broad societal impacts in energy, human health, and wave function of atomic and subatomic systems. Thus far, this has security—for example, reactors, imaging systems, detectors, and been achieved only in low-energy processes, particularly nuclear plasma connement. In addition, they develop professional skills magnetic resonance, a form of nuclear which has in quantitative research, written and oral technical communication, allowed the basic techniques needed for quantum control to be team building, and leadership. The program provides excellent explored in unprecedented detail. The department has initiated preparation for subsequent employment, graduate education, and/ an ambitious program in this area, which promises to be widely or research in a broad range of elds. In the nuclear eld, there is applicable in . The ultimate achievement would high demand for nuclear around the world as the nuclear be the construction of a "quantum computer," which would be energy industry continues to expand. Other nuclear and radiation capable of solving problems that are far beyond the capacities of applications are increasingly important in medicine, industry, and classical computers. Other signicant applications are quantum- government. enabled sensors and actuators, secure communication, and the A characteristic of the curriculum is the development of practical direct simulation of quantum physics. skills through hands-on education to reinforce the fundamentals Materials for Extreme Environments. An important area of research of the nuclear discipline. This is accomplished through various in the department which unites many of the primary applications of required and elective subjects, such as a laboratory subject on nuclear science and technology involves the study of materials in radiation physics, measurement, and protection (22.09 Principles extreme environments. To achieve the full potential of nuclear energy of Nuclear Radiation Measurement and Protection), and through from both ssion and fusion reactors, it is necessary to develop the laboratory components and exercises of the electronics (22.071 special materials capable of withstanding intense radiation for Analog Electronics From Circuits to the Zero-Carbon Grid), ionizing long periods of time as well as high temperatures and mechanical radiation, and computational subjects. Even foundational courses stresses. It is also crucial to understand the phenomenon of in nuclear unit processes (22.01 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering corrosion in radiation environments. To develop a fundamental and ) and neutronics (22.05 Science understanding of these phenomena, chemical and physical and Reactor Physics) include hands-on activities and analyses of processes must be followed at multiple scales, from the atomic to real objects/systems. Examples include burning 1,000 bananas the macroscopic, over timescales from less than a nanosecond to to measure their radioactivity, predicting and measuring the many decades, and even, in the case of nuclear waste, thousands of criticality of an eight-foot /uranium pile, and analyzing trace years. Materials research in the department draws on a wide array of impurities in various foods, minerals, or even toenails in our nuclear

4 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

reactor. The concept of hands-on learning is continued with a 15-unit second term in the program, to be reviewed by the Undergraduate design subject focusing on nuclear-centric design and prototyping Committee. and/or a 12-unit undergraduate thesis that is normally organized between the student and a faculty member of the department. Thesis Combined Bachelor's and Master's Programs subjects can touch on any area of nuclear science and engineering, The ve-year programs leading to a joint Bachelor of Science in including nuclear energy applications (ssion and fusion) and , , Electrical Engineering, nuclear science and technology (medical, physical, chemical, , Nuclear Science and Engineering, or security, political science, and materials applications). Physics and a Master of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering are designed for students who decide relatively early in their Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering (Course undergraduate career that they wish to pursue a graduate degree 22) in nuclear science and engineering. Students must submit their The Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering application for this program during the second term of their junior (Course 22) (http://catalog.mit.edu/degree-charts/nuclear-science- year and be judged to satisfy the graduate admission requirements engineering-course-22) prepares students for a broad range of of the department. The normal expectations of MIT undergraduates careers, from practical engineering work in the nuclear and other for admission to the ve-year program are an overall MIT grade point energy industries to graduate study in a wide range of technical average (GPA) of at least 4.3, and a strong mathematics, science, and elds, as well as entrepreneurship, law, medicine, and business. engineering background with a GPA in these subjects of at least 4.0. The degree program includes foundational subjects in physics, mathematics, and programming, leading to core subjects in the The nuclear science and engineering thesis requirements of the two areas of nuclear energy (ssion and fusion), as well as nuclear degrees may be satised either by completing both an SB thesis energy policy, social issues surrounding nuclear energy, quantum and an SM thesis, or by completing an SM thesis and any 12 units of engineering, radiation physics, and product design. undergraduate credit.

The Course 22 degree program is accredited by the Engineering For further information, interested students should contact either Accreditation Commission of Accreditation Board for Engineering and their undergraduate department or the Department of (ABET) (http://www.abet.org). Science and Engineering.

Minor in Nuclear Science and Engineering Bachelor of Science in Engineering (Course 22-ENG) This minor allows students from any major outside of Course 22 The 22-ENG degree program (http://catalog.mit.edu/degree- to delve deeper into advanced topics within the department or to charts/engineering-nuclear-science-engineering-course-22-eng) support interdisciplinary areas of interest in nuclear science and is designed to oer flexibility within the context of nuclear science engineering. and engineering applications. This program is designed to enable students to pursue a deeper level of understanding in a specic Required subjects nuclear application or interdisciplinary eld related to the nuclear 18.03 Dierential Equations 12 science and engineering core discipline. The degree requirements 22.01 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering 12 include core subjects relevant to a broad array of nuclear and related and Ionizing Radiation interdisciplinary areas, a specialization subject in energy systems, NSE Electives and a senior project, as well as a focus area consisting of 72 units of Select two of the following: 24 additional coursework. 22.02 Introduction to Applied Nuclear A signicant part of the 22-ENG degree program consists of focus Physics area electives chosen by the student to provide in-depth study in a 22.033 Nuclear Systems Design Project eld of the student’s choosing. Focus areas should complement a 22.05 Neutron Science and Reactor Physics foundation in nuclear science and engineering and General Institute 22.06 Engineering of Nuclear Systems Requirements. Some examples of potential focus areas include 22.09 Principles of Nuclear Radiation , energy or nuclear policy, fusion energy or plasma Measurement and Protection science, clean energy technologies, nuclear materials, modeling and simulation of complex systems, and quantum engineering, or an area Foundation and Specialized Subjects of study within one of the departmental focus areas. Focus areas are Select one of the following options: 24 not limited to these examples. Advising on students' development Option 1 of focus areas is available from the undergraduate ocer or the 2.005 Thermal-Fluids Engineering I 1 Academic Oce. Students enrolled in the flexible major must submit or 8.03 Physics III a proposal to the Academic Oce no later than Add Date of the 12 units of Course 22 coursework 2

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 5 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Option 2 24 units of Course 22 coursework 2 Master of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering The object of the master of science program is to give the student a Total Units 72 good general knowledge of nuclear science and engineering and to 1 Subject has prerequisites that are outside the program. provide a foundation either for productive work in the nuclear eld 2 or for more advanced graduate study. The general requirements for Selected subjects must be letter-graded. Research/UROP subjects cannot be used. the SM degree are listed under Graduate Education. In addition to the general requirements, 22.11 Applied and 22.12 Radiation Interactions, Control, and Measurement are required for all Inquiries master of science degree candidates. Further information on undergraduate programs, admissions, and nancial aid may be obtained from the department's Academic Oce Other subjects may be selected in accordance with the student's ([email protected]), Room 24-102, 617-258-5682. particular eld of interest. Master of science candidates may specialize in one of several elds: including nuclear ssion technology, applied plasma physics, nuclear materials, nuclear Graduate Study security, and nuclear science and technology. Some students pursue The nuclear science and engineering eld is broad and many a master of science degree in technology and policy in parallel with undergraduate disciplines provide suitable preparation for graduate the Course 22 master of science program. study. Students with adequate undergraduate preparation take An undergraduate degree in physics, , chemistry, approximately 18 months to complete the requirements for the mathematics, materials science, or chemical, civil, electrical, master of science. Actual completion time ranges from one to two mechanical, or nuclear science and engineering can provide a years. Additional information concerning the requirements for the good foundation for graduate study in the department. Optimal Master of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering, including lists undergraduate preparation would include the following: of recommended subjects, may be obtained from the department's Academic Oce, Room 24-102. • Physics: At least three introductory subjects covering classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and wave phenomena. Nuclear An introduction to quantum mechanics is quite helpful, and The program of study leading to the nuclear engineer's degree an advanced subject in electricity and magnetism (including a provides deeper knowledge of nuclear science and engineering description of time-dependent elds via Maxwell's equations) is than is possible in the master's program and is intended to train recommended for those wishing to specialize in fusion. students for creative professional careers in engineering application • Mathematics: It is essential that incoming students have a or design. solid understanding of mathematics, including the study and The general requirements for this degree, as described under application of ordinary dierential equations. It is also highly Graduate Education, include 162 units of subject credit plus a thesis. recommended that students will have studied partial dierential Each student must plan an individually selected program of study, equations and linear algebra. approved in advance by the faculty advisor, and must complete, and • Chemistry: At least one term of general, inorganic, and physical orally defend, a substantial project of signicant value. chemistry. • Engineering fundamentals: The graduate curriculum builds on The objectives of the program are to provide the candidate with a variety of engineering fundamentals, and incoming students broad knowledge of the profession and to develop competence in are expected to have had an introduction to thermodynamics, engineering applications or design. The emphasis in the program is fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electronics and measurement, more applied and less research-oriented than the doctoral program. and computation. A subject covering the mechanics of materials The engineering project required of all candidates for the nuclear is recommended, particularly for students wishing to specialize engineer's degree is generally the subject of an engineer's thesis. in ssion. A student with full undergraduate preparation normally needs two • Laboratory experience: This component is essential. It may have years to complete the program. Additional information may be been achieved through an organized subject, and ideally was obtained from the department. supplemented with an independent undergraduate research activity or a design project. Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science Applicants for admissions are required to take the Graduate Record The program of study leading to either the doctor of philosophy or Examination (GRE). the doctor of science degree aims to give comprehensive knowledge of nuclear science and engineering, to develop competence

6 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

in advanced engineering research, and to develop a sense of exam. An overall GPA in graduate subjects of 4.0 is required to take perspective in assessing the role of nuclear science and technology the oral. in our society. Students will be permitted to embark on doctoral research only if, General requirements for the doctorate are described under by the end of their fourth graduate term, they have demonstrated Graduate Education and in the Graduate School Policy and satisfactory performance in the core requirement, the eld of Procedures Manual. The specic requirements of the Department specialization, and the oral examination. of Nuclear Science and Engineering are the math and physics competency requirement, the engineering requirement, the core Candidates for the doctoral degree must satisfactorily complete requirement, the eld of specialization requirement, the oral (with an average grade of B or better) an approved program of examination, the advanced subject and minor requirements, and the two advanced subjects (24 units) that are closely related to the doctoral thesis. student’s doctoral thesis topic. Neither of these subjects may be from the list of three subjects selected to satisfy the eld-of- Upon satisfactory completion of the requirements, the student specialization requirement. The advanced subjects should be ordinarily receives a PhD unless he or she requests an ScD. The arranged in consultation with the student’s thesis advisor and requirements for both degrees are the same. the student’s registration ocer, and should have the approval of the registration ocer. In addition, students must satisfactorily Students admitted for the master of science or nuclear engineer's complete at least 24 units of coordinated subjects outside the eld degree must apply to the Department of Nuclear Science and of specialization and the area of thesis research (the minor). The Engineering's Admissions Committee for admission to the doctoral minor should be chosen in consultation with and have the approval program. of the registration ocer.

Students admitted for a doctoral degree must complete the math and Doctoral research may be undertaken either in the Department of physics competency requirement and the engineering requirement Nuclear Science and Engineering or in a nuclear-related eld in prior to entering the doctoral program. another department. Appropriate areas of research are described Candidates for the doctoral degree must demonstrate competence generally in the introduction to the department, and a detailed at the graduate level in the core areas of nuclear science and list may be obtained from the Department of Nuclear Science and engineering. The NSE core consists of the following six modules: Engineering.

22.11 Applied Nuclear Physics 6 Interdisciplinary Programs 22.12 Radiation Interactions, Control, and 6 Measurement Computational Science and Engineering Doctoral Program The Doctoral Program in Computational Science and Engineering 22.13 Nuclear Energy Systems 6 (CSE PhD) (https://cse.mit.edu/programs/phd) allows students to 22.14 Materials in Nuclear Engineering 6 specialize in a computation-related eld of their choice through 22.15 Essential Numerical Methods 6 focused coursework and a doctoral thesis through a number 22.16 Nuclear Technology and Society 6 of participating host departments. The CSE PhD program is administered jointly by the Center for Computational Science The core requirement must be completed by the end of the fourth and Engineering (CCSE) and the host departments, with the graduate term. emphasis of thesis research activities being the development of Candidates for the doctoral degree are also required to complete new computational methods and/or the innovative application of three 12-unit (or greater than 12-unit) graduate subjects in their computational techniques to important problems in engineering eld of specialization with a grade of B or better. All three subjects and science. For more information, see the full program description must be completed by the end of the fourth regular graduate term. (http://catalog.mit.edu/interdisciplinary/graduate-programs/ The eld-of-specialization subjects should together provide a computational-science-engineering) under Interdisciplinary combination of depth and breadth of knowledge. The eld-of- Graduate Programs. specialization plan must be submitted by the beginning of the second graduate term. Technology and Policy The Master of Science in Technology and Policy is an engineering Candidates for a doctoral degree are required to demonstrate research degree with a strong focus on the role of technology in their readiness to undertake doctoral research by passing an oral policy analysis and formulation. The Technology and Policy Program examination by the end of their fourth graduate term. Oral exams (TPP) (http://tpp.mit.edu) curriculum provides a solid grounding are held twice a year, at the beginning of February and at the end of in technology and policy by combining advanced subjects in the May. Students will generally take the oral exam for the rst time in student's chosen technical eld with courses in economics, politics, February of their second year. Two attempts are allowed at the oral quantitative methods, and social science. Many students combine

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 7 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

TPP's curriculum with complementary subjects to obtain dual Most of the departmental research on plasmas and controlled degrees in TPP and either a specialized branch of engineering or fusion is carried out in the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The an applied social science such as political science or urban studies department has played a major role in the design and development and planning. See the program description (http://catalog.mit.edu/ of high magnetic-eld fusion devices. Through its activities in the schools/mit-schwarzman-college-computing/data-systems-society) center, the department is also the national leader in the design of under the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society. both copper and superconducting magnets.

Financial Support The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the- Financial aid for graduate students is available in the form of art instrumentation for measurement of fluid thermo-physical research and teaching assistantships, department-administered properties, fabrication facilities to engineer surfaces at the micro fellowships, and supplemental subsidies from the College Work- and nano scale, and flow loops for characterizing convective heat Study Program. Assistantships are awarded to students with high transfer and fluid dynamics behavior. A particularly novel facility quality academic records. The duty of a teaching assistant is to uses high-speed infrared thermography to study fundamental assist a faculty member in the preparation of subject materials and phenomena of boiling, such as bubble nucleation, growth, and the conduct of classes, while that of a research assistant is to work departure from a heated surface over a broad range of operating on a research project under the supervision of one or more faculty pressures, flow rates, and heat fluxes. members. The study of nuclear materials plays a central role in the department. Most fellowships are awarded in April for the following academic Research in the Laboratory for Electrochemical Interfaces centers year. Assistantships are awarded on a semester basis. The on understanding the response of surface structure and physical assignment of teaching assistants is made before the start of each chemistry when driven by dynamic environments of chemical semester, while research assistants can be assigned at any time. reactivity and mechanical stress. This laboratory is equipped with Essentially all students admitted to the doctoral program receive surface science tools including scanning tunneling microscopy nancial aid for the duration of their education. and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as electrochemical and electronic characterization tools. The H. H. Uhlig Corrosion Application for nancial aid should be made to Professor Jacopo Laboratory investigates the causes of failure in materials, with an Buongiorno, Room 24-206, 617-253-7316. emphasis on nuclear materials. The Mesoscale Nuclear Materials group studies reasons for material property changes due to radiation Inquiries and rapid ways of measuring them. Additional information on graduate admissions and academic and research programs may be obtained from the department's Academic The Cappellaro lab is located in the Research Laboratory of Oce ([email protected]), Room 24-102, 617-253-3814. Electronics and consists of a 1,200 sq--space dedicated to magnetic resonance and spin physics. One laboratory houses a 7 Tesla superconducting magnet with a wide bore and in- Research Facilities house-made probes, equipped with a spectrometer providing RF modulation and detection for the manipulation and detection of The department's programs are supported by a number of nuclear spins. Two other laboratories are dedicated to NV-based outstanding experimental facilities for advanced research in nuclear research. The laboratories house three state-of-the art confocal science and engineering. photoluminescence setups with all of the necessary microwave electronics, RF electronics, and control hardware for manipulating NV The MIT Research Reactor in the Nuclear Reactor Laboratory operates quantum spins and one confocal microscope for imaging only. at a power of 6 MW and is fueled with U-235 in a compact light- cooled core surrounded by a heavy-water reflector. This reactor In addition to the above facilities, the department has a nuclear provides a wide range of radiation-related research and teaching instrumentation laboratory and a 14 MeV . Laboratory opportunities for the students and faculty of the department. Major space and shop facilities are available for research in all areas of programs to study corrosion in a nuclear environment are currently in nuclear science and engineering. A state-of-the-art scanning electron place. Details of the laboratory's research programs and facilities are microscope with an integrated focused ion beam that can be used given in the section on Research and Study (http://catalog.mit.edu/ to study irradiated specimens is available. A number of computer mit/research). workstations and Beowulf clusters dedicated to simulation, modeling, and visualization, as well as MIT's extensive computer The department utilizes extensive experimental plasma facilities for facilities, are used in research and graduate instruction. the production and connement of large volumes of highly ionized plasmas and for studies of plasma turbulence, particle motions, and other phenomena.

8 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Faculty and Teaching Sta Associate Professors Emilio Baglietto, PhD Anne E. White, PhD Associate Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering (On leave, spring) Head, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Areg Danagoulian, PhD Benoit Forget, PhD Associate Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering (On leave, spring) Associate Head, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering R. Scott Kemp, PhD Professors Class of ’43 Associate Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Jacopo Buongiorno, PhD Michael P. Short, PhD TEPCO Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Class of ’42 Associate Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Paola Cappellaro, PhD (On leave, spring) Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO) Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Assistant Professors Professor of Physics Matteo Bucci, PhD Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Jerey P. Freidberg, PhD Professor Post-Tenure of Nuclear Science and Engineering Jack Hare, PhD Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Michael W. Golay, PhD Professor Post-Tenure of Nuclear Science and Engineering Zachary Hartwig, PhD Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Ian H. Hutchinson, PhD Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Mingda Li, PhD Norman C. Rasmussen Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Alan P. Jasano, PhD Engineering Professor of Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Koroush Shirvan, PhD Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences John C. Hardwick Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Richard K. Lester, PhD Japan Steel Industry Professor Research Sta Associate Provost

Ju Li, PhD Senior Research Scientists Battelle Energy Alliance Professor of Nuclear Science and Peter J. Catto, PhD Engineering Senior Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Principal Research Scientists Nuno F. Loureiro, PhD Charles W. Forsberg, ScD Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Principal Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Physics Research Scientists Dennis G. Whyte, PhD Georgios Dimitrakopoulos, PhD Hitachi America Professor of Engineering Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Jinyong Feng, PhD Bilge Yildiz, PhD Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Richard C. Lanza, PhD Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 9 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Farheen Naqvi, PhD Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Undergraduate Subjects Bren Phillips, PhD Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering 22.00 Introduction to Modeling and Simulation Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject. Zhi Zhu, PhD Oered under: 1.021, 3.021, 10.333, 22.00 Research Scientist of Nuclear Science and Engineering Prereq: 18.03, 3.016B, or permission of instructor U (Spring) Professors Emeriti 4-0-8 units. REST

George Apostolakis, PhD See description under subject 3.021. Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering M. Buehler, R. Freitas

Ronald G. Ballinger, ScD 22.003 NEET Seminar: Renewable Energy Machines Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering Prereq: Permission of instructor Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering U (Fall, Spring) 1-0-2 units Kent F. Hansen, PhD Can be repeated for credit. Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering Seminar for students enrolled in the Renewable Energy Machines Linn W. Hobbs, DPhil NEET thread. Focuses on topics around renewable energy via guest Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering lectures and research discussions. Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering M. Short David D. Lanning, PhD Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering 22.01 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering and Ionizing Radiation Ronald M. Latanision, PhD Prereq: None Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering U (Fall) Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering 3-1-8 units. REST

Kim Molvig, PhD Provides an introduction to nuclear science and its engineering Associate Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering applications. Describes basic nuclear models, radioactivity, nuclear reactions and kinematics. Covers the interaction of ionizing radiation Ronald R. Parker, PhD with matter, with an emphasis on radiation detection, radiation Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering shielding, and radiation eects on human health. Presents energy Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering systems based on ssion and fusion nuclear reactions, as well as Neil E. Todreas, PhD industrial and medical applications of nuclear science. Lectures Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering are viewed outside of class; in-class time is dedicated to problem- Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering solving and discussion. M. Short Sidney Yip, PhD Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering

10 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.011 Nuclear Engineering: Science, Systems and Society 22.022 Quantum Technology and Devices Prereq: None Subject meets with 8.751[J], 22.51[J] U (Spring) Prereq: 8.04, 22.02, or permission of instructor 1-0-2 units U (Spring) 3-0-9 units Introduction to the basic physics of nuclear energy and radiation, with an emphasis on the unique attributes and challenges of nuclear Examines the unique features of quantum theory to generate energy as a low-carbon solution. Discusses peaceful applications of technologies with capabilities beyond any classical device. ionizing radiation, such as reactors for materials science research, Introduces fundamental concepts in applied quantum mechanics, nuclear medicine, and security initiatives. Explores ssion energy, tools and applications of quantum technology, with a focus on establishing the scientic, engineering, and economic basis for quantum information processing beyond quantum computation. power reactors. Describes the latest advances in nuclear reactor Includes discussion of quantum devices and experimental platforms technology. Introduces magnetic fusion energy research, with drawn from active research in academia and industry. Students lectures covering the scientic and engineering basis of , taking graduate version complete additional assignments. the state-of-the-art in world fusion experiments, and the MIT vision P. Cappellaro for a high-magnetic eld fusion reactor. Uses radiation detection equipment to explore radioactivity in everyday life. Subject can 22.03[J] Introduction to Design Thinking and Rapid Prototyping count toward the 6-unit discovery-focused credit limit for rst year Same subject as 3.0061[J] students. Prereq: None A. White, M. Short, J. Buongiorno, J. Parsons U (Fall) 2-2-2 units 22.014 Ethics for Engineers Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject. Focuses on design thinking, an iterative process that uses divergent Oered under: 1.082, 2.900, 6.904, 10.01, 16.676, 22.014 and convergent thinking to approach design problems and prototype Subject meets with 6.9041, 20.005 and test solutions. Includes experiences in creativity, problem Prereq: None scoping, and rapid prototyping skills. Skills are built over the course U (Fall, Spring) of the semester through design exercises and projects. Enrollment 2-0-4 units limited; preference to Course 22 Course 3 majors and minors, and NEET students. See description under subject 10.01. M. Short, E. Olivetti, A. Nasto D. A. Lauenberger, B. L. Trout 22.033 Nuclear Systems Design Project 22.02 Introduction to Applied Nuclear Physics Subject meets with 22.33 Prereq: 8.03 or permission of instructor Prereq: None U (Spring) U (Fall) 5-0-7 units. REST 3-0-12 units

Covers basic concepts of nuclear physics with emphasis on nuclear Group design project involving integration of nuclear physics, structure and interactions of radiation with matter. Topics include particle transport, control, heat transfer, safety, instrumentation, elementary quantum theory; nuclear forces; shell structure of the materials, environmental impact, and economic optimization. nucleus; alpha, beta and gamma radioactive decays; interactions of Provides opportunity to synthesize knowledge acquired in nuclear nuclear (charged particles, gammas, and ) with and non-nuclear subjects and apply this knowledge to practical matter; nuclear reactions; ssion and fusion. problems of current interest in nuclear applications design. Past M. Li projects have included using a fusion reactor for transmutation of nuclear waste, design and implementation of an experiment to predict and measure pebble flow in a pebble bed reactor, and development of a mission plan for a manned Mars mission including the conceptual design of a nuclear powered space propulsion system and power plant for the Mars surface, a lunar/Martian nuclear power station and the use of nuclear plants to extract oil from tar sands. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Z. Hartwig, M. Short

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 11 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.039 Integration of Reactor Design, Operations, and Safety 22.042 Modeling with Machine Learning: Nuclear Science and Subject meets with 22.39 Engineering Applications Prereq: 22.05 and 22.06 Subject meets with 22.42 U (Fall) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and 6.0001; Coreq: 6.402 3-2-7 units U (Spring) 2-0-4 units Covers the integration of reactor physics and engineering sciences Credit cannot also be received for 1.024, 1.224, 2.161, 2.169, 3.100[J], into design, focusing on designs projected to 3.322[J], 10.402[J], 10.602[J], 20.301[J], 20.401[J], 22.42 be used in the rst half of this century. Topics include materials issues in plant design and operations, aspects of thermal design, Building on core material in 6.402, focuses on applying various fuel depletion and ssion-product poisoning, and temperature machine learning techniques to a broad range of topics which eects on reactivity. Addresses safety considerations in regulations are of core value in modern nuclear science and engineering. and operations, such as the evolution of the regulatory process, Relevant topics include machine learning on fusion and plasma the concept of defense in depth, general design criteria, accident diagnosis, reactor physics and nuclear ssion, nuclear materials analysis, probabilistic risk assessment, and risk-informed properties, quantum engineering and nuclear materials, and nuclear regulations. Students taking graduate version complete additional security. Special components center on the additional machine assignments. learning architectures that are most relevant to a certain eld, the E. Bagglietto implementation, and picking up the right problems to solve using a machine learning approach. Final project dedicated to the eld- 22.04[J] Social Problems of Nuclear Energy specic applications. Students taking graduate version complete Same subject as STS.084[J] additional assignments. Students cannot receive credit without Prereq: None simultaneous completion of the core subject 6.402. U (Fall) M. Li 3-0-9 units. HASS-S 22.05 Neutron Science and Reactor Physics Surveys the major social challenges for nuclear energy. Topics Prereq: 18.03, 22.01, and (1.000, 2.086, 6.0002, or 12.010) include the ability of nuclear power to help mitigate climate change; U (Fall) challenges associated with ensuring nuclear safety; the eects of 5-0-7 units nuclear accidents; the management of nuclear waste; the linkages between nuclear power and nuclear weapons, the consequences Introduces fundamental properties of the neutron. Covers reactions of nuclear war; and political challenges to the safe and economic induced by neutrons, nuclear ssion, slowing down of neutrons in regulation of the nuclear industry. Weekly readings presented innite media, diusion theory, the few-group approximation, point from both sides of the debate, followed by in-class discussions. kinetics, and ssion-product poisoning. Emphasizes the nuclear Instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. physics bases of reactor design and its relationship to reactor Limited to 18. engineering problems. R. S. Kemp B. Forget

12 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.051 Systems Analysis of the Cycle 22.06 Engineering of Nuclear Systems Subject meets with 22.251 Prereq: 2.005 Prereq: 22.05 U (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) 4-0-8 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units Using the basic principles of reactor physics, thermodynamics, fluid flow and heat transfer, students examine the engineering design of Studies the relationship between technical and policy elements of nuclear power plants. Emphasizes light-water reactor technology, the . Topics include uranium supply, enrichment, thermal limits in nuclear fuels, thermal-hydraulic behavior of the fuel fabrication, in-core reactivity and fuel management of uranium coolant, nuclear safety and dynamic response of nuclear power and other fuel types, used fuel reprocessing, and waste disposal. plants. Presents principles of fuel cycle economics and the applied reactor K. Shirvan physics of both contemporary and proposed thermal and fast reactors. Examines nonproliferation aspects, disposal of excess 22.061 Fusion Energy weapons , and transmutation of long lived radioisotopes Prereq: 22.01 or permission of instructor in spent fuel. Several state-of-the-art computer programs relevant U (Spring) to reactor core physics and heat transfer are provided for student 4-1-7 units use in problem sets and term papers. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Surveys the fundamental science and engineering required to K. Shirvan generate energy from controlled . Topics include nuclear physics governing fusion fuel choice and fusion reactivity, 22.054[J] Materials Performance in Extreme Environments physical conditions required to achieve net fusion energy, plasma Same subject as 3.154[J] physics of magnetic connement, overview of fusion energy Prereq: 3.032 and 3.044 concepts, material challenges in fusion systems, superconducting U (Spring) magnet engineering, and fusion power conversion to electricity. 3-2-7 units Includes in-depth visits at the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and active learning laboratories to reinforce lecture topics. See description under subject 3.154[J]. Z. Hartwig Sta 22.071 Analog Electronics From Circuits to the Zero-Carbon Grid 22.055 Radiation Biophysics Prereq: 18.03 Subject meets with 22.55[J], HST.560[J] U (Spring) Prereq: Permission of instructor 3-3-6 units. REST Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Studies the physical characteristics of dierent sources of electrical 3-0-9 units energy and how they can work together to make low/zero-carbon grids a reality. Covers analog electronics, passive components and Provides a background in sources of radiation with an emphasis on power systems to understand how basic circuits, lters, and grid- terrestrial and space environments and on industrial production. scale power systems work. RLC passive components, resistance Discusses experimental approaches to evaluating biological eects models, impedance, resonances, rst/second order lter design. resulting from irradiation regimes diering in radiation type, dose Integration of concepts into a simple circuit with user-centric and dose-rate. Eects at the molecular, cellular, organism, and functional requirements. Basics of power systems, transmission, population level are examined. Literature is reviewed identifying frequency and impedance matching, grid infrastructure and gaps in our understanding of the health eects of radiation, and instabilities. Models of power generation, focusing on clean energy responses of regulatory bodies to these gaps is discussed. Students systems. Labs include fundamentals of analog electronics, design taking graduate version complete additional assignments. activities, and physical microgrid simulation and analysis. Limited to Sta 20. A. Danagoulian, M. Short

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 13 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.072 Corrosion: The Environmental Degradation of Materials 22.078 Principles of Nuclear Chemical Engineering and Waste Subject meets with 22.72 Management Prereq: Permission of instructor Subject meets with 22.78 U (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units Applies thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions to aqueous corrosion of metals and alloys. Application of advanced Introduces scientic and engineering aspects of chemical computational and modeling techniques to evaluation of materials engineering and waste management applied to reactors and the fuel selection and susceptibility of metal/alloy systems to environmental cycle. Includes chemical behavior in reactors (normal and accident), degradation in aqueous systems. Discusses materials degradation aging, separation processes in reprocessing problems in marine environments, oil and gas production, and (aqueous, pryo, and molten salt), and waste treatment processes. energy conversion and generation systems, including fossil and Addresses management of radioactive wastes, including waste nuclear. Students taking graduate version complete additional forms, classication, fundamental principles, governing equations assignments. for radionuclide transport in the environment, performance M. Li assessment of geological waste disposal systems, and implications of advanced fuel cycles. Students taking graduate version complete 22.074 Radiation Damage and Eects in Nuclear Materials additional assignments. Subject meets with 3.31[J], 22.74[J] C. Forsberg Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 22.081[J] Introduction to Sustainable Energy Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) Same subject as 2.650[J], 10.291[J] 3-0-9 units Subject meets with 1.818[J], 2.65[J], 10.391[J], 11.371[J], 22.811[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor Studies the origins and eects of radiation damage in structural U (Fall) materials for nuclear applications. Radiation damage topics include 3-1-8 units formation of point defects, defect diusion, defect reaction kinetics and accumulation, and dierences in defect microstructures due Assessment of current and potential future energy systems. Covers to the type of radiation (ion, proton, neutron). Radiation eects resources, extraction, conversion, and end-use technologies, with topics include detrimental changes to mechanical properties, emphasis on meeting 21st-century regional and global energy phase stability, corrosion properties, and dierences in ssion and needs in a sustainable manner. Examines various renewable fusion systems. Term project required. Students taking graduate and conventional energy production technologies, energy end- version complete additional assignments. use practices and alternatives, and consumption practices in M. Short, B. Yildiz dierent countries. Investigates their attributes within a quantitative analytical framework for evaluation of energy technology system proposals. Emphasizes analysis of energy propositions within an engineering, economic and social context. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Limited to juniors and seniors. M. W. Golay

14 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.09 Principles of Nuclear Radiation Measurement and 22.S092-22.S094 Special Subject in Nuclear Science and Protection Engineering Subject meets with 22.90 Prereq: None Prereq: 22.01 U (Fall) U (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department 1-5-9 units. Institute LAB Units arranged Can be repeated for credit. Combines lectures, demonstrations, and experiments. Review of procedures and regulations; theory and Seminar or lecture on a topic in nuclear science and engineering that use of alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron detectors; applications is not covered in the regular curriculum. in imaging and dosimetry; gamma-ray spectroscopy; design and Consult Undergraduate Ocer operation of automated data acquisition experiments using virtual instruments. Meets with graduate subject 22.90, but homework 22.S095 Special Subject in Nuclear Science and Engineering assignments and examinations dier. Instruction and practice in Prereq: None written communication provided. U (Fall) A. Danagoulian, G. Kohse Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] 22.091, 22.093 Independent Project in Nuclear Science and Can be repeated for credit. Engineering Prereq: Permission of instructor Seminar or lecture on a topic in nuclear science and engineering that U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) is not covered in the regular curriculum. Units arranged Consult Undergraduate Ocer Can be repeated for credit. 22.S097 Special Subject in Nuclear Science and Engineering For undergraduates who wish to conduct a one-term project of Prereq: None theoretical or experimental nature in the eld of nuclear engineering, U (Fall) in close cooperation with individual sta members. Topics and Units arranged [P/D/F] hours arranged to t students' requirements. Projects require prior Can be repeated for credit. approval by the Course 22 Undergraduate Oce. 22.093 is graded P/ D/F. Seminar or lecture on a topic in nuclear science and engineering that M. Short is not covered in the regular curriculum. Consult Undergraduate Ocer 22.099 Topics in Nuclear Science and Engineering Prereq: None 22.EPE UPOP Engineering Practice Experience U (Fall, Spring) Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject. Units arranged Oered under: 1.EPE, 2.EPE, 3.EPE, 6.EPE, 8.EPE, 10.EPE, 15.EPE, Can be repeated for credit. 16.EPE, 20.EPE, 22.EPE Prereq: 2.EPW or permission of instructor Provides credit for work on material in nuclear science and U (Fall, Spring) engineering outside of regularly scheduled subjects. Intended for 0-0-1 units study abroad with a student exchange program or an approved one-term or one-year study abroad program. Credit may be used to See description under subject 2.EPE. satisfy specic SB degree requirements. Requires prior approval. Sta Consult department. Consult Undergraduate Ocer 22.EPW UPOP Engineering Practice Workshop Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject. Oered under: 1.EPW, 2.EPW, 3.EPW, 6.EPW, 10.EPW, 16.EPW, 20.EPW, 22.EPW Prereq: None U (Fall, IAP) 1-0-0 units

See description under subject 2.EPW. Enrollment limited. Sta

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 15 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.THT Undergraduate Thesis Tutorial Graduate Subjects Prereq: None U (Fall) 22.11 Applied Nuclear Physics 1-0-2 units Prereq: 22.02 or permission of instructor A series of lectures on prospectus and thesis writing. Students select G (Fall; rst half of term) a thesis topic and a thesis advisor who reviews and approves the 2-0-4 units prospectus for thesis work in the spring term. Can be repeated for credit. P. Cappallaro Introduction to nuclear structure, reactions, and radioactivity. Review of quantization, the wave function, angular momentum and 22.THU Undergraduate Thesis tunneling. Simplied application to qualitative understanding of Prereq: 22.THT nuclear structure. Stable and unstable isotopes, , U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) decay products and chains. Nuclear reactions, cross-sections, and Units arranged fundamental forces, and the resulting phenomena. Can be repeated for credit. B. Yildiz Program of research, leading to the writing of an SB thesis, to be arranged by the student and appropriate MIT faculty member. See 22.12 Radiation Interactions, Control, and Measurement department undergraduate headquarters. Prereq: 8.02 or permission of instructor Consult Undergraduate Ocer G (Fall; rst half of term) 2-0-4 units 22.UR Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program Can be repeated for credit. Prereq: None The interaction, attenuation, and biological eects of penetrating U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) radiation, especially neutrons and photons. Physical processes Units arranged [P/D/F] of radiation scattering and absorption, and their cross-sections. Can be repeated for credit. Outline of . Biological eects of radiation, and its The Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program is an excellent quantication. Principles of radiation shielding, detection, dosimetry way for undergraduate students to become familiar with the and radiation protection. Department of Nuclear Engineering. Student research as a UROP M. Li project has been conducted in areas of ssion reactor studies, utilization of fusion devices, applied radiation research, and 22.13 Nuclear Energy Systems biomedical applications. Projects include the study of engineering Prereq: 2.005, 22.01, or permission of instructor aspects for both fusion and ssion energy sources. G (Fall; second half of term) Consult M. Bucci 2-0-4 units Can be repeated for credit.

22.URG Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program Introduction to generation of energy from nuclear reactions. Prereq: None Characteristics of nuclear energy. Fission cross-sections, criticality, U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) and reaction control. Basic considerations of ssion reactor Units arranged engineering, thermal hydraulics, and safety. Nuclear fuel and waste Can be repeated for credit. characteristics. Fusion reactions and the character and conditions The Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program is an excellent of energy generation. Plasma physics and approaches to achieving way for undergraduate students to become familiar with the terrestrial energy. department of Nuclear Science and Engineering. Student research M. Bucci as a UROP project has been conducted in areas of ssion reactor studies, utilization of fusion devices, applied radiation physics research, and biomedical applications. Projects include the study of engineering aspects for fusion and ssion energy sources, and utilization of radiations. Consult M. Bucci

16 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.14 Materials in Nuclear Engineering Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) or permission of instructor G (Spring; second half of term) 22.211 Nuclear Reactor Physics I 2-0-4 units Prereq: 22.05 Can be repeated for credit. G (Fall) 3-0-9 units Introduces the fundamental phenomena of materials science with special attention to radiation and harsh environments. Materials Provides an overview of reactor physics methods for core design lattices and defects and the consequent understanding of strength and analysis. Topics include nuclear data, neutron slowing down, of materials, fatigue, cracking, and corrosion. Coulomb collisions homogeneous and heterogeneous resonance absorption, calculation of charged particles; their eects on structured materials; damage of neutron spectra, determination of group constants, nodal and defect production, knock-ons, transmutation, cascades and diusion methods, Monte Carlo simulations of reactor core reload swelling. Materials in ssion and fusion applications: cladding, design methods. waste, plasma-facing components, blankets. B. Forget J. Li 22.212 Nuclear Reactor Analysis II 22.15 Essential Numerical Methods Prereq: 22.211 Prereq: 12.010 or permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered G (Spring; rst half of term) Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 2-0-4 units 3-2-7 units Can be repeated for credit. Addresses advanced topics in nuclear reactor physics with an Introduces computational methods for solving physical problems in additional focus towards computational methods and algorithms nuclear applications. Ordinary and partial dierential equations for for . Covers current methods employed in lattice particle orbit, and fluid, eld, and particle conservation problems; physics calculations, such as resonance models, critical spectrum their representation and solution by nite dierence numerical adjustments, advanced homogenization techniques, ne mesh approximations. Iterative matrix inversion methods. Stability, transport theory models, and depletion solvers. Also presents convergence, accuracy and statistics. Particle representations of deterministic transport approximation techniques, such as the Boltzmann's equation and methods of solution such as Monte-Carlo method of characteristics, discrete ordinates methods, and response and particle-in-cell techniques. matrix methods. N. Louriero, I. Hutchinson B. Forget

22.16 Nuclear Technology and Society 22.213 Nuclear Reactor Physics III Prereq: 22.01 or permission of instructor Prereq: 22.211 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 2-0-4 units 3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit. Covers numerous high-level topics in nuclear reactor analysis Introduces the societal context and challenges for nuclear methods and builds on the student's background in reactor physics technology. Major themes include economics and valuation of to develop a deep understanding of concepts needed for time- nuclear power, interactions with government and regulatory dependent physics, including coupled non- frameworks; safety, quantication of radiation hazards, and public linear feedback eects. Introduces numerical algorithms needed to attitudes to risk. Covers policies and methods for limiting nuclear- solve real-world time-dependent reactor physics problems in both weapons proliferation, including nuclear detection, materials diusion and transport. Additional topics include iterative numerical security and fuel-cycle policy. solution methods (e.g., CG, GMRES, JFNK, MG), nonlinear accelerator R. S. Kemp methods, and numerous modern time-integration techniques. B. Forget

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 17 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.251 Systems Analysis of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 22.315 Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Subject meets with 22.051 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 22.05 G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units Focuses on the application of computational fluid dynamics to the analysis of power generation and propulsion systems, Study of the relationship between the technical and policy elements and on industrial and chemical processes in general. Discusses of the nuclear fuel cycle. Topics include uranium supply, enrichment, simulation methods for single and multiphase applications and their fuel fabrication, in-core reactivity and fuel management of uranium advantages and limitations in industrial situations. Students practice and other fuel types, used fuel reprocessing and waste disposal. breaking down an industrial problem into its modeling challenges, Principles of fuel cycle economics and the applied reactor physics designing and implementing a plan to optimize and validate the of both contemporary and proposed thermal and fast reactors are modeling approach, performing the analysis, and quantifying the presented. Nonproliferation aspects, disposal of excess weapons uncertainty margin. plutonium, and transmutation of long lived radioisotopes in spent E. Baglietto fuel are examined. Several state-of-the-art computer programs relevant to reactor core physics and heat transfer are provided 22.33 Nuclear Engineering Design for student use in problem sets and term papers. Students taking Subject meets with 22.033 graduate version complete additional assignments. Prereq: 22.312 K. Shirvan G (Fall) 3-0-15 units Nuclear Reactor Engineering Group design project involving integration of nuclear physics, 22.312 Engineering of Nuclear Reactors particle transport, control, heat transfer, safety, instrumentation, Prereq: (2.001 and 2.005) or permission of instructor materials, environmental impact, and economic optimization. G (Fall) Provides opportunity to synthesize knowledge acquired in nuclear 3-0-9 units and non-nuclear subjects and apply this knowledge to practical problems of current interest in nuclear applications design. Past Engineering principles of nuclear reactors, emphasizing power projects have included using a fusion reactor for transmutation reactors. Power plant thermodynamics, reactor heat generation and of nuclear waste, design and implementation of an experiment removal (single-phase as well as two-phase coolant flow and heat to predict and measure pebble flow in a pebble bed reactor, and transfer), and structural mechanics. Engineering considerations in development of a mission plan for a manned Mars mission including reactor design. the conceptual design of a nuclear powered space propulsion system J. Buongiorno and power plant for the Mars surface. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. 22.313[J] Thermal Hydraulics in Power Technology Z. Hartwig, M. Short Same subject as 2.59[J], 10.536[J] Prereq: 2.006, 10.302, 22.312, or permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units

Emphasis on thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena and analysis methods for conventional and nuclear power stations. Kinematics and dynamics of two-phase flows. Steam separation. Boiling, instabilities, and critical conditions. Single-channel transient analysis. Multiple channels connected at plena. Loop analysis including single and two-phase natural circulation. Subchannel analysis. E. Baglietto, M. Bucci

18 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.38 Probability and Its Applications To Reliability, Quality 22.42 Modeling with Machine Learning: Nuclear Science and Control, and Risk Assessment Engineering Applications Prereq: Permission of instructor Subject meets with 22.042 G (Fall) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and 6.0001; Coreq: 6.482 Not oered regularly; consult department G (Spring) 3-0-9 units 2-0-4 units Credit cannot also be received for 1.024, 1.224, 2.161, 2.169, 3.100[J], Interpretations of the concept of probability. Basic probability 3.322[J], 10.402[J], 10.602[J], 20.301[J], 20.401[J], 22.042 rules; random variables and distribution functions; functions of random variables. Applications to quality control and the reliability Building on core material in 6.482, focuses on applying various assessment of mechanical/electrical components, as well as simple machine learning techniques to a broad range of topics which structures and redundant systems. Elements of statistics. Bayesian are of core value in modern nuclear science and engineering. methods in engineering. Methods for reliability and risk assessment Relevant topics include machine learning on fusion and plasma of complex systems, (event-tree and fault-tree analysis, common- diagnosis, reactor physics and nuclear ssion, nuclear materials cause failures, human reliability models). Uncertainty propagation in properties, quantum engineering and nuclear materials, and nuclear complex systems (Monte Carlo methods, Latin hypercube sampling). security. Special components center on the additional machine Introduction to Markov models. Examples and applications from learning architectures that are most relevant to a certain eld, the nuclear and other industries, waste repositories, and mechanical implementation, and picking up the right problems to solve using systems. Open to qualied undergraduates. a machine learning approach. Final project dedicated to the eld- Sta specic applications. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Students cannot receive credit without 22.39 Integration of Reactor Design, Operations, and Safety simultaneous completion of the core subject 6.482. Subject meets with 22.039 M. Li Prereq: 22.211 and 22.312 G (Fall) Radiation Interactions and Applications 3-2-7 units 22.51[J] Quantum Technology and Devices Integration of reactor physics and engineering sciences into nuclear Same subject as 8.751[J] power plant design focusing on designs that are projected to be Subject meets with 22.022 used in the rst half of this century. Topics include materials issues Prereq: 22.11 in plant design and operations, aspects of thermal design, fuel G (Spring) depletion and ssion-product poisoning, and temperature eects on 3-0-9 units reactivity. Safety considerations in regulations and operations such as the evolution of the regulatory process, the concept of defense Examines the unique features of quantum theory to generate in depth, general design criteria, accident analysis, probabilistic technologies with capabilities beyond any classical device. risk assessment, and risk-informed regulations. Students taking Introduces fundamental concepts in applied quantum mechanics, graduate version complete additional assignments. tools and applications of quantum technology, with a focus on E. Baglietto, K. Shirvan quantum information processing beyond quantum computation. Includes discussion of quantum devices and experimental platforms 22.40[J] Fundamentals of Advanced Energy Conversion drawn from active research in academia and industry. Students Same subject as 2.62[J], 10.392[J] taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Subject meets with 2.60[J], 10.390[J] P. Cappellaro Prereq: 2.006, (2.051 and 2.06), or permission of instructor G (Spring) 4-0-8 units

See description under subject 2.62[J]. A. F. Ghoniem, W. Green

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 19 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.55[J] Radiation Biophysics 22.612[J] Introduction to Plasma Physics II Same subject as HST.560[J] Same subject as 8.614[J] Subject meets with 22.055 Prereq: 22.611[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units Follow-up to 22.611[J] provides in-depth coverage of several Provides a background in sources of radiation with an emphasis on fundamental topics in plasma physics, selected for their wide terrestrial and space environments and on industrial production. relevance and applicability, from fusion to space- and astro-physics. Discusses experimental approaches to evaluating biological eects Covers both kinetic and fluid instabilities: two-stream, Weibel, resulting from irradiation regimes diering in radiation type, dose magnetorotational, parametric, ion-temperature-gradient, and and dose-rate. Eects at the molecular, cellular, organism, and pressure-anisotropy-driven instabilities (mirror, rehose). Also population level are examined. Literature is reviewed identifying covers advanced fluid models, and dri-kinetic and gyrokinetic gaps in our understanding of the health eects of radiation, and equations. Special attention to dynamo theory, magnetic responses of regulatory bodies to these gaps is discussed. Students reconnection, MHD turbulence, kinetic turbulence, and shocks. taking graduate version complete additional assignments. N. Loureiro Sta 22.615 MHD Theory of Fusion Systems 22.561[J] Magnetic Resonance Analytic, Biochemical, and Prereq: 22.611[J] Imaging Techniques Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Same subject as HST.584[J] Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Prereq: Permission of instructor 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Discussion of MHD equilibria in cylindrical, toroidal, and noncircular 3-0-12 units congurations. MHD stability theory including the Energy Principle, interchange instability, ballooning modes, second region of stability, See description under subject HST.584[J]. and external kink modes. Description of current congurations of L. Wald, B. Bilgic fusion interest. N. Louriero Plasmas and Controlled Fusion 22.617 Plasma Turbulence and Transport 22.611[J] Introduction to Plasma Physics I Prereq: Permission of instructor Same subject as 8.613[J] G (Spring) Prereq: (6.013 or 8.07) and (18.04 or Coreq: 18.075) Not oered regularly; consult department G (Fall) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units Introduces plasma turbulence and turbulent transport, with a focus Introduces plasma phenomena relevant to energy generation by on fusion plasmas. Covers theory of mechanisms for turbulence controlled thermonuclear fusion and to astrophysics. Elementary in conned plasmas, fluid and kinetic equations, and linear and plasma concepts, plasma characterization. Motion of charged nonlinear gyrokinetic equations; transport due to stochastic particles in magnetic elds. Coulomb collisions, relaxation times, magnetic elds, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, and transport processes. Two-fluid hydrodynamic and MHD descriptions. dri wave turbulence; and suppression of turbulence, structure Plasma connement by magnetic elds, simple equilibrium and formation, intermittency, and stability thresholds. Emphasis stability analysis. Wave propagation in a magnetic eld; application on comparing experiment and theory. Discusses experimental to RF plasma heating. Introduction to kinetic theory; Vlasov, techniques, simulations of plasma turbulence, and predictive Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck equations; relation of fluid and kinetic turbulence-transport models. descriptions. Electron and ion acoustic plasma waves, Landau Sta damping. N. Loureiro, I. Hutchinson

20 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.62 Fusion Energy 22.67[J] Principles of Plasma Diagnostics Prereq: 22.611[J] Same subject as 8.670[J] Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: 22.611[J] Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) G (Fall) 3-0-9 units 4-4-4 units

Basic nuclear physics and plasma physics for controlled fusion. Introduction to the physical processes used to measure the Fusion cross sections and consequent conditions required for properties of plasmas, especially fusion plasmas. Measurements of ignition and energy production. Principles of magnetic and inertial magnetic and electric elds, particle flux, refractive index, emission connement. Description of magnetic connement devices: and scattering of electromagnetic waves and heavy particles; their tokamaks, and RFPs, their design and operation. use to deduce plasma parameters such as particle density, pressure, Elementary plasma stability considerations and the limits imposed. temperature, and velocity, and hence the plasma connement Plasma heating by neutral beams and RF. Outline design of the ITER properties. Discussion of practical examples and assessments of the "burning plasma" experiment and a magnetic connement reactor. accuracy and reliability of dierent techniques. J. Hare J. Hare, A. White

22.63 Engineering Principles for Fusion Reactors Nuclear Materials Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 22.71[J] Modern Physical Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Same subject as 3.40[J] 3-0-9 units Subject meets with 3.14 Prereq: 3.030 and 3.032 Fusion reactor design considerations: ignition devices, engineering G (Spring) test facilities, and safety/environmental concerns. Magnet 3-0-9 units principles: resistive and superconducting magnets; cryogenic features. Blanket and rst wall design: liquid and solid breeders, See description under subject 3.40[J]. heat removal, and structural considerations. Heating devices: radio C. Tasan frequency and neutral beam. D. Whyte, Z. Hartwig 22.72 Corrosion: The Environmental Degradation of Materials Subject meets with 22.072 22.64[J] Ionized Gases Prereq: None Same subject as 16.55[J] G (Fall) Prereq: 8.02 or permission of instructor Not oered regularly; consult department G (Fall) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units Applies thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions to See description under subject 16.55[J]. aqueous corrosion of metals and alloys. Application of advanced C. Guerra Garcia computational and modeling techniques to evaluation of materials selection and susceptibility of metal/alloy systems to environmental degradation in aqueous systems. Discusses materials degradation problems in marine environments, oil and gas production, and energy conversion and generation systems, including fossil and nuclear. M. Li

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 21 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.73[J] Defects in Materials 22.76 Ionics and Its Applications Same subject as 3.33[J] Prereq: None Prereq: 3.21 and 3.22 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units Discusses valence states of ions and how ions and charge move in See description under subject 3.33[J]. liquid and solid states. Introduces molten salt systems and how they J. Li are used in nuclear energy and processing. Addresses corrosion and the environmental degradation of structural materials. Examines the 22.74[J] Radiation Damage and Eects in Nuclear Materials applications of ionics and electrochemistry in industrial processing, Same subject as 3.31[J] computing, new energy technologies, and recycling and waste Subject meets with 22.074 treatment. Prereq: 3.21, 22.14, or permission of instructor J. Li, B. Yildiz Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 22.78 Principles of Nuclear Chemical Engineering and Waste 3-0-9 units Management Subject meets with 22.078 Studies the origins and eects of radiation damage in structural Prereq: Permission of instructor materials for nuclear applications. Radiation damage topics include Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) formation of point defects, defect diusion, defect reaction kinetics Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered and accumulation, and dierences in defect microstructures due 3-0-9 units to the type of radiation (ion, proton, neutron). Radiation eects topics include detrimental changes to mechanical properties, phase Introduces scientic and engineering aspects of chemical stability, corrosion properties, and dierences in ssion and fusion engineering and waste management applied to reactors and the fuel systems. Term project required. Students taking graduate version cycle. Includes chemical behavior in reactors (normal and accident), complete additional assignments. spent nuclear fuel aging, separation processes in reprocessing M. Short, B. Yildiz (aqueous, pryo, and molten salt), and waste treatment processes. Addresses management of radioactive wastes, including waste 22.75[J] Properties of Solid Surfaces forms, classication, fundamental principles, governing equations Same subject as 3.30[J] for radionuclide transport in the environment, performance Prereq: 3.20, 3.21, or permission of instructor assessment of geological waste disposal systems, and implications Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) of advanced fuel cycles. Students taking graduate version complete Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered additional assignments. 3-0-9 units C. Forsberg

Covers fundamental principles needed to understand and measure the microscopic properties of the surfaces of solids, with connections to structure, electronic, chemical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Reviews the theoretical aspects of surface behavior, including stability of surfaces, restructuring, and reconstruction. Examines the interaction of the surfaces with the environment, including absorption of atoms and molecules, chemical reactions and material growth, and interaction of surfaces with other point defects within the solids (space charges in semiconductors). Discusses principles of important tools for the characterization of surfaces, such as surface electron and x-ray diraction, electron (Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), scanning tunneling, and force microscopy. B. Yildiz

22 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Systems, Policy, and Economics General

22.811[J] Sustainable Energy 22.90 Nuclear Science and Engineering Laboratory Same subject as 1.818[J], 2.65[J], 10.391[J], 11.371[J] Subject meets with 22.09 Subject meets with 2.650[J], 10.291[J], 22.081[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall) G (Fall) 1-5-9 units 3-1-8 units See description under subject 22.09. Assessment of current and potential future energy systems. Covers A. Danagoulian, G. Kohse resources, extraction, conversion, and end-use technologies, with emphasis on meeting 21st-century regional and global energy needs 22.901 Independent Project in Nuclear Science and Engineering in a sustainable manner. Examines various energy technologies Prereq: Permission of instructor in each fuel cycle stage for fossil (oil, gas, synthetic), nuclear G (Fall, Spring, Summer) (ssion and fusion) and renewable (solar, biomass, wind, hydro, and Units arranged geothermal) energy types, along with storage, transmission, and Can be repeated for credit. conservation issues. Emphasizes analysis of energy propositions within an engineering, economic and social context. Students taking For graduate students who wish to conduct a one-term project of graduate version complete additional assignments. theoretical or experimental nature in the eld of nuclear engineering, M. W. Golay in close cooperation with individual sta members. Topics and hours arranged to t students' requirements. Projects require prior 22.813[J] Energy Technology and Policy: From Principles to approval. Practice J. Li Same subject as 5.00[J], 6.929[J], 10.579[J] Prereq: None 22.911 Seminar in Nuclear Science and Engineering G (Fall; rst half of term) Prereq: None Not oered regularly; consult department G (Fall, Spring) 3-0-6 units 2-0-1 units Can be repeated for credit. See description under subject 5.00[J]. Limited to 100. J. Deutch Restricted to graduate students engaged in doctoral thesis research. C. Forsberg, P. Cappellaro, N. Gomes Loureiro 22.814[J] Nuclear Weapons and International Security Same subject as 17.474[J] 22.912 Seminar in Nuclear Science and Engineering Prereq: None Prereq: None G (Fall) G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Not oered regularly; consult department 4-0-8 units 2-0-1 units Can be repeated for credit. Examines the historical, political, and technical contexts for nuclear policy making, including the development of nuclear weapons by Restricted to graduate students engaged in doctoral thesis research. states, the evolution of nuclear strategy, the role nuclear weapons C. Forsberg, I. Hutchinson, P. Cappellaro play in international politics, the risks posed by nuclear arsenals, and the policies and strategies in place to mitigate those risks. Equal emphasis is given to political and technical considerations aecting national choices. Considers the issues surrounding new non-proliferation strategies, nuclear security, and next steps for arms control. R. S. Kemp, V. Narang

Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering | 23 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

22.921 Nuclear Power Plant Dynamics and Control 22.95 Internship in Nuclear Science and Engineering Prereq: None Prereq: None G (IAP) G (IAP, Summer) Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] 1-0-2 units Can be repeated for credit.

Introduction to reactor dynamics, including subcritical For Nuclear Science and Engineering students participating multiplication, critical operation in absence of thermal feedback in research or curriculum-related o-campus experiences. eects and eects of xenon, fuel and moderator temperature, Before enrolling, students must have an oer from a company or etc. Derivation of point kinetics and dynamic period equations. organization. Upon completion, the student must submit a nal Techniques for reactor control including signal validation, report or presentation to the approved MIT supervisor, usually the supervisory algorithms, model-based trajectory tracking, and rule- student's thesis supervisor or a member of the thesis committee. based control. Overview of light-water reactor start-up. Lectures Subject to departmental approval. Consult the NSE Academic Oce and demonstrations with use of the MIT Research Reactor. Open to for details on procedures and restrictions. Limited to students undergraduates with permission of instructor. participating in internships consistent with NSE policies relating to J. A. Bernard research-related employment. Consult NSE Academic Oce 22.93 Teaching Experience in Nuclear Science & Engineering Prereq: Permission of department 22.S902-22.S905 Special Subject in Nuclear Science and G (Fall, Spring, Summer) Engineering Units arranged Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall) For qualied graduate students interested in teaching as a career. Units arranged Classroom, laboratory, or tutorial teaching under the supervision of Can be repeated for credit. a faculty member. Students selected by interview. Credits for this subject may not be used toward master's or engineer's degrees. Seminar or lecture on a topic in nuclear science and engineering that Enrollment limited by availability of suitable teaching assignments. is not covered in the regular curriculum. 22.S905 is graded P/D/F. Consult NSE Academic Oce J. Li

22.94 Research in Nuclear Science and Engineering 22.THG Graduate Thesis Prereq: Permission of research supervisor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, Spring, Summer) G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) Units arranged [P/D/F] Units arranged Can be repeated for credit. Can be repeated for credit.

For research assistants in Nuclear Science and Engineering who have Program of research, leading to the writing of an SM, NE, PhD, or ScD not completed the NSE doctoral qualifying exam. Hours arranged thesis; to be arranged by the student and an appropriate MIT faculty with and approved by the research supervisor. Units may not be used member. Consult department graduate oce. towards advanced degree requirements. J. Li J. Li

24 | Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering