Articles wu • Pursuing the Cheyenne: Mapping Trihes, Trails, the 1857 Expedition and the Battle of Solomon's Fork 3 By George F. McCleary. Jr. Preserving Maps in Qnantity: The Experience of the New York State Historic Map Preservation Project 29 By David Y. Allen Computers and Geographic Information Access, 37 By Daniel O. Holmes

Book Reviews II II!I:; Historical Atlas of Texas 49 By Peter B. Illes The Mapping of the Great Lakes in the Sevente enth Century: twenty-two maps from the George S. and Nancy B.Parker Colle ct ion 51 By Jon L. Walstrom The Atlas of Pennsylvania 53 By Rich Boardman

Milepost 28 Forthcoming Events 55 Index to Advertisers 52 Information for Contributors 56 From the editor. •• erving as Meridian's first editor has been a privilege and a Swonderfulleaming experience . Working for the last three years MERIDIAN with its dedicated, hardworking staff and helpful, distinguished editorial board and consulting editors has been a pleasure. Looking back, we can all take more than a little pride in having published four issues of an attractive and informative journal, and one which has claimed a place in the grow ing field of cartographic and geographic information dissemination and management. EDITOR With the appeara nce of this issue, it is gratifying to see the range Philir Hoehn of articles widen to include papers on a carto graphic imagery storage The University 0 California, Berkeley and retrieval system, a map conse rvation project, and the preparation PRODUCTION MANAGER of maps to illustrate a book.Unfortunately, pieces in the previous Donna P. Koe pp three issues were weighted too heavily toward historical topics. To University of Kansas be sure , historical matters continue to be important and will possibly SUBSCRIPTIONS MANAGER even dominate the journal 's pages, but papers on a variety of Peter L. Stark subjects are required to satisfy the needs of Meridian's diverse University of Oregon readership. Let me take this final opportunity to rem ind you, our readers, that a steady flow of contributions is vital to maintaining and ADVERTISING MANAGER David A. Cobb improving the quality of Meridian. University of Illinois I am delighted to welcome George F. McCleary, Jr. as Meridian's new editor, Dr. McCleary is no stranger to our readers: he has been REVIEW EDITOR a consulting editor since the journal's inception as well as the writer Br ent Allison of two review article s, plus a major piece in the current issue. I Univers ity of Minnesota formal ly offer our thanks for his past contributions and extend him EDITORIAL BOARD our best wishes as new editor. He may be reached at: Department of Ralph E. E hre nbe rg Geography, 213 Lindley Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Library of Congress 66045-2121 (phone: 913 864-5143). Ali ce C. Hudson New York Public Library Philip Hoehn Mary L. Larsgaar d University of California, Santa Barbara Robert S. Martin ADVERTISING STATEMENT Louisiana State University Meridian accepts advert ising of products or services as it improves Char les A. Seavey University of Arizona communication between vendor and buyer. Meridian will adhere to Sta nley D. Stevens all ethical and com monly accepted advertising practices and re serves University of California, Santa Cruz the right to reject any advertisement deemed not relevant or consistent with the goals of the Map and Geography Round Table. CONSULTING EDITORS Enquiries should be addressed to David A. Cobb, Advertising lI elenJ ane Annstr ong Manager, Map & Geography Library, University of Illinois, 1408 University of Florida Tony Ca mpbe ll West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Phone 217 333-0827. The British Library Larry Carver University of California, Santa Barbara REVIEWS Mich ael P. Conze n The University of Chicago Publishers are invited to send review copies of their books, maps Edward n. Dah l and other items to the review editor. Brent Allison, Map Library, National Archives of Canada S76 O.M . Wilson Library, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Larry Cr us e University of California. San Diego Minnesota 55455. Manuscripts of rev iews should be addressed to the John B. Ga rve r, J r. review editor. Readers wishing to review materials for Meridian are National Geographic Society invited to write the review editor indicating their special areas of Frand s Herbert interest and qualifications. Royal Geographical Society Robert W. Karrow. Jr. The Newberry Library George F. McCleary, Jr. SUBSCRIPTIONS University of Kansas Meridian is published twice yearly. To subscribe, or to change an Barbara B. McCor kle Yale University address , please write to Christine E. Kellen, Subscri ption Manager, John T. Mon ckton Map Collection, Univers ity of Arizona Library, Tucson, AZ 85721. J.T. Monckton Ltd.. Chicago Subscription rates are $20.00 for individual, ($25.00 foreign); $25.00 Gary W. North for an institution, ($30.00 foreign), Individuals must prepay, United States Geological Survey Na ncy J . P ruett institutions may be billed. All foreign subscriptions must be paid in Sandia National Laboratories. Albuquerque U.S. dollars. Make your check payable to ALA/MAGERT. No rman J .W. Thrower University of California, Los Angeles Alberta Auringer Wood MERIDIAN A ~mi ·"""'" joumaI 01

Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers is a of Cheyennes eventually came into con story about the Cheyennes, a military flict with immigrant Native Americans expedition which pursued them, and the who had, in the ninetee nth century, been battle which resulted. The group of placed in reservations along the eastern student cartographers (they eventualty be boundary of their range; armed with came The Map Associates) in the Depart modern rifles these reservation Native ment of Geography at the University of Americans further depleted the supply of Kansas engaged in a creative process with buffalo and other game animals; white the work's author, Wiltiam Y. Chalfant, traders, trappers, and wagon train par to produce historical maps which would ties had already taken a significant toll. illustrate his text. The project saw an For half a century many people had unusually lengthy author-cartographer in passed through the plains along the trails teraction, as well as challenges of data to the west and southwes t. The Califor gathering, map compilation, and design. nia gold rush, which began in 1849, and The maps which resulted exemplifya the rush to the Colorado fields which genre of historical cartography and raise soon followed, were catalysts , and mili questions about theaccuracy of maps tary forts and scattered trading posts which are used simply to illustrate works became the first harbingers of perma of this type. nent white settlement. This was a period of deteriorating relationships between whites and Native Americans. Although a he Cheyenne-they called treaty had been signed in 1851, hostile Tthemselves the Tsistsistas, a west feelings on both sides multiplied, and ern branch of the Algonquian-speaking from 1853 to 1856 there were "a series people, moved to the plains from lands of unfortunate incidents that spelled the east of the Mississippi River. Adjusting end of peace and the beginning of long My desire is to simply continuously to pres sures from stronger years of open warfare between the assist readers with ap tribes, they, with the acquisition of the United States and the Cheyenne nation" propriate maps so that horse in the mid-eighteenth century, (Chalfant 1989, 41) . they can understand abandoned their semi-nomadic activi Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers is a the route . ..• know a little hit about the ter ties-agriculture, pottery-making, and story about the Cheyennes, a military rain encountered, the living in fixed villages, and became expedition which pursued them, and the places involved . etc. nomadic buffalo hunters. For severa l battle which resulted. The author, centuries, they shared with the Arap William Y. Chalfant, a lawyer from ahoes a large area of present-day Kan Hutchinson, Kansas, approaching the sas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming and cartographic group in the Department of the Dakotas. A gradual southward shift Geography at the University of Kansas, reduced contacts with the Crows, and stated his goals for the maps which brought them into contact with Kiowas, would illustrate his text: Comanches and Plains Apaches, who My desire is to simply assist readers eventually became friends and allies with appropriate maps so that theycan (Gassow, 1974 discusses this migration understand the route taken and, hope in detail; see, also, Grinnell 1915). fully from the text and pictures, know a Roaming within what appeared to be little bit about the terrain encountered, seemingly unending plains, filled with the places involved, etc. .. . (Chalfant buffalo and antelope, the various bands 14January85).

~ MJ::RIll IAN4 3 The Expedition and its " laps west, was the first of a series of battles between the Army and the Cheyennes . Ordered in late 1856. the campaign Of those that would follow. the one at against the Cheyennes by the First Sand Creek in 1864. is probably the Cavalry of the United States Army, was most notorious (u. S. Congress 1865). to be undertaken. " as soon as it is Chalfant initiated the project in his first practicable. against those Indians . that lett er : they may be reduced to submission. and be compelled to release the captives My present concern is lor purposes 01 held by them, restore the property illustrating the line 01 march. etc.• to taken. and deliver up the criminals by illustrate a book. . . . I do think that it whom these offenses were committed" is both helpful and informatice to any (Davis 1856). Under the command of reader to be able to follow Kith some I do thi nk that it ill Colonel E. V. Sumner, the Anny met the accuracy the route o{an expedition. the bot h h ~lp fu l a nd ln Cheyennes in battle on July 29. 1857 on location 01important landmarks. th ~ forma t i,- ~ to any the north bank of the South Fork of the site 01carious OCCU YTmc~s and the lik ~. rt adu to be eble to (in follow with IIOmt arru Solomon River Kansas Territory). In orderto gil'e that kind 01detail it rar, the route ... • th e This battle. the only saber charge against icould appear to m~ that there Kill hat"£' Io<'at ion . .•• tht ene Native Americans by a large military to be a sequence01maps. probably ••• and the lib . force on the plains in the American 101l0King the march01each division 01

Figure I . The map 01the expedition produced lot C/uynJ1In a"J HOI"U SoIJins (Ctlalfanl, 1989, 64~) . 1 • the expedition, and thereafter the march boundaries) and a contemporary one of the combined expedition to the battle (major cities and interstate highways). site, and beyond (Chalfant 28 Septem ber 1984). The Resources for Developing the Expedition Map Given this intention on the part of the author, it should not be surprising that of Military expeditions such as this were the twelve maps which were even tually generally well described and first-hand accounts are generally available. prepared for the work, five show in deta il the route of the expedition to the The Army ofthe day did require that battle site, two describe the battle and there be maintained a march journal, subsequent pursuit of the Cheyenne something like the log ofa ship 's warriors by the cavalry, and two others captain, giving a daily account ofthe show the paths of the Cheyennes after march, ofthe topography seen, weather, Military expeditions the battle and the forays of the Anny anything observed ofinterest, the hap ... were generally units in pursuit of them. The tenth map penings, etc. Generally these included well described ..• Un (a double-page spread; see figure 1) as an integral part a map ofthe day's fortunately, the march journal from the Chey shows the route of the entire expedition march, showing the topographic features enne Expedition has to the battle site, in both an historical in relation to the route. Unfortu nately, never been found. context (trails. forts, and territorial the march journal from the Cheyenne Expedition has never been found. . .. Aside from the official report of Col. Sumner, a master ofbrevity, the National Archives has been able to come up with nothing (Chalfant 14 January 1985).

Chalfant was, nevertheless, able to locate a diary by Lieutenant Eli Long, who had served in Sedgwick's column, as well as a number of letters and reports by others who participated in the expedition. These were more significant than the available maps.

While there have been no maps pro duced specifically with respect to the Cheyenne Expedition. there are a cou ple ofmaps which were produced within a span ofabout ten years that did purport to show the route. One ofthese came fairly close. but both are highly inaccurate Ieee figure 2} . Since I know from the writings I have found almost the exact trail followed, I have been able to chart the expedition with fai r accuracy on U. S. Geological Survey Maps. I have a few blank spots which, while I know fairly well the route taken, need a little deductive reasoning or, even better, other information which would clanfy what I have (Chalfant 14 January 1985).

Thus it appeared at the outset that maps showing the route of the expedi-

5 Figure 2. Portions of two maps . published a decade after the expe dition of 1857. showing-errone ously-part of the route taken by Sumner's column. Len. " Kansas .ith Parts of Ndghborinll Stales md Territories" r.>lerriD. 1868); riRllt , an eJ((erp( from the ··[ xplo nOOnsfor a Pacific IUilroad Route"

tionary force would provide few prob tions. Two examples illustrate the prob lems . The author 's painstaking atten tion lems encountered in this struggle for to detail and his pursuit of diaries. geographic accuracy: the Caches (a site letters and other documents made it near Dodge City, Kansas. see figure 3) possible to map the track with a high and the Trappers Trail (in Colorado, see degree of precision (see, for exa mple, figure 4). While the available resources Mclellan 1958). The problems would yielded a consensus on the gene ral be only to be certain that places along location of both features. some questions the route would be mapped correctly and remain with respect to various details. that aU of the feature s significant to the Most confusing are the wide variations in story would be included on the maps. the location of the trail in conte mporary and modem resources; Chalfant encour Plotting the Expedition Route aged a single path running along the east and the 1857 Base Map banks of Fountain and Cherry Creeks . The plotting of the route and the . . . quitt frtqutntly{Long, the author surrounding geography was shared by 01 the diary which was central to the the author, William Chalfant, and Nancy mapping 01 the txpedih'on route], gave The prob lem s would be Walker Fightmaster. (Ms. Fightmaster measurements which seemed to be only to be cer ta in t ha t was an under graduate major in geogra extremely accurate, but on other occa plates alonl: the route phy, specializing in cartography. at the sions they either did not make sense or would be mapl'fll tor time the project began . She is now rli'ctly and th at an of u.'ere uildly inaccurate. It is most employed as the cartographer for the the fli'atuea ail{Jl ifiu nt lulpful u·hen he relm 10 physical or to the story would be Douglas County.Kansas, Department of gtographic marku s u:hich can be used Inetuded on the maps . Public Works.) Both checked available to t'erify a location. . .. As I attempted resources in an effort to be certain that to check locations, I used points where every location would be correctly I was satisfied that we had an accurate mapped. Problems arose with small location . . . and would run the settlements in northea st Kansas (cross measurements backwards. .. . For roads communities which have not sur {mapping! purpoSts theycan therefore vived or which have had their names assUmt that the location marked on my changed) as well as wi th some of the map is tht co"ed location • . . (Chal outposts and rivers furthe r west (where, tant 10 April 1985). exactly, were Fort Mann, the Caches , and Fort Floyd, and which stream When Chalfant had plotted the expedi belongs to what nineteenth century tion route. using the reports available name). For all of these features it was and the perspective on the route which possible to arriv·e at reliable map loca- he had acquired in the field. he had • ~•.i -

1-_-1'1 f/o;': C' ~ ~4

Figure 3. Two maps to show the location of the Caches . Above, a map by Josiah Gregg, 1844. Below, a sketch map pre pared (about 1935) by a Dodge City, Kansas , '.' resident. a

-..a , ~ ' Figure 4. The route northward from Pueblo (extending the Taos Trail to Denver, Fort St. Vrain and Fort Laramie), much less significant than the east-west trails across the plains, ran para.llel to the eastern face of the Rocky Mountains, along Fountain and Cherry Creeks and the South Platte -- River. Along this " Trapper's Trail" were a .-- number of outposts , such as Forts Vasquez and St. Vrain, as wen as later se ttlements which became major urban centers (Denver and Colorado Springs). This map of the trail was plotted by ,.. 1 - I·: I I Warren, on the basis of his explorations from __ ..'.:'.'!:1~~~-,.c:-- - 1855-57.'

7 encountered a number of problems; from Expedition Maps: Generalization the Long diary, he had introduced a and Design number of errors. When she began the compil ation of the expedition map. The next set of problems associated Fightmaster read both the draft of the with developing the map of the expedi text and the supporting documents. tion route were those of generalization measured and remeasured, and plotted and design. The detail was available : the entire route. Using older maps (not Chalfant had mapped the route on the current topographic sheets) from the 1:250,OOO-scale U. S. Geological Survey Kansas and T. R. Smith CoUections of topographic quadrangles. The process of the University of Kansas Library in reduction was very important, for on the concert with the expedition descriptions. double page map showing the entire she was able to locate accurately a expedition. the map was to be reduced number of campsites; Chalfant had. in With thf' f'JI(f'ption o( to about 1:5.260.000 (about one-twen a Iew ereeks , omittf' d his original compi lenon. built in a cumula tieth in linear scale. the final map area to enhance legibility, tive error along several segments of the would be only about one-four-hundredth f'Yf' rythinll: ...... 11 f'Yf'n route. Further. the path of the combined of the original size). The goal was to plot tuany indudt'd . march, southeastward from Camp the most accurate line of march possible. Buchanan. was realigned. for the older While this would be done at a scale of maps could be matched more correctly 1:1.000.000. which is significantly larger with the diary descriptions. and more detailed than necessary for the To this Fightmaster added other published map in the book, the historical trails-older maps were adjudicated with importance of the event (and the lack of Chalfant's research and the available an accurate account) encouraged the diaries. While the Santa Fe and Oregon more detailed treatment. Trails had been accurately mapped dur This compilation process .....as handled ing the nineteenth century (see. for in stages. At the outset. the topographic example. Franzwa 1978), other lesser maps had been used by Chalfant to plot important trails were never very reliably the route ; on these he had marked the recorded. To overcome this problem location of each day' s camp along with Fightmaster undertook an extensive pro the other features which were discussed gram of research on the nineteenth in the diaries and reports. This "map" century trails in Kansas and southern contained almost thirty large sheets and Nebraska. covered an area about eight-by-thirteen This was foUowed by a chapter-by feet. This infonnation was replotted by chapter, page-by-page check of the text. Fightmaster on U. S.Geological Survey . .• there Wlill an ex Chalfant wanted every feature mentioned state base maps (which show only traord inuy rf'dud ion in the written account sOO"vn on the not onh in thf' . ize of hydrography. political boundaries and thf' map but ab o in th f' expedition maps. Chalfant had noted at settlements) at a scale of 1:1,000.000 number and the level one point while reviewing preliminary (the map was thus reduced to one of complexity (If the copies of several of the maps that sixteenth of its original size. but it was ff'aturu llhown. still significantly larger and more detailed than could be accommodated in the Most of the people u'ho read the book. of book), Using these base maps, work course. will not be familiar with the sheets were then prepared at a scale of streams. Wh ile we db not u'ant to make about 1:2.650.000; the artwork which the map illegible due to the presence of was created to produce the maps used in too many streams. thereare some u'hich the book was prepared from the work hate not been shown which I think sheets and then photographically reduced u'Quld be significant in illustrating the to scales of 1:3.400.000 or 1:5.400.000. march (ChIllfant 14 January 1985). In this process. there was an extraordi nary reduction not only in the size of the map but also in the number and the level With the exception of a few creeks, of complexity of the features shown (see omitted to enhance legibility. everything was eventually included. figure 5).

8 Figure 5. The expedition maps for Cheyennes and 1/orse Soldiers were developed in a four-step process . The route of the expedition was plotted by Chalfant on topographic sheets

I .~

~ m R lIJ I A N 4 9 Map Development: Design period. At one point, Chalfant had pointed out that Once the compilation and generaliza tion had been accomplished, there was Usually such village sites las thegreat the development of the design, the Cheyenne village} are shown by a little creation of the graphic structure which tepee symbol, which could be used for would communicate the expedition effec the Sun Dance village as well. How tively. (This design process was actually ever, if that is not feasible, a black dot begun even before the compilation and would suffice.(Chalfant 4 June 1986) generalization activities; it continued throughout the entire program). In de This, and other symbols used on the veloping the design plan for Cheyennes maps of the period, rely heavily on the and Horse Soldiers there were a series use of line work, and it would have been of considerations relative to the visual impossible to provide as clearly all of the details which were eventually shown on characteris tics of the maps which had to the expedition maps . Further, the types be resolved. of symbols used and, particularly, the For example there was the issue as to pictorial landform representation are diffi whether to create maps which mimicked •• • there was the is cult to produce and, as the examples the graphic design of the period- the sue all to whether to shown here make clear, the style is not create maps which mid-nineteenth century (figure 6). For as legible as other alternatives. mimicked the graphic the most part , maps of military expedi design of . .. the mid tions of the period were produced on Map Development: The Landscape nineteenth century. large sheets and prese nted, at large scale, with details at an almost engineer In addition to the overall design of the ing level of precision. maps and the symbols to be used, The size of the book page, however, representation of the landscape was a does not allow this large scale luxury. significant issue. Further, the complexity of some of the The use of hachures to show the maps couId not be handled appropriately characteristics of the landscape was a using the symbolization, type styles , nineteenth century convention. While design structure and format of the hachures capture the visual characteris-

. ~ ..." ....1, ••

Figure 6. The map of " Nebraska and Kansas" in Colton's ... Cabinet Atlas (1859) illustrates ef fectively the cartographic style of man}' of the maps of the rnid nineteenth century.Here. and in figures 7 and 11, one can see clearly the problems which arise when one attempts to develop maps as complex and as detailed as these using only line work of a single color.

10 MEIlliJIAN 4 ~ Figure 7. Compare the nineteenth century use of hachures to show relief on a portion of the " Oregon. Washington, California. Utah and New Mexico" map (Colton, 1859) with the modem physiographic drawing by Erwin Raise (from The National Atlas, 1970).5

tics of the slope of the landscape, they the visual continuity across the surface (and the physiographic diagrams which and the indications of variation that are have been widely used in the last provided by hill shading (or shaded relief century, see figure 7) tend to exaggerate mapping). While shading fails to provide the bluffs, ridge lines, hills and ravines. a measurable indication of the amount of Further, they are " noisy;" these net elevation difference, it does, nev works of lines conflict graphically with ertheless , when proper ly executed, pro other features shown on maps. Probably vide a good visual indication of the the biggest liability of this form is the ruggedness of the terrain. degree of exaggeration involved. The In the design of these maps , the reader can be easily misled, " seeing" a cartographers recognized that there is prominent ridge or bluff when (as is the not much relief in this area-while there The principal liahili ty case for the area traversed by the are some hills and ridge lines , as well as of hachures ••• is that th is system fails to Cheyenne expedition) there is not much bluffs along some of the rivers , there are provide the visual eon variation in the topography at all. Often at the scale of these maps few major tinu ity across the sur hachures are used only on detailed ( large topographic features . Thus, for the face. scale) maps, such as a battle site. with a small scale maps of the expedit ion, a fiat stream valley shown lying between uniform, " flat" gray surface was used. the bluffs or valley walls. The principal When there was a significant topographic liability of hachures, as generally prac feature (Scott's Bluff. Castle Rock, Plum ticed, is that this system fails to provide Buttes , Pawnee Rock), the feature was

~ ).lE RIDIAN4 II represented by a small circle and named. and held them sPtllbound for a feu' The significant topographic variations moments . .. Immediately to their were felt to be effectively repre sented south were the Spanish Peaks. ravines by stream channels. Only by excessive in their sides filled with snow, giti ng exaggeration would it be possible to them a striped appearance. West of the indicate to the reader the subtle varia Spanish Peaks were snow-capped peaks tions which exist in the terrain: the area of the Culebra Range. running south to traversed by the expedition is a flat to nattk, or a little u'est of north .. _ very gently rolling plain with only a few Beyond the Het Jfountains . .. u'ere trees (and these were confined to the great peaks of the Sangre de Cristo river valleys. see figure 8). A drive Range. capped u';th snoU'. U'hichgiis · .. no f" trort wall mad e across Kansas on Interstate 70 will tened in the morning sun like a solid to indicate the form of ill ustrate the situation quite effectively! mass of diamonds, Angling off to their the land surface exeept on the two battle For all of these reasons. but prin right into the distance was the Arkan mapa. cipally because the physiography was not sas [River] . .. and farther to the right a major factor in the Cheyenne expedi the southern flank of the great Front tion, no effort was made to indicate the Range . . . AU'f'd by the gnat UVJlt of form of the land surface except on the rock. the calVJlry column continued its two battle maps. The importa nce of the march along the ridge . . . th,n de stre ams and rivers . however. could not sanded into the mlttY of Fountain be underemphasized. both for the Chey Creek . ... they mad, camp on the enne and cavalry campsites as well as banks of the creek. having traveled for the rout es of tr avel across the plains. twenty hard. but spectacular. miles. The first is most obvious on the (Chaljant 1989. 98) Cheyenne band map. while the travel Cartograp hic Design: Differentiation and situation is apparent in every expedition the Visual Hierarchy map. Both the Sumner and the Sed gwick Throughout the venture we recog columns followed river valleys for long nized the need to sort information IThu e waal the need distances. Only on the battle maps was visually, devel oping logical structures to sort informat ion "is shaded relief employed, for here it was which would assist readers in the use ually. deve loping log important to note the m icrogeographic icallltruc turf"8 whi ch in the reading- of the maps. There are would as aist readers in characteristics of the battle site. Moun other. seductive. design possibilities, but t he use . •. of t he tainous area s were shown on the tribal given the complex nature of the informa mapa. map. for reasons which will be discussed tion the design decisions led toward two in detail below. T he Front Range of the goals, differentiation (which is accom Rocky Mountains lie within the area plished by the development of a hier covered on several of the expedition archy of the visual information) and maps. Since the se mounta ins were sig· legibility (which is accomplished most nificant to the line of march only in a successfully by creating gra phic con " scenic" way, and this was covered by tra st). These concepts . visual hierarchy Chalfant in his text. no effort was made and graphic contra st, have been devel to include them on the maps . oped and applied extensively in the There. spread out before them. teas a graphic arts and have come into common sight sc magnificent it took their breaths use in the maps in books and journals.

Fijo/Ure 8. Panoramic sketch looking southward across the valley01the South Fork ol ille Solomon River.6

12 (For an introductory discussion. see of gray) were shown on a light/middle Robinson et al, 1984. or Dent, 1990). gray background (a thirty percent tint The des ign of the expedition maps screen was used ). By handling this was , because of their complexity. devel complex array of infonnation in this way oped conceptually with the notion that it was possible to overlap stream and these maps had four levels of informa trail lines. and the most important The design of the expe tion. These different levels need to be information stands out (in black) above dition roapll. beeeuee visually distinctive from one another, the various shades of gray (or white) of thll'ir roroplll' J: ity. de used for the other features. (Technically, veloped r onrll'ptually ....ith the most important information with the notion that appearing to the reader as more vi sually these different shades are achieved by thll'S(' roap ll had four significant, contrasting strongly wr ith the using a combinations of tint screens and 111'1'11'1 8 of inform ation. other levels of information shown on the masks: these types of procedu res are map. common in grap hic arts production as At the top of the graphic hierarchy well as in cartography; see Keates was the path taken by the expeditionary 1989, as well as Robinson et al 1984. force, wi th the location of each campsite. and Dent 1990). This information and significant feature s The graphic structure having been encountered along the way (settlements. organized, the effort then was devoted forts. and physiographic landmarks) were to the placing of the names on the maps. she....m in black. At the second level in An early ver sion of one of the expedition the hierarchy were the " other" trails maps brought comments from the editor: the Santa Fe, Oregon, and military trails It's unfortunate that some ofthe which crossed the plains in 1857. These boldface labels must overprint some of were mapped in dark gray. the screened labels and lines. (Chat Since there lure politiaJl boundaries at font , noting comments by the Unit'ersity tlu time of the expedition, and since in ofOklahoma Press, 2 JUlie 1986) the book 1 make reference to them . 1 As the production of the maps (and think it uould be helpful to hare these the manuscript) reached the final stages, boundaries shown on the main map. the editor pointed out that (Chalfant 4 June 1985) Generally the maps look very floo d" Althoug h !lome areas Territ orial boundaries, the least vis of the roapll WII'ft' very There are, indeed, some problems of t ongll'sted . it waa poll ually significant of the four levels. were legibility that I hope you u'ill resolve. eible to inelude . Iroost shown in light gray: while these lines Changing the u'eight ofthe screen icill 1l 'lI'ryt hing a nd not had the least contra st with the gray eliminate most ofthese. but 1 am h ave thll namll'lI 0 \ "11' 11' background. they would still be obvious hoping that you uill also consider la p. visually, for they were simple and mom"ng the labels for settlements and continuous acros s the surface. riters ichere they overlap. (Morrison 4 Rivers and strea ms. along with their October 1988) names , were shown in white. The Although some areas of the maps importance of these to the expeditionary were very congested. it was possible to force was surpassed only by their indude almost everything and not have significance to the Cheyennes. These the names overlap. four levels (black, white and two shades Clean. legible type faces were another

13 consideration. For physical features Seven of the maps foUowed this (streams and Landmarks). Helvetica (a scheme (the five showing the routes uniform-stroke-width, sans serif style) followed by the expedition to the battle, was used ; cultural features. place s. thai: shewing the paths taken by the dates . and the like. were shown using Cheyennes in retreat, and the map variations of Times Roman, a traditional showing the cavalry in pursuit). The map (Classical or Old Style) variable-stroke of the expedition as a whole is somewhat width serifed typeface. More importa nt different (see figure 1) . Here, in an features were shown in Larger and bolder effort to relate the sto ry to contempo type, while places and locations which rary geography, the hydrography was were relatively unimportant were indi " muted" (blended, with a very low level cated in sizes that. eve n thoug h they are of contrast, into the gray background) by of reasonable size. often seemed to portraying the rivers and st reams in light approach the threshold of legibility! gray, not white); although reservoirs are Along the way different ideas. differ- major features on many of the major ent requirements. were discarded. streams throughout this area, we felt it )10", important (E'a 1 think _. . th, appropriate ".'oy to inappropriate to include them on this tU",1 .... U E' shown in [Ukntify th, three columns. the Sumner combined map. State borders. major lU lU and bolder trpe. march, tke &dgu1ck march. and the cities and interstate highways were \\ hilE' placu and toea pathof the combined units to the battle shown in white and lighter shades of uo ns .... hich ....UE' rete grays. (Obviously, because of the size tively un im portant sile} is ... by using some different wE'rE' indieated in !lilt'll marker or designation to distinguish difference, few of the details shown on that ••• OftE'D !IE'E'm E'd between the route taken by each of the the five larger-scale maps appear on this to approach the thresh two columns, and then the route to the one). old uf lE'gibility! site of the battle. (Chal/ant 4 June 85) Originally the map showing the entire By mapping the routes of each column expedition was developed in two forms. on separate maps and then by identifying One was to serve as a frontispiece and the two separate marches in large bold the expedition would be mapped against type on the main map, there was no the territorial boundaries and settlement need to employ different types of line patte rn of 1857. The book would con symbols (see figures 1 and 9). clude with the same expeditionary path

Fil(Ure 9. One of the five "segment maps," Sumner's route along the North Platte.

~ M f. N I [) I "' N 4 15 smaller scale map consists generally of i gently rolling plains. and the subtle variations in the geography were very -,~ I difficult to capture graphically. .. -.. '. I I An early effort . using inclined planes . , was felt to be too "noisy" (while these I -. --~ types of maps can produce a vivid ..,"''' understanding of the landscape, the .- results of the experiments here were not encouraging. For details . consult - _. Robinson et al. 1984: see. also. Jenks and Brown. 1966). " A Clash of Cultures": The Tribal Map The initial classroom venture and the .J L efforts which followed immediately had focused on two maps , those of the expedition as a whole and the battle map. Responding to the challenge raised by Bill Chalfant in 1984, the first efforts at mapping were carried out as a class exercise by four teams of three studen ts in the Cartographic Design course at the Univers ity of Kansas during the spring semester 1985. Each group designed and produced a map showing the route of the expedition along with a map portraying the battle. Working together in a Practicum the following summer, a group of five continued. moving toward a composite design solution and a plan for the entire set of maps to be used in the book. This group included Jefferson Rogers, Karen Tucker and Michael Kemppainen, as well as Dennis Albers and Nancy Fightma ster. Mr. Kemppainen did extensive work in the year after the Practicum to map the locations of tribal groups. Fightmaster continued her efforts throughout the project. most formidably in checking the text and plotting route s and locations : in effect, the historical accuracy of the maps became her responsibility. Albers fo cused on map production, particularly in the photograp hic stages. where as many as seven pieces of artwork ....'ould be combined with a series of screens and masks and composited into a single finished map. The team was joined at the end by John McCleary, who prepared a Figure 10. Portion 01 the " Penokee" quadrangle (1979, 1:24,000 , reduced to number of the inked drawings. approximately 1:48,(00). Shaded re~ e f drawinJi[ developed from the quadranli:le (and used T he tribal map would become the lor the battle maps). P\animetric aUy correct terrain drawing of the battle site (developed most interesting in design concept and, using procedures in Robinson et aI 1984, this approach was rejected beca use, ~ k e hachures . it is "visually noisy" and the land surface represenlalion ....'OU/d interfere with in many respects , no less a research the principal informo6Jn being 500....'11 on a map). problem than the expedition maps .

16 The gOl'ernm ent established a Perma Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers . Although nent Indian Frontier along the ninely these are discussed last in this article. fifth meridian . . . The mst area l)ing they are in fact the first two maps which beyond the ninety-fifth meridian. ex appear in the volume. Tribal lands are tending u>est to the Spanish and British shown within a context of the mountains possessions . U'OS then known as the on the west and white settlement Indian Territory. Lands provided to (indicated by the boundaries of organized immigrant Indians consisted oftribal counties) on the east. For the Chey reservations carved from this territory ennes. these are the inflexible limits, for and. for the most part. located along the boundaries with the Sioux, the the eastern borders of what later became Kiowa, and other tribes were shared and Nebraska. Kansas. and Oklahoma . could be "adjusted ." Unstated here are The extent and boundaries ofthe the Mexican influences on the south and reservations were arbitrarily deter the gradually increa sing number of trails, mined. uithout much regard for the size forts and trading posts which had been ofthe population to be supported. ... established across the plains by the Hest ofthe new line ofrtserta tions lay whites. It was impossible on a map of largely unexplored lands inhabited by this size to include more than a small the pou:erful and u'arlike nomadic part of the important contextual informa tribes ofthe Great Plains. . . • tion. Chalfant's request was clear: Norlh ofthe Arkansas. in territory bounded on the west by the foothills of It would probably be of some assistance the Rocky Mountains. on the east by if a reader knew the territory claimed by the line drawn roughly at ninety·eight the various Indian tribes. ~Vha t I had degrees longitude (about where the in mind for that was a map which Santa Fe Trail crossed the Little would show a much larger area. Arkan sas River) , and on the north by starting from about the B lack Hills on the Platte. roamed the southern bands tht norlh to the Rio Grandt on the It is this duh or ofthe Cheyenne and Arapahot tribes, south and the Rockies on the u'est to culturu on the plains. .. . Ead! ofthe many bands of the Missouri Riser on the east. It Sative Ameritan and Cheyennes had its ou'n favorite territory u'QUld then need something to denote white. that is th e rotUS tht territory ofthe fUriOUS tribes or the lut tw o maps. leithin the larger range. The Permanent Indian Frontier, de ocrup>i ng the lands. d ose boundaries signed to assure both immigrant and often ol·trlapped. Most ofthe maps I native Indians their oU'n separate haoe seen in this respect hate been homelands forever, lasted only f rom unsatisfactory, since they do not show 1817 to the late 18405. ',, In its place their actua l claim to boundaries, but came the organization of nearly all just put a name in an area. frequently lands west of the Missouri River into inaccura tely.(Chalfant 4 June 1985) states and territories ,, . Public lands This is illustrated nicely by a contem- were thus opened for u'hite oU'nership porary map, that of " Kansas. Nebraska and settlement, requiting termination of and Colorado, showing also the southern Indian claims , . .. Lands guarantud portion of Dacotah" (1864; see figure It would proba bly be to Indians in perpetuity-for so long as 11). Modern authors use the same or some 8lI8illtante ir a grass grew, streams ftowed , and winds approach, hut with a less elegant style. readu knew the ter bleu'-u~re once nwre demanded by Based on Chalfant's perspective on ritory daimed by the d ites, •• ' dite settlers began to flood the situation of the tnbal groups across varioull Indi an tribes. into Kansas and Nebraska in 1854, the plains. the first map was created in sending new pressures u:est into the the summer of 1986 (see figure 12). domain ofthe Plains tribes. (Chalfant Like the expedition maps, the design 1989. 4. 6. 7) structure emerged easily. The area inhabited and traversed by the Chey It is this clash of cultures on the ennes and Arapahoes would be in white plains.Native American and white, that on a gray background. Principal rivers is the focus of the last two maps in and mountainous areas would also be in

17 There were three responses to this initial effort. First. Chalfant offered. a number of suggestions. these organized primarily from his understanding of the Cheyennes and their interactions with other tribes . Michael Kemppainen, on the othe r hand. saw the map as incom plete, for only nine tribes (and a number of their bands) and less than a dozen reservations had been shown in this initial effort . (An undergraduate. spe cializingin cartography. at the time the project began . ~lr. Kemppainen is now a cartographer with the U. S. Geological SUI"';ey). The third. a collective. re sponse of the team was. first . one of satisfaction with the fundamental design solution and. second, a concern about the scope of the re search necessary to produce a more accurate map. The latter concern never became an issue. for Kemppainen assaulted the task and extracted from the Un iversity of Kansas libraries dozens of volumes and maps which explicated the situation. He con suited other archives as well (including private collections at the Haskell Indian Junior College). and produced a new map which elaborated the information in a different design framework (see figure 13). His continuing research then yielded a large detailed map of the tribal areas and a comprehensive picture of the nearly two dozen reservations which existed in 1857 (see figure 14). This detailed pencil sketch became the basis o ~------~ _ .... for the map which was finally produced ; -- _.-::; the data were merged with ideas derived -, from the later versions of the text ___ :0- which. as we saw above. set a clear context for this map. " .. -' U the expedition map was a challenge (wi th the search for the details of the F'ijtUre 11. Portion of tbe " Map of Komsu. Neb rn; ~ ~ CoIo.:odo Showing ~ the route and its cultural conte xt). the southern portion of DacoI:ah" (MitcheD 18&1). Note, embedded among the other Ienering. the placell"lf'nt of tribal Nmes to indicae the ranges of the Cheyennes , development of the tribal map and the Pawnees. OgaWa Dacoras, and other grou ps. 8 " Clash of Cultures " conte xt presented an array of challenges. These fall into white. using thin lines and texture d two broad categories . those of data and patterns. While the rivers would be those of design. While the design con mostly for spatial reference, the moun cept which emerged was fairly simple tains set a limit on the range of the and visually logical. it was tested by the Cheyennes and other plains tribes . Ter difficulties associated with the data. ritorial boundaries. the emerging zone of The data which were to form the tribal reservations . and tribal names wo uld be map were those for 1857, Tribal ranges . shown in black. reservations. white sett le ment and phys-

18 DAKOTA TERR.

IOWA PAWNEE

ENN E-~----'" A HOE ~~: I eTTA A ern Bands

OSAGE

BOUNDARIES ARE NOT t LUSIVE BECAUSE OF N MIQRATORY NATURE ASINAIS THE INDIANS ,

o 50 100 '50 200 MILES Figure 12. The firs t version of the tribal map (eastern portion onlyl.v Figure 13, The revised ver sion of the tribal map, developed by Michael Kemppainen.t''

eoo MERIDIAN 4 19 ) \ ,

•

.... ~::: E --"- er--. _ _ ' ;" ::.::... 0-,~....._- ---__ _.. .., "'- I= '-~ c.- _ _ : ~: . crw-. ~ -,.:.,, - - Quo .. • .-; . "'*. So<: 00. ::: ~."'. ~;:~~ r--.",'" .... _. •. _ 0 • ~;;: ,,- - $$::: e- .... on...-_ a _ _ 0000...... -_ - - • z

, • '. I KANS AS -, o 'Tl'f1'1I/ IV ~ _...... ~ Z «o s / •"

I~ .- ---~""'--"' '''------Fi RUT~ 1... " Tribal Territories on the- Grea Plains" (Chalfant, 1989, 5). with .. portion of the compilation drawing prepared by Michael Ke~ n (original compilalionin color: the numbe~ indil:Ze ~rvaions) .

~[R[D lAS 4 e<;t iography had to be those current at the here are numerous and widespread. time of the expedition. The features of They include The Creek People (Green the landscape were the major rivers and 1973. especia11y for reservations in the areas of high hills and mountains. Oklahoma) and, for example. The Kaw These unchanging limits on the plains set People (Unrau 1975, for the areas in the boundaries for the tribal groups, Kansas) . ~1any other sources were while the valleys of the rivers generally checked to obtain dates and boundaries housed the trail s which crossed the for both the tribal ranges and the plains. These tr ails, originally traversed reservations . by the different tribes, guided explora The number of re sources which tion by white men and then channeled emerged in the various searches was their settlement. The mountains and surprising. However. these varied widely hills, often routinely represe nted by in quality and reliability.Chalfant's re elevation or, alternatively, portrayed pic search about the reservations yielded torially were adapted from the work of mixed results. E. H. Hammond. (Hammond's land The next map enclosed . u-hich likeeise surface form map of the United States. oterlaps and is an attempt 10 shou' the which appears in The National Alias lem 'lory bolh at Ihe bounda ries of (1970). focuses on land surface form. a Oklahoma and further U'f'sl ... /1 does derivative of slope. local relief and profile a pretly good job ofshou';ng the location type). 01 the Cherokees. Ihe Creeks, Ihe White settlement could be rep re Choclaws and Chickasau:s. II also sented in many ways. There were shows the small reservations of the censuses in 1850 and 1860 and some Qllapaws, Senecas and Shawnees in form of population map could have bee n the extreme upper right -hand corner of developed . Settlement is accompanied by Oklahoma. This map is good for the • •• the boundaries of other manifestations and the boundaries above only. as you uill note they have territories and organ of territories and organized counties not shown the Cherokee resenation in ized tounties seemed seemed to be an appropriate way to Ihe southeast corner of Kansas. and the to be an appropriate show the extent of white se ttlement on Osage reservation, u'hile shmcn as not way to show the extent of white settlement on the plains. This also made it possible to )'d sun·tyed . is mislocated. None ofthe the plaiM. understand the position of the estab other Kansas reservations then e:~isli ng lished rese rvations and the spatial signifi art eren shou·n. (Chalfanl 23 Jun e cance of this component. 1986) Rese rvations are, like many other While working with the data for the feature s, portrayed on maps of the reservations, it became obvious to Kem period inconsistently. While on any given ppainen that the ranges of the tribes map some reservations will be shown needed further investigation.In a correctly, others will not be shown at all nomadic situation it is difficult to be and some will be mapped in error certain just exactly where a tribe was (wrong place, wrong size). It would located at any point in time. But the appear from the research that was extent of the area inhabited by the In a nomadiC' situation carried out , particularly by Kemppainen. Cheyennes was clear to Bill Chalfant. As it is diftitult to be that no one single source exists which the project progressed . more tribes tertain ju at uadl,. chronicles the establishment (and ulti were included on the map. No effort was where a tribe wu lo tlted at any point in mate demise) of the reservation system. made to map. even generally, the timt . It is often clear whe n a particular se parate bands of the tribes (e. g., the reservation was establis hed, but in some Sioux and Apache) and the areas inhab cases the actual extent-particularly. for ited by the several bands of the Chey the work here. in 1857- is not clear. enne were saved for the more detailed Treaty cessions did not become common map. until the 1880s and 1890s. Thu s once it It became clear, for exa mple. that the was obvious when a reservation had Chippewa were located both on a reser been established, it was assumed that it vation (in Oklahoma) and in communities existed in 1857. The primary resources thr oughout Minne sota and Iowa (unlike

21 the tribes on the plains, they were not using patterns of different styles and nomadic). Eventually they were relo textures. Technically a visual balance cated onto rese rvations in Wisconsin and was achieved among the patterns used the upper peninsula of ~hc hi gan . locat to represent each tribe by screening ing the Chippewa . then the Crow. and some patterns and printing others in modifying the boundaries of the areas solid black. Patterns for adjacent and inhabited by other tribes created an overlapping groups were chosen so that array of design problems. the areas of overlap could be rea sonably In some cases the situation became discriminated by the reader; the most very clear. For example, while at the complex of these areas of overlap lies in outset it was believed that the Ponca present-day Texa s and New Mexico, were confined to a Nebraska reserv a where the Apache, Comanche. and tion, in 1857 they roamed freely across Kiowa-Plains Apache shared a section of northeastern Nebras ka. They were relo the High Plains. Pattern s for adjacent and o\'u lapping cated to an Oklahoma reservation twenty This problem was addressed by Chal- groups wen ehose n so years later (Cash and Wolff 1975). fant during the creation of the map. that the an a$ of onr· To develop a map of this type. Because of the Ol'erlappingof the Kiowa lap could be reasonabl y merging into one frame the diverse dilltriminated by the range u';th the notthern part of tlu groups of Native Americans, the estab reader. Comanche range, this one uill cause us lished reservations and the organized a littletrouble. .. . Because tlu Kiowa counties, required considerable bibli rangeol'erlays that of most of the ogra phic research. Comanche bands, at least those on the Chalfant monitored the process of north, it seems to me we may have to development, adding boundary seg have some kind of inset box, perhaps in ments, modifying others-drawing from the upper right hand corner, which his many resources information which would explain the symbols used to Kemp painen had not discovered. His delineate the territory of the two tribes. comments were quite extensive: . .. it appears to me that you haoe The rruzp of the tribal turitory is IVry also insetted some kind of symbol to intensting and uvll done. Thereare a rrpresmt the territory ofthe Utes and feu' errors, and a feu' additions . . . I of the Sioux. and therefore. the same am tMrefon mcwsing a copy on u-hich sorl of explanation should be gil'ffl for . .. I hallt inserled tlu names of the that. (Chalfant 1 June. 1986) carious Ute bands mooed dou'n Recognizing that some aspects of . . . inserted it inserted .. . geographical distributions are complex roughly outlined it haue drawn it and that they cannot be portrayed simply, in approximately as I have insetted no matter how ingenious the car them . tographer might be, he or she must Continuing, assume that the reader will. at whatever With respect to the reservations of the level of interest exists, study the map to immigrant tribes On the east, you rruzy gain an understanding of what is shown. The reader would th u6 Here the attempt was made to show receive Sl'\'efal mes feel that it would be impractical to inserttM names of the tribes, and I each tribal group with a unique pattern, a n Kel ffOm the map: pattern which would. in areas .....here it Here is the arta inha b hare no problem u';th that. If then lure ited by this tribe. litre any that should be included, hou'fivr, J overlapped with anothe r. be distinguisha the arel oyulaps ""ith u'Quld suggest that for the Osage, u'hich ble. The reader would thus receive that of anothef tribe gil'es a nice big background anyu'ay, several messages from the map: Here is . .. This Ifea is gn ph the area inhabited by this tribe. Here the iran y ecrnplex: there and perhaps something showing the area overlaps with that of another tribe fore the Keography Kanza reservation, which the expedition here mU 61 be complex, passed through. and lastly perhaps the (or. in some cases, with several tribes). Cherokee, just to show that it is not the This area is grap hically complex; there same as the Osage.(Chalfant 1 June fore the geography here must be com 1986) plex . On a very small map like this. Graphically this map was developed restricted to a single page, it was not

22 possible to show the series of forts That was a line of cottonwood groves extending between Minnesota and Loui running along the north bank of the siana which protected whites from Arkansas for about 20 mifes or so from Native Americans and Native Americans perhaps 5 miles above present day from whites. Similarly parallels and me Lamar to about 15 below it, . .. ridians were not shown, for the ninety (Chalfant 1 June 86) fifth meridian, the eastern boundary of These boundaries and encampments Indian Territory, is obvious from the were mapped against a base map show patterns on the map. Finally the trails ing the rivers and streams of the (punctuated with scattered forts and Cheyenne territory. The importance of trading posts) were relegated to other the strea m network cannot be over maps in the text. Nevertheless, the emphasized. It is the context which best message of the map is clear. This is the fits the Cheyenne. The hydrography was domain of the Cheyennes (and the derived from the 1:1,000.000 base map Arapahoes), lodged amidst the other of the U.S. Geological Survey. The tribes who inhabited the plains and hundreds of stream segments shown on bounded firmly on the west by the this map were inked and photographically mountains and on the east by the reduced to less than one-sixth the growing number of immigrant Native original size. The subtle contras t be American reservations and white settle tween the light gray of the strea m ment. Here defined visually, figure 14, is network and the 45 circles representing "A Clash of Cultures." the clusters of lodges emphasizes vis The Band Map ually the small degree of impact of these encampments in the vastness of the The map showing areas inhabited by plains. the ten bands of the Cheyennes was a We know that each lodge accommo simpler research problem.Chalfant had dated seven or eight people, that ten to in his assiduous research obtained a twelve lodges were generally found at a clear idea of the territory generally campsite. The impacts of these camp inhabited by each band as well as a clear sites on the landscape were small and understanding of the actual encampments only if one (or its remains) were found during the winter of 1856-57. He wanted by a pursuing military party and its " a map which would show the territory position recorded in a log or diary would of the particular Cheyenne bands" (Chal its location be known. Larger encamp fant 23 May 1986). His concept was ments, including the Sundance village clear: and the four occupied by the Cheyennes I suggest that you make a blowup of the en route to the battle of Solomon's territory of the Cheyennes and Arap Fork- as well as verbal accounts , sto The importan ce of the ahoes only. You have it very well ries, songs and legends obtained from stream network cannot outlined in the tribal map. If it were the members of the tribe- provide a be overemphasized. It made larger, and included a little bit of reasonable account of the tribe and its is the context which topographic detail (rivers, political activities and movements . Like any best fits the Cheyenne. boundaries, etc.), I could insert the nomadic group the Cheyennes present normal area in which the ten major for the pursuing scholar a continuing bands of Cheyenne normally roa med. series of challenges. The major tributaries of the Republi There were three stages involved in can, the Solomon, the Saline and the developing this map. First Chalfant, with Smoky Hill would have to be shown, a large scale base map, se t down the along with Walnut Creek, Ash Creek general ideas-the boundaries of the and the Pawnee Fork, as well as Sand areas generally inhabited by each band Creek , since those were streams that and the number of lodges in each band are significant in terms of the territory were sketched on the map. This was of the various bands. It would probably then modified, so that the number of also be helpful to show the location of lodges assigned to each band was the "Big Timbers" of the Arkansas. commensurate with the total number of

23 eot MF.RlDlAN 4 lodges (or the tribe as a ..... hole. and the at} a time before roads and towns, locations of the encampments for the before buildings, trees. and cultimted winter of 1856-1857 were plotted. The fields, before any physical evidence of map was then prepared for publication European culture on the Great Plains. and. using a proof. Chalfant asked that a {It is sd in] a great ocean ofgross. number of the lodges be moved to more broken here and then by some surpris accurately reflect the sites of the winter ing range ofhills or buttes or by the ..• rrtoK"ft izin g th at sparse and scattered stands of cotton (th e desi.lrfl str ucture ) encampments. The map was completed .....as not commens urate using one design structure (q. v,) and. woods rising above the banks of the ..... ith the graphic struc recogn izing that this was not commensu shallow streams that meandered tu re or th e tribal map. rate with the graphic structure of the through the emptiness. . . . the 61m .....as re tribal map. the film was re processed to proces sed to create th e create the final version (see figure 15). The Cheyenne Expedition was . . . a 6nal vn lli"n . Conclusions single episode. . . . The irony and significance of uhat happened that day The struggte between Native American can be truly understood only if the and u'hite for posstsSion ofthe North reader is familiar u-jth the Cheyenne American continent continua to capti India ns and their U'Oy oflife. and "-jth vate the public. . .. the story is a the nature ofcat'Olry operations across significant and dramatic theme in the the plains in the mUJ·I8S0s. (Utley history of the United States. {It occurs 1989. xx)

I h , ~ mal' pr "~ " ", , TIlt' a,..n ll"n ,,' a"v ,nt.dt" It',1 bv l 1>e ba rl

Nort". , n

. ~ ' t ,', . ., , ,.," ' - ' o o Figure 15. "Cheyenne ~ s Within the '" I d ....0 o T.'s Territory" (Chalfant 1989.48). with a poniorl of the same map using an artemaive design. William Chalfant set as his goal a set the data most effectively, of maps "to illustrate a book." Or Lacking at the outset a dear definition dinarily. the process of creating maps for from the author. the students accepted a work of this type would have been the challenge to experime nt. This be different from the one which developed came. for a few. a solid interest and a over the four-year period. Generally, commitment to the tas k: "Illustrate a maps for a book are produced in a much book." How could the maps reflect the shorte r period near the end of the text ?How could the text be comple publication process ; in most cases, map mented most effectively? production see ms to be subordinate to First. the text is thorough. At the text processing. outset, it appeared as a day-to-day diary; It seems that maps are created, and it is highly detailed. Thus the maps How could the text be books are illustrated, by authors who should be detailed. This challenge was eomplemeeted most et pay significantly less attention to the met by a significant amount of historical rettively! conceptualization of the graphic displays research; it was important to check than they do to the ....Titten text. Too details. The diaries were read and the often, the maps are produced for them maps replotted; additional resources by people who seem to have little or no were located to verify the location of understanding of geography-and little features and to aid in the plotting of the intention of consciously integrating the route of the expedition. The elusive information, complementing the verbal boundaries for the tribal ranges were discussion with the graphic. pursued in dozens of published volumes. There is a great deal of effort required The design plan emerged gradually. At to determine and organize what one will the end. when the production of the " say" on a map. As this project. maps finally occurred, what had emerged demonstrates so clearly, with historical was a style which was a reflection of the data there is a considerable amount of group as a whole. a style of graphic research-particularly data gathering and design which was not dominated by the verification. Often this work is invisible. esthetic perspective or preferences of for no one understands how long it took any single individual. The maps were to track down the right location for a clearly a group effort, and no single point or a line or the correct boundaries individual produced an entire map. Most for an area. important. the maps met the two prin Then there is the matter of "how you ciple criteria: The y were as accurate as say it." What is of concern here is the possible and they were readable, both as manner both in which the data are to be graphic displays and in their complemen represented on a map and in what tarity with the text. context. Although this was not a signifi There are a number of other issues cant issue here. the type of map associated with this cartographic experi (Th e maps) we re as aeeurste as possible projection is a fundamental concern. One ence. First. maps are expensive. They and they were read must also confront the organization of consume a great deal of time and able. both aAgraphit' the base map and the relationship resources . Because maps are expensive displaya and in their between the data shown on it to the to produce. there are limits set by the complementarity with primary (or focal) data portrayed on the publisher. not only on the number of the tex t. map. maps but also on how much money can There are always options and. from be spent on them . One estimate of the among these, the differe nt pieces of the " market value" of these dozen maps , map. an integrated design must be by a graphic artist/cartographer ....rith developed. It is not simply that the data considerable experience, is $2700 (and be repre sented on a map, but rather that this is only for the actual production, they be structured in a visually rational after all of the historical research has way. In the same way that one struc been completed). Another felt that tures a sentence, a paragraph. or an "about $400 per map" was a reasonable essay. one organizes a map- establishing figure. the visual structure that communicates Maps are also expensive emotionally.

25 It is diffi cult not to become involved in terms of time and space. Again, when you are producing a map. Perhaps most others have addressed that prob draftsmen handle the tasks unemo lem by merely placing names on the tionally, with less concern about the map with no indication of tribal ter content of their products. Cartographers ritorial claims, the time frame referred do not. Cartographers, often dealing to, and frequently placing them in an with authors who do not understand the inappropriate location. (Chalfant 19 principles of graphic design, must under June 1990) stand geography, the situation itself and To accomplish all of this required It is difficult not to how it relates to the environme ntal more than simply recording data on a become revol ved when context, as well as the graphic communi you a re prod ucin g a map. It required that all involved become cation process. Only with an appropriate map . students, for the entire venture was one handling of all of these will the map in which everyone had to learn a lot. If it convey the information effectively. has been successful, those who read At the beginning, Chalfant wanted Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers will also maps that would be "both helpful and have a good learning experience. informative" so that "any rea der [will] be able to follow with some accuracy the It is difficult to recall original "inten route .. • (and locate] import ant land tions" or "desires" ... I think {that marks, the sites of various occurrences at the outset] I was expecting no more and the like" (ChaHant 28 September than advice. I knew that maps would be 1984). useful, but I lacked a t'ery good grasp of how useful, and I certainly had no There are occasional volumes in which idea as to how many or of what maps have been devised to illustrate a character I should have. ... I was military campaign, and have done it in probably more the student and the one a careful and co nstructive manner, who learned more than any of the class helping the reader understand particu members. ... you have at the same larly the movements of opposing forces. time helped me and taught me. (Chal Most, noueoer. are relatively crude and fant 19 June 1990) f requently inaccurate in depicting the area which is the subject of the writing. They pay little attention to topography, do not introduce the reader to the landmarks and geophysical characteris tics of the surrounding territory, and do George F. McCleary, Jr. is Associate littleto help an unfamiliar reader relate Professor of Geography at The Univer to the action.(Chalfant 19 June 1990) sity of Kansas. The MS submitt ed in For Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers, March 1990. To accomplish all of there was a conscious , long-term consid th is require d more eration of the graphic possibilities for NOTES th an s imply recording presenting the information. The result dat s on a map. The author wishes to thank Dennis Albers, William was a series of maps which departed Chatfant, Nancy Fightmaster and ~t ic ha e l Kemp painen for their comments and sugges tions during significantly from convention. In addition, the development of this article. Donna Koepp not the reader was provided more informa only organized all of this onto the printed page but also posed a number of catalytic questions . The tion than possible with alternat ive design technical assistance of the students who partici formats in a more legible manner. Such a pated in the five-year venture made the maps for Chrytmlts and Horse Soldim possible. It is des ign approach made it possible to important to cite Jeff Rogers and Karen Tucker for handle the tribal maps in a more efficient their early developmental work. Mike Kemp painen's attention to the tribal map and Nancy way. Fightmaster's painstaking attention to data and detail not only set the stage for a bett er set of . .. {Thej tribal maps . . , {give] an maps but they also provided an important insight idea as to the homeland of each of the for all of us into the many conundrums associated with this part of the cartographic process. Dennis tribes which surrounded the Cheyenne Albers and John Jl.kCleary provided the production country, and in locating the common expertise . All of us owe our appreciation to BiD Chalfant for the opportunity and the continuing haunts of each of the Cheyenne bands series of challenges.

MERIDIAN . ~ 1. Originally designed as two separate maps. one 5. Rm %, Erwin. 1954/1970. " Physiographic Dia wi th contemporary base data. the other "'i lh a gram"(in TM National AtLas of 1M Unded modem base map. the t ....,o were combined ftw $MIn ofA IfIfflco. Washington: Department of this single figure. Note the strong gnJphic the Interior, Geological Sun'e)'t cootrast on lhi5 map. ,.ith the white SLale Hachures are used to re pr~ t land surface borders and the bbc k fts poI"lra)'ing the form lIIl lIWI)' different scales. Whilethe expedition route set against the gny back eumples bere Me for smal-sait' maps, the-re ground. The contrasts bet.....eea the background are many oontemporary and modt'm eumplt's andthe hydrognJphy. other trails and interstate of hallie sites lIIllargerscales. See. for example, highways Me not grt'at-some argue lhill these the " Plan of the BlIIltlefieki on the Litlle Big visual dilferencn are too srnaB. but the goal Hom Creek" (1876) whicb appean; in Alban W. here was for a strong emphasis on some Hoopes, 1M Road 101M u 'tlu Big Hom -AM features and a clear de-emphasis of others. Beyond(New York: Vantage Press, 1975. Page 2. Merrill, Wm. E. (Bvi. Col.. Maj. Engrs.), 1868. 203). A modem use of hachures to interpret " Kansas with Parts of Neighboring States and battle sites is found in Captain Eugene F. Ware, Territories" (St. Louis. 1:1,200,000. Copy from The Indum nar of 1864 (Lincoln: University of the National Archives. Record Group No. 77, Nebraska Press, 1960). Q140). 6. East is at the left, west on the right . The Freyhold. Edward, 1868. " Territory of the vantage point is from the road immedialely north United States from the ~I i s s is si ppi River to the or the valley, lIIl an elevaicn of about 2272 feet Pacific Ocean: OrigirWl)- Prepared to Accom (this is just west of the " 2264 " elevation mark pan)' the Reports of the Explorotions for a sho" "f\ 011 the topographicsbeet in fiJl:Ure 10). Pacitic IUilroad ROtIle" (Recompikd and !"C' Tbe cavalry entered the vaDey from the est, dnnm. 1865-66-67-68. 1:3.000.000. Copy from behind StOll)' Point (.....hich blocks the \y up the NaiooaI Archive$. R~ Group No. n , the vaDey); the Che)",-,nne5 ....·ere in a grove of Misc. 21-3), The brge unannotaIed line 15 . trees 011 the left. according to a note ....riUenon the map . the 7. Clwacteristic 01 the expedition maps , {h'e visual "approximae Ioalion of the roule of Colonel levels are readily apparent bere. Tbe hydrogra 10bn C. F r~1' 1 Expedition of 1853-54:' phy is sho....m in ....·hite; the territorial boundary 3. Gregg. josiah, 1844 . " A ~I a p or the Indian is shown in light gray (lighter than the gJ"3)' Territory, Northern Texas and New Mexico background); the "other trails" (e. g.. Council Sho..ring the Grellll Western Prairies" (New Blulfs Road) are SOOIlo'O in a darker grar, along York: Sidney E. Morse aoo Samuel Breese. with the scale for the mar.; the expedition route Scale about 1:3,645,000). and physical and cultural earure s which are The Gregg map shows a variety or point important to the story of the expedition are features (towns, villages), including " Camps sho.....n in black. AU of this occurs on a " middle Springs Ruin s &c" (the Caches are shown with gray" background. this symbcll as weUas " Sandy Regions." " The 8. Mitchen, Samuel Augustus, 1861. " Map of tinted portions Me Prairie, the white Timber." Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado sho.....inll:also The Cross Tamben area of Oklahoma and Texas the Southern Portion of Decorah" (Philadelphia: is defined ..ith a series of small tree symbols, S. A. Mitchen. Sheet 43 from his w 1WrfIl Atlas, and a number of mountainous areas are indicated 1865. Seait' about U .OOO ,OOO). using ~hures . This procedure is used in many books produc'ed 11Ie sketch map was drawn to show the site of at the present time. See, ror example. TM GmU Fort Atkinson- but this is elTOOe'OUsly desig· e-llde RaUl: &Idnt / tufi4n A/ta(} ofIItt naed as " Fort ~ I ann . " Tbe Caches are 10caled Teas Rt1Nb I~ , by Dooal)' E. Brice

~ MEilIOLAS 4 LITERATURE CITED Muehrcke. 1984. Elements of Car Cash, Joseph N. and Gerald W. Wolff. tography. Fifth edition; New York: John 1975. The Ponca People. Phoenix: Wiley & Sons. Indian Tribal Series. The Sand Creek Massacre; A Documen Chalfant, William Y. 1989. Cheyennes and tary History. 1973. New York: Sol Horse Soldiers; The 1857 Expedition Lewis. and the Battle of Solomon 's Fork. United States Congress. 1865. A Report Norman: University of Oklahoma of the joint Committee on the Conduct Press. of the War, Massacre of the Cheyenne --. Various dates. Personal corre Indians. Washington: 38th Congress, spondence. Second session. Coltons' Illustrated Cabinet Atlas and Unrau, William E. 1975. The Kaw Descriptive Geography (Maps by G. People. Phoenix: Indian Tribal Series. Woolworth Colton and text by Richard Utley, Robert M. 1989. "Foreword" to Swainson Fisher). 1859. New York: Chalfant (1989). ]. H. Colton. Davis, Jefferson (Secretary of War). 1856. Endorsement of October 24, 1856. In Chalfant (1989, page 332). Milepost Dent, Borden D. 1990. Cartography: Thematic Map Design. Second edition; r. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl Dubuque, Ia: Wm. C. Brown. Mrecently donated the archives of Franzwa, Gregory M. 1978. The Oregon Kenneth Nebenzahl, Inc. to the New Trail Revisited. Second edition; St. berry Library in Chicago. Mr. Nebenzahl Louis, Mo.: Patrice Press. is internationally known as an antiquarian Green , Donald E. 1973. The Creek book dealer whose specialties include People. Phoenix: Indian Tribal Series. cartography and early Americana. The Grinnell, George Bird. 1915. The Fight papers include the manuscripts and ing Cheyennes. Norman: University of proofs of his published works on the Oklahoma Press, reprinted 1956. maps of the American Revolution, the Gussow, Zachary. 1974. Cheyenne and history of Holy Land cartography, and Arapaho; Aboriginal Occupation. New his Atlas of Columbus and the Great York: Garland. Discoveries, to be published this year by Hammond, Edwin H. 1970. "Classes of Rand McNally. The Nebenzahls, who Land-Surface Form"(in The National continue as private rare book and manu Atlas of the United States of America. script dealers in Glencoe, closed their Washington: Department of the Inte Michigan Avenue bookshop in 1989 after rior, Geological Survey). See also Map more than 30 years of service to Supplement 4, Annals, Association of collectors around the world. The store's American Geographers, 54, 1964. archives are a major source for recon Jenks, G. F. and D. A. Brown. 1966. structing an important chapter of Chi " Three-Dimensional Map Construc cago's booktrade. tion." Science 154, 857-864. Also donated to the Newberry by the Keates, John S. 1989. Cartographic Nebenzahls is a collection of some 1,000 Design and Production. Second edi titles.Among the items are rare Ger tion; New York: John Wiley and Sons. man, Italian, and Dutch 16th-century McLellan, H. B., 1958. I Rode withj eb Americana, Fre nch-Canadian pieces, Stuart: The Life and Campaigns of self-education books, devotional and spir Major General j. E. B. Stuart. itual works, and a large number of titles Bloomington: Indiana University documenting 19th-century American his Pre ss. tory. Paul Saenger, George A. Poole III Morrison, Sarah. 1988. Personal corre Curator of Rare Books and Collection spondence. Development Librarian, describes this Robinson, Arthur H. , Randall D. Sale, collection as," a perfect Newberry ac Joel L. Morrison , and Phillip C. quisition with great research value."

28 MERIDIAN 4 eIIt Preserving Maps in Quantity The Experience of the New York State Historic Map Preservation Project

By David Y. Allen

The Ntu: }o,k State Historic .Hap Preser Brook. These librar ie s are among the vah'on Project is a large-scale cooperative eleven major research libraries in the proiea carriedout by seven major re slate eligible to take advantage of a search libraries in New Y

29 Fig. 1. DeuiI of 1851 IIl3JI of Sag Harbor. N.Y.• sho1liS fragmentation charactrristil; of man y old maps lJ}(lI,IlItl!'d on doth and cwtrd with vamish. Fabric backing and much of varnish we re removed. !\lap " 'as rrmountrd 011 rIer pape r and rncapsublrd.

lion. In Ute case of Stony Brook. which an expensive machine. The apparetus is probably typical. we have found that required for Wei-T' a deacidification is less than ten percent of the maps we also fairly expensive. and the process preserved were cataloged on either requires lots of space and good ventila OCLC or RLIN. tion. Such procedures as tape removal The aspect of the project most likely and backing removal require much time Because we were pre to interest those outside of New York and expertise. and are out of the serving surh a w ide State is our experience in drawing up question for all except a very few var iety 01 mapa...... e preservation specifications and selecting libraries. fared a cnrreepond a contractor. Because we were preserv Thus. for archival preservation work ingly wide ran ge 01 our only real option was to send our consenalion ehal ing such a wide variety of maps. we len ge. faced a correspondingly wide range of maps to an outside conservator. We first conservation challenges. The standard had to determine exactly how we wanted treatment for most maps was surface the maps to be treated. Then we had to cleaning, alkalinization using the Wei-T' o find a contractor who could meet our soft-spray system. and encapsulation in standards. and at the same time do a polyester. But many maps required more large volume of work in a short time at a extensive treatment. including tape re reasonable cost. moval, mending, removal of backing or In writing our specifications we were varnish, and mounting on rice paper. fortunate in being able to draw upon a Even the simplest of these treatment great deal of experience and expertise. options is beyond the in-house capabili All of the participating libraries have ties of most libraries. Although it is easy active in-house preservation programs. to encapsulate maps using double-coated and several of them have nationally tape, this type of encapsulation is far less known conservators working for them. desirable for archival purposes than Most of the libraries also had some ultrasonic seam welding. which requires experience in having maps preserved by

30 o.s I ,•

,_... / - \ 7 .. --- / I , -: '~ ' \;, ..- '/ .x-. \ -. ./r".,..J., / ,

Fig. 2. Raed, ~f c."' ally map of Sew York City sho.....s severe ·'....er dJmage. In spite of loss of portions of edge and staining. infOlllllllioftloss..·as negligiNe. ~ I illp was deacidi6ed and encapsulo1l:ed. No ...temp( ..ras madl- to remove stains. whic:h .....iIl not cause further damage and do not obscure information on map.

outside conse rvators. John Dean, Con minimal treatment that is necessary to servation Librarian at Cornell, wrote the ensure the twin goals of stabilizing the conservation specifications for the pro image and making the map usable. Thus , ject. and he acted as cons ultant to the we avoided cosmetic stain re moval. In participating libraries on conservation some cases. maps were divided to questions. T he specifications drawn up facilitate storage. We did not require that by john Dean appear to be the only comers be rounded on the encapsula comprehensive specifications that have tions. which were lightweight three mil been written for map preservation. and polyester. We allowed mending to be they may be of considerable interest to done using LC heat-set tissue as well as other map librarians contemplating pres wheat starch and rice paper. In dealing ervation prciects.s A copy of these with wall maps. we discouraged re moval specifications follows this article. of backing or varnish, unless these The project specifications are brief and procedures were necessary to preserve deliberately leave a good deal to the the map. These specifications were judgement of the conse rvator. In the designed to facilitate our goal of preserv case of maps requiring extensive treat ing a maximum number of maps at the Our pragm atic ap'" ment , considerable room was also left lowest possible cost. pre ach to map preser for individual custodians to specify how Our pragmatic approach to map pres v.tion ill IIOm ewhat of they wanted the work done. Deacidifica ervation is somewhat of a departure from a departure from ae tion may be either aqueous or non accepted conse rvation practice. Our con eepted (onllervation aqueous, depending on whether a map cern was to preserve the information on pruti«. needs to be washed or not. Cloth the maps. Professionally trained conse r backings may or may not be removed , vators, however. are much more inclined depending on whether removal is consid to treat maps as works of art. The y tend ered necessary to preserve the map. In to be concerned about preserving the general . the specifications prescribe the integrity of the object, and aesthetics is

~ M ERl DIA.~ 4 31 ...••••.. . •.•. tf --"'..,,...... """"~...... 1"~ ...... '...... -.

, , , " , '. '$ \' ~ ... ' ., .. -. ; .... - .... ", .• • -, -. \ . ". '. . • -, '. '. '. "'. ., -~ ,

I I I "'" 0" "; "JII/.I(

Fig. 3. ~lap of Brooklyn waterfront is typical of many maps included in the project . Hilot hly fragile and acidic, map was split on several folds with some loss of paper. Map was deacidified, mended , and eec apsulaed. WithOllI u ea ment map would have been unusable and have eventually turned into brown confetti.

much more of an issue for them. In gether a representative group of about la1king with conservators , I have found ten maps in a single location and asked these attitudes to be. to a greater or conservators from three leading firms to lesser extent, pervasive-both among in submit treatment recommendations and house conservators and commercial con cost estimates on each of the maps. We servators . They frequently react with had given each of the conservators a horror to the suggestion that a map copy of our draft specifications. and john might be cut in half. Given the choice. Dean and I were present to answer they tend to opt for the most labor questions and discuss specific conserva intensive and cosmetica11y attractive tion problems. treat ment option. Some of them are The results of this procedure were hyper-conserv atives on the dangers of revealing. We seem to have done a fairly deacidification processe s or the use of good job of communicating our require heat-set tissue to mend maps. While one ments. The treatments recommended by can respect the professional integrity aU three conservators were similar. But , embodied in these attitudes. they can in spite of this . there was a large raise the cost of preservation inor disparity in the cost estimates. The dinately. In the meantime. thousands of highest estimates average d more than maps go unpreserved. What we were twice the lowest . with the intermediate asking for was sort of a compromise bidder falling about halt-way between the between the craft tradition of Morris and two extremes. T he succe ssful bidder Ruskin, and the needs of twentieth was Don Etherington of Information century mass production . Conservation. Inc. Mr. Etherington car The need to someho w combine high ried out all of the conse rvation work for quality work with high volume production our project, and his work was found made the selection of a conservator a satisfactory by aU of the participants. To The hight'''' u timatt'B delicate task . There are a very small avoid tarnishing ~Ir. Etherington's repu m o~ a\"eragfi! t ha n number of commercial conse rvators with tation as an exacting craftsman, I should twi ee t he lo.....est any kind of track reco rd in preserving reiterate that in spite of our emphasis on cartographic materials. We decided to " mass production." all of the work he select our conservator only after solicit did required considerable skill, and a ing bids from those we knew to have the portion of it was extremely difficult . necessary expertise. \\le gathered to- involving such delicate procedu res as

32 removing highly fragmented and varnish results of our project. Although we coated maps from cloth backings and accomplished our goal of preserving over remounting several hundred pieces on 2,000 maps in one year, the scale of the Japanese paper. Exce pt in certain project imposed some strain on both the marginal cases, we avoided sacrificing participants and the conservator. I would quality to obtain quantity. What was suggest that anyone attempting such a important from our point of view was large-scale project in the future consider Mr. Etherington' s ability to combine high preserving a somewhat smaller number quality work with large volume at a of maps in the same time period. Most reasonable cost. of the participating libraries were suffi It is interesting to speculate on, but ciently enthusiastic about the project to difficult to ascertain, the reasons for the apply for a continuation for next year. large discrepancies in the cost estimates . Our new grant proposal was successful. In the final analysis. the difference s have and in the coming months we will be to be tied in to labor costs , which make spending some $90,000 to preserve the up the bulk of the expense in preserva most important maps and atlases of New tion work. Part of the spread in the York York State not covered by the estimates may be a result of regional previous grant. Our ultimate goal is to differences in labor costs . On the basis preserve and catalog at leas t one copy of of talking with conservators , I also have every historically significant New York the impression that some conservators State map and atlas in our libraries . ~ are more willing or able than others to utilize less highly skilled technicians to carry out the more routine aspects of David Y. Allen is map librarian at the conse rvation. It is possible that certain State University of New York at Stony labor-intensive procedures, such as Brook (Stony Brook, NY 11794-3331) . washing, would have been carried out This is a revision of a paper he more frequently by other conservators. presented at the ~1AGE RT annual con And it is also possible that some ference, June 1989. The MS submitted conservators have simply become set in January 1990. the ir ways-that their commitme nt to a And it is also possib le particular conservation ethos has pre NOTES that some eonserv atoes vented them from seeking innovative 0) For an overview of the map prese rvation have simply become st't ways to reduce costs while at the same situation see Mary Lynette Larsgaard. Map in their ways . .. time maintaining quality. Whatever the Librarianship: An Introduction, 2nd I'd. (Lit tleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 1987), exact combination of reasons , our expe 163-97. Larsgaard's work contains references rience shows the value of soliciting bids to most of the relevant literature on the subject. for this kind of work .And it also (2) We were. however, able to build upon the underlines the importance of knowing in specifications drawn up by the Library of advance what kind of work you want to Congress Preservation Office for atlases en titled County Atlas Praiea: ManlUll of have done, and of putt ing your require Proceduri S and Matm'als Sfltcifica tions (1983 ). This work includes a useful discussion of ments in writing, ercepsuteon and deacidifICation options and An in all. we were pleased with the procedures .

NEW YORK HISTORIC MAP PRESERVATION PROJECT Conservation Guidelines and Specifications The maps described in the original program applicatWn to Nell.' iVrk State represent a varidy of conservation challenges. The folloll.l71g guidelines and specifications are designed to establish a common understanding among librarians and conservators about the general nature ofthe proiect, stipulations on the forms of treatment, and mutually acceptable ltt'tls of expectation . It is not intended to be a manual oftreatments cotering t ['try tt't ntuality.

~ MERUllASt 33 Co nditio n map encapsulated to form a folder-like unit); hanging Unlike the county atlas project. the maps are in a encapsulation (i.e.• encaps ulated with a strengthening medley of sizes. types. formers. and condition. The strip and grommets to permit vertical storage). sizes range from quite small folded road maps to large Flatteni ng mounted wall maps. Many have been repaired with a Maps which have been folded or rolled will need to variety of tapes. paper strips. and adhesive types. be flattened to reduce the creases and curl. This Some are mounted. usually on woven fabric. and in should be done by dampening the paper by fine water some cases. the adhesive has caused uneven staining. spray, damp blotting paper. or humidification. and In many cases. the surfaces are soiled and the paper in drying bet ween blotting paper and felts under a poor condition. weight. The maps have been stored in a number of ways. Maps which are folded and mounted into a case or usually depending upon size. The larger maps may portfolio. may have the attached map section removed have been rolled (with resultant damage to the roll from the cover board along ....-ith any other printed ends and leaving some crus hed creasing). or multi matter. The map should be flattened. as described folded (often leaving tears and fold-breaks). Large wall above. treat ed. and encapsulated with the previously maps are most often in the worst condition. largely mounted section in place. If the owning library because of handling and storage practices . but also requests it. the cover and printed matter may be because of shellac or varnish coating which. while it returned as removed . the cover fabric and printed has protected the surface, has caused some discolora matter encapsulated as a separate item. or placed in tion especially when absorbed by soft paper. The the same encapsulation as the map. If the latter. the surface of many wall maps is badly fragment ed because map should be separated from the cover fabric and of constant rolling and unrolling and the shellac or printed matter by a sheet of Permalife bond paper or varnish has helped to prevent flaking. its equivalent. The decision on most appropriate former Some of the folded maps are dissected and fabric for jacket s and covers should be made by each library. mounted , the fabric folds varying in wridth to accommo date bulk. ~l any of these folded maps are mounted into Dry Cleani ng a case or portfolio by one sect ion glued or pasted solid Maps which are soiled should be dry cleaned using onto a cover board. appropriate erasers (such as Eberhard Faber knead ed T reat me nt eraser 1222-1225) or draft clean powders (such as Dietzgen Skum-X drawing cleaner). Judgement should Because of the diversity of map forms and be exercised when erasable notations are discovered. conditions. it is not possible to specify every type of and librarians of the owning institutions should be treatment and combination of treatments. Moreover. consulted if questions arise. It is most important that different librarians may have different requirements soil and era ser particles be thoroughly removed before depending upon their scale of priorities. An appropriate further treatment. approach for all but the most rare and valuable maps. Tap e a nd Repair Rem oval is essentially pragmatic. aimed at rendering maps more Pressure-sensitive tape and repair papers and usable. easier to store. and more stable. Purely tissues should generally be removed. The removal cosmetic treatment does not seem as appropriate for techniques will naturally be dependant upon the type of maps as it is for art-on-paper. Thus. for example. most tape or repair. but the objective is to remove repairs staining should not be removed unless potentially and adhesive re sidues without color or image loss. damaging or seriou sly obscuring information. Fabric Pressure-sensitive tape has been satisfactorily re backing and shellac or varnish should generally not be moved dry (by carefully peeling the tape). ....-ith warm removed as a matte r of routine. as unnecessary air (softening the adhesive and peeling). and ....-itb damage and map loss can occur with even the most various solvents (usually combinations of toluene. care ful treatment. All treatments involving wetting hexane. acetone). Paper repa irs can often be removed maps with water or solvents should be preceded by by dampening with water or by " floating." In some appropriate solubility te sting , The treatments described case s however. paper tape does not pose a threat to assume flat storage as this is the most stable. secure. the map. and does not obscure information. thus it may and least damaging method of storage. In the case of not be nece ssary to remove it. In every case. map oversize or wall maps. it is sometimes preferable to fragments detached by repair-removal should be dissect the maps in order to provide stable storage carefully tagged and set aside for reattachment. The rather than maintain them in a rolled fonnat subject to conservator should use his judgement in the re moval of damage in storage and use. Alternatives to dissection labels. and should confer with the librarian if in doubt. include: folded encapsulation (i.e.• usually a single fold In cases where labels function as identification or

34 MEHIDIAS. eGt marks of ownership. the librarian should devise an E ncaps ulation alternative form of marking prior to shipping for Encapsulation should be accomplished by the ultra treatment. sonic welding of 3 mil polyester film, such as Melinex Repa ir 516 (by Imperial Chemical Industries available from Repair methods require the use of L.C. heat-set Transilwrap). It is most important that welds hold tissue or Japanese paper with wheat or rice starch consistently and that there be no over-welding. Some paste. the choice depending upon the condition of the libraries may wish to specify a 4 mil polyester film for paper or the forms of other treatment. Generally. unusually heavy or large maps . Maps with extremely because of the use of encapsulation, repair should be uneven surfaces and/or unstable media may not be limited to the filling of significant losses and to the suitable for enca psulation; in the se cases, the librarian attachment of fragments and splits . should confer directly with the conse rvator. If mounting is necessary (because of large numbers Documenta tion of losses or fragments) . it should be done onto Unless extensive and complex treatment is per Japanese paper. Mounted maps should still be encapsu formed, documentation should be limited to a short lated. statement on my chemical treatment , date of treat Alkali zationlDeaci di fica tion ment, and conservator. This should be printed on a Unless aqueous treatment is specified, deacidification smaUPennalife bond paper label which should be should be by solvent spray (Wei-T o soft spray syste m placed without adhes ive attachment at the verso of the for example) on the verso of the map or on the recto map under the polyes ter film. A typical (and probably of the map if mounted on fabric which is not to be generic) label might be: removed . In this case, it is important that calcium Acmt COllStnVltio,. Studios1m' deposits not be visible. If aqueous treatment is Dtacidifitd 071 till I'I'I'SO by x U' of necessary (when, for example. a map must be till llti T'o Soft 5pray 51$'t ",. ,'Il0l't"lflbn' 1988. washed), deacidification should be aqueous. A surface ph of 8.5 (minimum) and 9.5 (maximum) with alkaline reserve of 1.0 to 1.5 percent is the primary objective of this treatment. If deacidification is considered unsuitable for some maps because of the possibility of crucial color changes. an alkaline environment may be John F. Dean created within the encapsulation by the insertion of Revised Jan. 25. 1990 alkaline papers behind the maps. Blueprints in particu lar should not be deacidified or otherwise chemically treated, but may be strengthened with Japanese tissue John F. Dean is Conservation Librarian at ComeU prior to encapsulation if fragility demand s. University Libraries.

• ANTIQUE MAPS • AMERICANA ~ RC l • WESTERNEXPLORATION • ANTIQUE PRINTS ,\ . I Cataloglles Issued , \',. \II ,. ,.1 ._, ART SOURCE INTERNATI ONAL f .r I ~ 1655 Walnuf • Suire 200 INTEflNATIClf'W.. Boulde r. CO 80101 (303) 444-4080

35 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MAPS

- Removal of old cloth linings and surface varn ish - Sta in reductio n - Wash ing , deacidifying , drying, and flattening - Remounti ng the map on new pap er and cloth lin ings - Encapsulat ion or rehanging the map on old rods Archival Cons e rvatio n Cente r 8225 Daly Road, Cincinnati , Ohio 45231 (513) 521-9858 Es tablis he d 1978

Coming Soon! Guide to U.S. Map Resources, 2nd Edition David A. Cobb, editor

The expanded and updated second edition of the G ui de to U.S. Map R esou rces provides librarians and researchers with the most current, comprehe nsive inform ati on now ava ilable on th e map collections in th e Un ited States. The second edition features th ree new indexes, providing access by collection strengths, names of key staff, and institut ion and librar y nam es. The collection -strength s inde x, based on the LCG "map classificat ion" headings, allows users to identify collect ion spec ialization by subject, area, and by spec ial collection names. The personal name and institution indexes are made more useful by the repetition of key information with in ind ex ent ries. For example, ent ries in th e personal nam e inde x include each individual's institution, ph one number, elec tronic mail, and address, in addition to th e entry number where comp lete informat ion can be found in th e main listing.

The number of collections identified in th e seco nd edition of Guide to U.S. Map R esou rces has increased to more th an 950. The scope of th e new editio n continues to be defin ed as libraries in th e United Sta tes with map collections of at least 500 items. In addition, certain collections of region al import ance have been included th ough th ey hold fewer th an 500 items. David A. Cobb is th e Map and Geography Librarian at th e University of l1linois at U rbana- Champaign and a memb er of the MERIDIANPublications Staff.

G ui de to U.S. Map Resources, 2nd edition DavidA. Cobb, editor $65.00cl. Approx.496p. ISBN 0-83 89-0547- 1 Au gust 1990

36 MERIDIAN 4 ~ Computers and Geographic Information Access By Daniela. Holmes

Providing access togeographicinfanna unreadable. Some materials cannot be lion is a problem in libraries. museums, readily indexed onto maps because of and other environments. The onlyappar difficulties with locating relevant points ent solution isfor traditional index maps and differences in map projections. Fur and place name subject headings to be thermore. the current deluge of digital largely replaced by a map-based comouter and film imagery makes its indexing by ued system. traditional methods extremely ted ious This paper presents theattributes of and time consuming, if not impossible such a system. It also reoiews the relevant (Carve r 1988). progress of the ImageQuery software The principal traditional library ap developed at the Un iversityof California proach to geographic cataloging has been at Berkeley. The paperconcludes by by place names. Subject cataloging by discussing the steps needed to continue place names is inadequate in many ways development of a full featured system. (Mischo 1982; Mulvihill and Eaglesfield 1987). Unless a publication is about a Introduction named place with well defined bound aries , it cannot be accurately indexed roviding access to geographic with a place name. Even the n, the name P information is a problem in libraries. must have a certain level of recognition This paper examines the nature of the before it is suitable as an indexing term. problem, the need [or a solution, the There are iden tical place names through features of a probable solution, accom out the world and place names Ire plishments to date. and future pros pects. quently change. Variant word spellings, The paper discusses the problems with especially in different languages, is a traditional geographic cataloging and why problem. T he meaning of a place name a better system is urgently needed. The may change while the name stays the report focuses on the attribu tes of a same. Moreover. a name such as " The Subject ca taloging b)' hypothetical computerized system which South" can mean various places to place name s is inade can satisfy the complex cataloging and different people. quate in many ways accessing needs for geographic infonna Cataloging by authorized Library of tion. It then desc ribes the progress Congress place names is complicated and which has been made toward attaining inconsistent (Brinker 1962; ALA 1983). those attributes. The article concludes T he complex rules and exclusive set of by outlining the steps involved in plan authorized names has the end result of ning, organizing, and coordinating the confusing the subject catalog user. All future effort to develop a full featured geographic cataloging has continued to system. be revised on an irregular basis (Per Problems with Traditional reault 1982; IGU 1964). And traditional Cataloging placement of geographic headings as secondary to topical subject headings has Traditional geogra phic cataloging made access to regional information methods are very limited. Map index using card, bound or filmed catalogs sheets rapidly become cluttered and awkward at best. Many library use rs elIt ~tERIDlAN 4 37 simply have no concept that such an 1988). Environmental impact studies re arrangement exists. quire historical and ecological analyses of The advent of computerized catalogs regions. Development plans need consid has overcome some of the accessing eration of natural and cultural factors. difficulty. Used properly, random access Environmental battles revolve around can eliminate the disadvantages of sec site-specific attributes . And modem sci ondary positioning of geographical head entific research frequently requires a ings. However, with the increased more integrated approach, looking at the sophistication comes new problems: diffi distributions of various environmental culties with too much information and too components, such as a soil type or an many possibly appropriate place names. insect species . For example, selecting citations con A corollary to this demand is the cerned with any area of South America existenc e of a wide range of geographic from a large database is a vexing job. materials which need to be integrated While South America is an obvious into the retrieval system despite differ search term, it is also necessary to ent formats and methods of storage. specify each country and larger and These media include such diverse mate smaller regions within South America in rials as space imagery; digital terrain and English as well as other languages. attribute tapes; streamflow. climatic. Several organizations are developing bore hole, transect, study plot, water geographic thesauri which provide guid depth. and pollution data; maps; aerial ance to authorized geographic terms and photographs; maps in books and jour spellings (Tahirkheli 1988). More ad nals; landscape art and photography; vanced systems include a time scale regional studies; and botanical, archae which sets the temporal relevance of ological. geological, and paleontological Underlying the need certain place names, especially important specimen collection sites. for bette r geographical for political place names. While address A third influence is a recognition that information manage ing the problem of what terms a patron ment is its bur geoning when manipulated by a computer, geo volum e or cataloger should use , these catalogs are still restricted to words. which when graphic information can be remarkably it comes to geography. are frequentl y informative. Instantaneous graphics and subject to different interpretations. maps, statistical analyses. coordinated maps and images, and image processing Why a Better System is Needed can be worked together to quickly pro Underlying the need for better geo vide a substantial understanding of a graphical information management is its place. burgeoning volume (Carver 1988). Hav The fourt h factor is the increasing ing even a few digital geographical file s need to manage and monitor human without a suitable index is difficult activities around the globe. Human ac enough to manage, but the new earth tivities have extensive and pervasive resources satellites will inundate existing influences and distant events are often facili ties unless provisions are made for meaningful to persons far removed. sorting and indexing the huge volumes of Consider an oil spill or nuclear accident information the satellites will transmit. far away. Modern media brings the Even the volume of traditional media is information into our living room and we growing rapidly. As new editions of are concerned. This interest means that maps, thousands of new flight lines of we need to readily access information on ... this is an oppor· aerial photographs, and gigabytes of these distant places. tu nity to further de environmental data are accumulated, it A fifth factor is that this is an mocratize information becomes increasingly difficult for the opportunity to further democratize infor librarian to organize and for the user to mation. Such a system puts information find these materials. into the hands of people to whom it has A second driving force for better traditionally been unavailable. An exam geographic information management is ple is making rare maps available for the increasing need for integrated geo viewing over a computer system. Most graphic information (Sargent and Matti people could not gain access to such

38 M ER ll) lA N ~ ~ maps without making a special expedition geograp hic region applicable to each to the appropriate archive and even then library holding. These regions are indi access may be denied. Over a computer cated with a footprint which replaces the system such access could be convenient place name. A computer can display a to almost anyone. wide range of base reference maps , Of final importance is the increasing provide overlays of all shapes and sizes demand to acquire access to collections for the footprints, show the applicable without having to travel from collection textual citation, and, if re levant, link to collection. Computer networks pro each citation to an image. T he citations vide fantastic possibilities for access to can be tex t searched using full database geographic information of all types re Boolean functions and concurrently be gardless of what media it is in or where linked to map-based geographical search it is sto red. This , of course, is an functions. For those citations which are adjunct to the problem of having to for images, such as photographs, it is manage a larger volume of information possible to provide small low resolution and public conce rn over distant places digital images that can be used for and eve nts. browsing among several images (of photographs) at once. High resolution Beyond Libraries digital images can also be available for T he value of referencing geographic image processing (Besser 1987a, information in map-based computerized 1987b). systems exte nds far beyond libraries and Such a system is dist inctly different their patrons. In an effort to provide an from Geographic Information Systems understanding of their collections, mu (GIS). The primary difference is that we seums would find it advantageous to are concerned with providing access to selectively show their holdings on vari geographic information available in all ous maps and in relation to environ types of media. Our concern is essen mental attributes. Plant, animal, fossil, tially a catalog. As such, the catalog is a artifact, rock, and soil distributions could superset of the GIS's purpo se, which is be displayed in a host of logical and to display and manipulate digital geo intelligible ways. Landscape art has its graphic information for a specific site. place on maps. Resource management The fact that a catalog sys tem may allow and planning agencies would benefit from one to select and access the data, and Such a syatern is dis implementing such a syste m: access to then manipulate it, using graphics, map tinctly different from their collections of maps , aerial pho GIS ping, image processing or GIS software, tographs , land records, re source dis is simply an aspect of its modularity. The tribution information, and digital and manipulations are subordinate to the paper documents would be en hanced. catalog's basic access function. Emergency response agencies could pro A hypothetical computerized catalog vide improved service with help from system for geographic information could such a system. Finally, compleme ntary work by using multiple concurrently coordinated software for image proce ss functioning display windows to show ing can provide new opportunities for text, maps, footprints, and images for document conservation and for museum each citation. Such a system might work patrons to make use of the holdings as follows for a library patron. First the (Besser 1987a, 1987b). searcher chooses an area in the world Computers for Geographic about which information is desire d. This could be done through place names or by Information selecting a region on a displayed map. Computers provide an opport unity to Either way, one would end up with a provide advanced tools for cataloging and map displayed for the exact region of accessing geographic information. A interest. This map could be in full color computer can display high resolution and may even be of the quality of a refere nce maps, which, in turn , can topographic map. Once a region is serve as a base map for showing the picked , a textual query scre en is made eot MERlmAN 4 39 { Il e•• )[ p.- II tin ..... [5.-t I !u.u-tv ] ...... II 0 . .~ Cw

,... .. """ .. '"-

Fig. l. Screen display of search resuhs: textual ciutions are listed in a 5 preads~ ( and corres pondinRIlWlUilphkaI footprint s are stMJ..-n on the reference map. available and a search based on words ing the complete bibliogra phic citation for can be made. This search may specify any selected document. Clicking with a the type of documents desired, such as mouse on any item in any window will maps or landscape photographs or en automatically show the related parts in vironmental data. It also can include any the adjacent windows. For example, of the normal search parameters such as when one chooses an interesting-looking date. author. title or topical subject image. the textual spreadsheet and full heading. citations are highlighted. and the The search results are shown as a footprint is shown on the reference base list. generally in spread sheet format. map, see Figure 2. One could also call One could arrange the list to see the up a high resolution image and do image desired fields. such as date and title. on processing on it. see Figure 3. the display. Concurrently, footprints for Selected items may then be referred A fourth windcw may each citation could be SOO",:l1 on the to a save list for future use. That use also he availehle for reference map displayed in another win may include printing out a list of ..how ing t he complete biblio graphic citation dow, see Figure 1 for an example. If citations, printing out a map with a for any selected docu some of the citations are to image display of footprints, calling up a high ment documents, such as photographs, then resolution version of an image for further another window may be opened to show study or image processing, or sending small snapshots of the images. A fourth the high resolution images to a digital window may also be available for show- storage device to use with a video

1o!EIUDIA."t ~ [ ~ ] :'>. ", _-.'.-- '- r ~ " ...... - J [0.-c.. _1 -I of><..,. _...ogr.,...-. ., ' ''''' '.~DfI'l.u N _ T'-A ... -- .. ,'.... I'

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r Ig. 2. Screen display showing the linkage between a spreadsheet citation, full citation. footprint , and an Image.

projecto r or as a land sutiace de piction for the holdings of geographical and in a GIS. other materials by using sophisticated The basic capabilities for such systems integrated database, map, GIS, and have existed for many years. However, image software. In many cases, it actual development and implementation provides access to the documents them of such systems has been slow. Sim selves and facilitates manipulation of this plistic systems are fairly common, but information. The system gives output in the integr ated system which provides a wide range of media and formats to the professional attributes of speed, accommodate patron need. large database capacity, high resolution, A professional syste m requires de adaptability to differe nt media and collec tailed consideration of many potential tions, color, flexibility, networkability, and features. To this end, the following In many cases, it pro the ability to operate on different com discussion outlines the attributes which "ides access to the doc uments them selves and puters is only in prototype form. provide the basis for designing a more facilitates man ipula advanced system which covers the full tion of th is infor ma Attributes of a H ig h Quality System spectrum of potential uses. While no tio n The ideal geograp hic computer system system can have all features from the provides for administering and cataloging outset, all systems should be developed the holdings of libraries, museums, with the idea of eventual modular growt h agencies, organizations, and individuals. into these different functions. Only in It provides patron access to the citations this way can obsolescence be avoided.

ego ~'ERI Dl AN 4 41 [ , ,- r [ 8--

I ~ IRu,-.I ~ l)on ~ 1 " _ ~J ~" Ilno~ l~ ;!s-p. " ..,1 C_ Yo< - • • • •••11 •• •• • • ••••• ••••• II•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• II•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11.1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1111.1••••••••1•••••••••••••••• •I1111II••••....•••••. I.1. 1...... ••• ~c,,;;I~ I .•••• II ••

Fig. 3. Screen dispby of iI high rt'SOlution image ..i th imaRe processing tools for zooming, color rnanipuOOon, and brightness adjustment.

A system must be adaptable. Librar must be within the realm of the local ies, museums, herbaria, special collec cataloger to determine how complex and lions. resource management agencies, detailed records are to be. conservation organizations. corporations, A system needs to be operational on large landholders and individuals: all different computer platforms. Expecta these potential user groups have their tions that everyone will buy the same own special needs for information. Their hardware are not realistic, ~ tajo r invest cataloging capabilities and needs vary ments have been made and must be widely: the depth and detail of cataloging accommodated if possible. Currently the at a major academic library will differ Xcwindows protocol serves as an inter widely from that at a national park face to a variety of different machines. If museum. Modem libraries require some current software is written to X-win A system mu st be adaptable • •. eat alog provision for the display of Library of dows protocol, these machines will be inKneeds vary widely Congress records in MARC format. able to run the program. There will be . . . dilfert'nt media re Similarly, different media require catalog other protocol options in the future. quire catalogi ng in ing in radically different ways . For The software needs modular construc radically ditrt'rI'nt example. a core from a bore hole has tion. When it consists of largely stand way•. different attributes than a map: the few alone units , new functional dimensions things they have in common are the can be added without re writing the essential themes of places in time and entire catalog program. New computer space. Beyond basic shared fields, it progra ms from commercial and public

42 domain sources can also be folded into The screen needs to be large in order the main catalog program and be oper to accommodate multiple windows and ated transparently. These can include substantial map and image displays. A databases, word processing, image proc color display is highly desirable especially essing, GIS. presentation graphics, for maps and images but is useful for spread sheets, and statistical analysis text as well (Cribbs 1987). While an 8 packages . Among the supported data bit display (allowing 256 colors) is often bases could be one that provides for full adequate, a 32-bit display (allowing all text searching. In order to provide colors and an indepe ndent overlay) is adaptability to different software, links preferable. In addition, the screen needs into relational database management soft to be big enough to display multiple ware are best done using SQL, the windows and still have adequate resolu Networking capability Structured Query Language. Modular tion. For example, even with 80 picture is another key construction also allows for gradual elements (pixels) per inch. a topographic development of custom software for map needs to be enlarged to at least 150 such functions as translating file formats percent to prevent lines and characters or providing thesauri to authorized from being lost: this uses a lot of screen terms. space. Networking capability is another key. Computer users are becoming increas As modem libraries become increasingly ingly sophisticated in their demands for on-line, so the demand to share catalogs quality user interlaces. Software which is and resources increases. It is no longer awkward to use, confusing, inconsistent, feasible to compile central stores of tedious, slow, circuitous. or otherwise information and expect users to come to dysfunctional is getting to be unaccept one location for access to the catalog. able. User-friendly software includes a Users demand networked access from well-integrated use of a mouse, clear and their local libraries or even their offices consistent menus, easy to read fonts, or homes. The librarians or curators logical arrangement, online help, and need to manage their own collections, intuitive command sequences. and update and store their records A part of making the system user The screen needs to be locally. Therefore the network needs to friendly is providing tools for use on the large to accommodate provide for access to remote CD-ROMs, multiple windows and screen. When maps are displayed, a map substant ial map and optical disks, and hard disks. Transmis scale, north arrow, and measuring device image displays sion of images requires an extremely should be available on the screen. A high rate of data transfer. For the near mouse driven " map wheel" for measur future, a combination of locally held basic ing along curved lines and a planimeter information (such as reference base for measuring areas are desirable. maps) and networked materials (such as Another appropriate feature is an small images, text, or occasional high online authority list for each database resolution images), is probably the most field with automatic copy-paste into the feasible. search command. Complementary to this The computer hardware must be would be a subject heading thesaurus robust. A high speed processor is which guides the user to proper author neede d and the software needs to take ized search terms. The software should A map scale. nor th ar row. and measurin g full advantage of that. Additional spe gently coerce the use r into prope r device should be avail cialized processors may be needed for searc h syntax. It is also useful to have able on the screen adjunct programs such as image process an ability to automatically prioritize ing. Adequate RAM is needed for handl search results (such as in chronological ing large images and multiple windows. order). To perform the complex display tasks, A cataloger needs the additional func multiple concurrently-functioning win tions of being able to easily add and edit dows are necessary. Images, footprints , the database contents. To be usable in and textual information displayed in dif the library, museu m. or agency setting, ferent windows need to be linked and any system must provide convenient function together automatically. tools for the cataloger. While text

43 databases and scanned images can fre Image processing is also needed to quently be compiled on other machines allow the cataloger to correct the origi and subsequently imported. all cataloging nal ly -scanned images, be they reference should be possible directly on the images or pictures of slides . Cropping, computer. One critical feature is to be color balance, and brightness are com able to define a new citation's geographic mon problems with scanned images . footprint on the scree n and with a simple Once they are adjusted they can be mouse click, link the image, citation, and saved as permanent images, either for footprint (and its automatically created reference images or as citation images. digital coordinate tiles) toge ther. The Image processing offers many tools system must be easy to update and for the library or museum patron in amend and not require the excessive use addition to those above. Similar areas on of peripheral equipment or external an aerial photograph can be defined as finding aids. Imported data formats must polygons and the n exported as maps to a be readily translatable to match the GIS system. One can also zoom in to system's requirements. This should be take a careful look at an enlarged as automated as possible. Of course subregion. Adjusting the colors or foreign character diacritics should be brightness of the image can bring out fully implemented. hidden features. Doing annotations on Catalogers need one very special type the image can be useful. of ancillary database: a comprehensive The primary advantage of putting all place name listing wi th appropriate place name and location information in footprint coordinates. ~I uch geographical coordinate form is that there is abso information will become available with lutely no ambiguity about the place. preexisting place name information. Furthermore, its relationship to all other Whenever it is suitable. it should be coinciding, overlapping, adjacent, nearby. utilized. The cataloger needs a database and distant places is intrinsically devel of place names which will allow their oped as one de velops the catalog. The display for cataloging purpose s. For citations also can be shown in their example, a citation may refer to geographical relationship to each place Ima ~1' process ing is Kurashiki, Honshu. Japan. If a lookup of name. allowing retrospective assignment a l~ o need ed to correct Kurashiki in the comprehensive place of place names to citations. Geographic the original1'"-IlCa nnl'd name database shows only one Kurashiki indexing with coordinates has many i m a~ s displayed on Honshu. then one can potential advantages including virtual assign a link from the citation to the elimination of geographically incorrect predetermined accurate set of coordi search results. graphic depiction of the nates without redefining them. Coordi areas, concurrent display of base maps nates may have to be deve loped in other and footprint area, automatic arrange ways as well. Translations will be re ments of citations in user-detined pri quired from other standard place desig orities . automatic analysis of areal nations such as the Universal Transverse overlaps, and direct interfacing with GIS. Mercator coordinates or from a location Geographic information must be main based on the Township and Range tained in a form which provides inde syste m (Minkler and Minkler 1988). pendence from any particular base map. Perhaps the most critical tool for the Footprint coordinate information must be cataloger and user is image processing done in planimetric measure. Since most which allows images to be warped or projection manipulation programs convert rubber sheeted to fit other images of the data into longitude and latitude prior known projection and scale. It allows to projection warping, it is useful to space images, aerial photograph s. sketch store the information in this form . Doing maps, and other non-planimetric mate so in decimal degrees rather than de rials to be readjusted to match known grees-minutes-seconds is useful for most scales and projections. They too can people. but the alternative is eas ily then be used as reference images for programmable. It is important to be able footprint displays. to view citation footprints individually or in small groups in order to avoid the needs to be able to switch rapidly confusing clutter of having many concur between different reference images at rently displayed footprints. diffe ring scales . One may wish to show Of special consideration are fields for place name or photopoint footprints on recording the identifying information for top of an aerial photograph at one the base map on which the original moment and then on a regional topo footprint was created. This is essential graphic or road map in the next. Some information in that it shows the accuracy reference images, especially those de of the footprint. A location based upon a rived from a GIS. should also be footprint on a new 1:24.000 map will be available in a digital line or vector substantially more accurately defined format. Of course having an ability to than one on an older map of the same change the map projections of the base l"ootprints ca n be dis scale or a map of a smaller scale. It is maps, as wen as those of the footprints, played as points, lines. also important to know the base map is essential. or polygons scale in order to determine the extent of Reference images and maps should be possible placement erro r for the same scrollable. allowing panning or roaming footprint shown on a larger scale map. throughout their ex tent. Maps of the Footprints can be displayed as points , same scale should be mosaicked in lines, or polygons atop any reference advance, providing an apparently seam image. A highly advanced sys tem would less map to the viewer. The primary allow the use of solids as footprints for reference image at any given moment such items as wen corings or geologic should concurre ntly be shown on a small formations (Berthelsen 1987). Any regional map - a location map; this footprint syste m which confines itself to helps keep the user orien ted. single points and polygons is unrealistic Inputting images requires scanning. In in terms of the real world; many order to make a sound choice of citations are for documents representing scanning technology a thorough under discontinuous features , such as project standing of one's needs for color. resolu reports with multiple study sites or the tion, and formats is required. This range of an animal's distribution. technology. like several others in inno Footprints for individual points should vative systems development , is changing show direction. for example the direction extremely rapidly. that a camera was pointing from the When a library patron is selecting photopoint. This can be indicated with an images. she cannot rely only on textual aimed camera icon. information; it is essential to see the Coordinates for geographic features image. A browse feature to concurrently Inputti ng images re should also be available to be entered show several small snapshots of images quires scanning into the system as are coordinates for from the collection is thus valuable. citations. Including this information pro Users can make a pre liminary selection vides a powerful supplemental search based on textual and geographical index ability for library users. For exa mple, a ing and then see the appropriate images. user seeking a photograp h of Pinus Versatile software allows the browse ponderosa in EI Dorado County. Califor images to be individually kept or dis nia, could can up the appropriate county carded. It also allows them to be dragged map, over lay data on the distribution of around on the screen and arranged into a ponderosa pine. and ask to see the slide show order. Ultimately. the final footprint distribution of landscape pho slide show could be exported in a digital Output from the aye tographs . Obviously the coincidence of form to be used with a video projector. tern should include the photographs with the pine distribu more than just video Output from the system should include images tion will frequently produce pictures of more than just video images: high the ponderosa forest. And this works resolution maps and images, reference with no ponderosa descriptor in the slide images with or without overlaid description! footprints , guide sheets of multiple Reference map and image displays browse images, large printed wall dis require special considerations. One plays of maps and images, bibliographies ,

~ ~IERI[)[AN 4 45 shelf or collection lists . screen displays. Advanced systems address many of footprint information. and searc h and the general systems requirements spec display histories are just a sampling of ified in the previous section. The most expected exports. Export can be onto a library and museum oriented of the se is network or to digital tape, floppy disk, the lmageQuery software. hard disk, optical disk, film. pape r. B erkeley's ImageQuery photographic paper, or mylar. Appropri ate peripherals need be available for At the University of California at handling these materials . Berkeley, we have been fortunate to have an alliance capable of developing a Cu rrent Devel opments successful prototype. The project was Several syste ms have been designed originally coordinated and support ed by •• . eoll«tion list• • or built to various leve ls of performance the former Assistant Vice Chancellor for 8(rffn displays. which provide the basis for reaching the Information Systems and Technology. rootprint inrormation, above conclusions regarding desirable Raymond K. Neff. Subsequently the and sea rch and display sys te m attributes. Among these are the project brought together campus com h i ~t ori e 8 are ••• ex pected exports. ImageQu,ery software developed by a pute r programmers from the Advanced team including the author into an opera Technology Planning Group, and tional prototype at the University of librarians and academics from the Geog Ca lifornia at Berk eley; the Delorme raphy Department Library, the Architec Mapping System being developed as a ture Slide Library, and the University commercial product by Delorme Map Art Muse um. A common need for creat ping of Freeport, "faille; OASIS also ing a visual catalog for images and for developed as a commercial product by geographic cataloging made us a natural Image Understand ing Syste ms in Al· group. ameda. California: the Ceo-Referenced This project began with the intent of Information Network (GRIN) designed making the system on a profes sional by the Research Libraries Group (RLG) standard; it had to begin to address the of Mountain View, California (RLG issues raised above. The Berkeley sys 1989):Geoindex, a vector-based system tem addresses many of the criteria for georeferencing geologic maps used successfully. To provide an understand by the U.S. Geological Survey (Fulton ing of the current status of system 1982); the Image Selection System of the development it is useful to review the Thi. projerl bega n ",;th National Aeronautics and Space Adminis achievements of the Berkeley team . the intent or making tration (" fyers 1985), and nume rous Clearly a solid foundation for further the s,ste m on a protee GISs and many HyperCard catalog-like development has been built: sional standard . •• applications , • Development based on a user Simple computerized ge ograph ic cata requirements study loging systems provide no real world • Adapted to more than one type of coordinate syste m for their data: the y collection, different media, and dif use the compute r's inherent coordinate ferent formats system. Data is ente red based upon the • Operates on different computer image on the screen which is an x-y platforms including Sun 3, 4 and syste m not tied to longitude and latitude. SPARCstations; DECstations and Typically a simple outline base map is VAXstations running Ultrix; Macin displayed on the screen and icons or tosh with A/UX; and IBM RTs and outlines representing the footprints of PS 2s unde r AIX, all through an holdings are drawn on the display. effective implementation of X-win Normally these are linked to a database. dows Creations done under HyperCard ofte n • Modular program with SQL at have these attributes. Although emi tached Ingres relational databa se nently suitable for a small project or a software and image proce ssing local area with a narrow topical interest, • Operates over EtherNet network such sys tems lack the transferability with TCPIIP protocol essential to mode m data sharing con • Utilizes robust computer hardware cepts . with varying levels of RAM

46 M F.R lD lA ~. eGt • Fully implemented use of multiple tors . librarians, vendors. and agencies...... indows The prototype shows that such a full • Concurrent display of a footprint featured system is technically and prac on a reference map with a bro.....se tically feasible. Widespread intere st and image, text citation. and a high a very positive response has been resolution image received. Nonetheless a prototype is not • Developed under UNIX operating capable of withstanding the great de system mands of a production environment; • Supports 8-bit color and monobit much remains to be done. displays Planning for Futur e Systems • Use r friendly with .....ell-integrated The key to developing an advanced Suth • full featured use of mouse and menu buttons• •yetem i. tee hnice tly system capable of use in an operational and prad itilly feasible logical arrangement. easy-to-read or production mode is having a compre fonts. and intuitive command hensive conceptual framework and a sequences practical plan explicitly described in a • On-line authority list ....i th auto user requirements study. This analysis matic copy-paste for searches should address the salient features and • Coerced search syntax functionality of one 's existing accessing • Successful importation of text and and cataloging syste m and should ascer image data from multiple sources tain the possible benefits from a new •Image processing for color bal system. The study provides the basis for ance, brightness. and limited editing deriving development priorities and op • Rectangular and point

~ l>lERIOIASt • detailed descriptions of spe cial LITERATUR E CITED features ALA Resources and Technical Services • a clear-cut administrative structure Division, Library of Congress , and and well defined responsibilities ALAfRTSD Council of Regional • staffing requirements Groups . 1983. Handbook, Regional • funding Institute on Library of Congress Subject Headings; RedNotebook. Workshop With use r requirements varying from handbook, Los Angeles. February site to site, a common ground must be 24·26). sought between the co-developers. At Berthelsen. john Frederic. 1987. "Ver the same time, the requirements for titude, a System of Location Identifica each site must not be forgotten, for they tion in the Third Dimension." Bulletin Geography and Map Division, are all integral to successful design and Special Libraries Association implementation. T he key, again, is sys 150,29·32. te m adaptability and flexibility. Besser, Howard. 1987a. " T he Changing Building the system requires a sub Muse um." Proceedings of the 50t h stantial degree of cooperation part icularly Annual Meeting, American Society for Information Science 24:14-19. between the designers and the program -- . 1987b . " Digital Images for mers. The greatest challenge is obtaining Museums." Museum StudiesJournal funding. A compre hensively planned and 3(1),74·8l. realistic approach is essential. Furth er Brinker, Bartol. 1962." T he Geograph advances are dependent upon many ical Approach to Materials in the Library of Congress Subject Head The greatest challenge individuals with vision, determination, ings." Library Resources and Teen ill obtaining Cund inK and resources being willing to embrace nicai Seroices 6(1):49-64 . such development and cooperate. Canon, Inc. 1988. Still Video Camera RC-760/RC-701. Promotional bro The Fut ure chure. Development of a dream geographic Carver, Larry. 1988." T he RLG Geoln catalog will be enhanced by numerous formation Project: Objective-Scope Status. " Information Bulletin concurr ent technological developments. Western Association of Map Libraries. Digital portable cameras that store raster 19(3),129· 131. images rathe r than using film are improv Cribbs . Margaret A. 1987. " Monitoring ing (Canon 1988). Couple such a camera Color in Libraries." Online with a global positioning sys te m and November: 113-119. Fulton, Patricia and Harold johnson. automatic time and date stamping, and 1982. Geoindex. Geological Survey the geographic record for a new pho Professional Paper 1172. Washington: tograph is automatically derived when U.S. G.P.O . the picture is taken. Other impressive IGU (International Geographical Union) developments include very fast and Commission on the Classification of Geographical Books and Maps in reliable computer networks, high volume Libraries. 1964. Final Report on the low cos t digital storage, cheaper and Classification of GeographIcal Books better central proce ssing units for com and Maps. Bonn: Verlagsdruckerei. pute rs, improved X-windows protocol, Minkler, Gary and Iing Minkler. 1988. cheaper workstations . more extensive Aerospace Coordinate Systems & Transformations. and better networking infrastructure, Mischa, William. 1982. " Library of cheaper improved scanners, commercial Congress Subject Headings: AReview availability of prescanned high resolution of the Problems , and Prospects for topographic maps, and an ever increas Improved Subject Access." ing amount of geographic information in Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 1(213),105·124. digital form. As these advance, so doe s Mulvihill, john G. and j ean T. Eagles the feasibility of the ideal geographic field. 1987." Improving Subject Ac catalog. ~ cess in Geoscience Library Catalogs ." Proceedings of the Twentieth Meeting Daniel O. Holmes is the Librarian, of the Geoscience Information Society 16,141· 157. Department of Geography, Univer Myers , Jeff. 1985. Personal Communica sity of California at Berkeley 94720 . tion. NASA Ames Research Center, The MS submitt ed March, 1990. Moffett Field, Califomia .

48 Perreault , J. 1'1. 1982." Latest and ping Program: A Revitalization of Contemporaneous Place Names in Li Geologic Mapping in the United brary of Congre ss Subject Headings .,. States." Proceedings of the Twenty Cataloging and Classification Quarterly Second Meeting of the Geoscience 1(2/3),29-69 . Information Society 18:95-101. RLG (Res earch Libraries Group). 1989. Tahirkheli, Sharon N. 1988 . " Thesaurus " RLG Enters New Sphere with Geo Problems and Solutions: The Lan information Project. " The Research guage of Geology Develops Steadily. " Libraries Group News 19:3-9. Proceedings of the T wenty-Second Sargent, K.A. and Jonathan C. Matt i. Meeting of the Geoscience Information 1988." The National Geologic Map- Society 18:89-94.

BOOK REVIEWS

Historical Atlas of Texas 100 miles (2.2 cm to 100 km), or By A. Ray Stephens and William M. 1:6,336,000, is used for 48 of the 64 Holmes; Phyllis M. McCaffree. plates . Of the remainder, six are smaller consultant. scale and the other ten are larger scale Norman, Oklahoma:University of Okla regions and detail maps. For some homa Press, 1989. [16OJ pages. reason the larger and smaller scale maps ISBN: 0-8061-2158-0. $24.95 . are not given metric equivalents . Physically the production is solid. Five This new and nee ded work is one in a signatures are sewn into a firm binding, series of historical atlase s that the the hinges hold well, and the paper is University of Oklahoma Press has been long life. The cloth cover is well-finished methodically churning out since the and the colors are an un-Texanish light mid-1960's . So far there are eight states mauve with shiny blue letters. The dust (Arizona, California, Kansas, Missouri, cover illustration is attractive and appro New Mexico, Oklahoma, Washington), priate : the echt-historical Alamo. two Indian re servations (Navajo and Stephens and Holmes hope that the Zuni), and a region (American West). atlas will assist students and scholars They are all quarto size. This one from the " professional scholar" to sec The carto graphy is measures 12 by 9 inches with all maps ondary schools (and even to elementary fairly crisp. black on cream-colored paper, school " topical studies"). This is an The 64 maps are arranged in three unusually broad spectrum of users , and untitled sections: physical, historical. and the authors generally succeed, although I contemporary. The first six are physical; have some caveats . the next 42, numbers seven through 48, The text, though writte n in an unex are purely historical and can be sub citing narrative, is clear and comprehen divided chronologically into Spanish, sible. The level of writing is for middle Mexican, Texas Republic, and American or high school, though the information periods. The last 16, numbers 49 given can be detailed. The lack of formal through 64 are of contemporary cultural pagination causes some confusion. Do and political phenomena. There is a page the index numbers refer to the map or of text opposite each map. A separate text? Because the maps are basically " References" section at the end of the subservient illustrations for the text , the The text. though wri t atlas has a thorough bibliography for references seem to be textual. ten in an unexciting each map and text. There is an index . Even though the base maps are narrative. is d ear and The cartography is fairly crisp, al adequate , the maps of expeditions (8·11, comprehensible. though some of the larger and smaller 14,16-17, 20) might be better served scale maps are less so . A standard with a physiographic rather than a county outline base map at 1 inch to country outline map. A detail of Texas

~ MERIDIAN. 49 from Erwin Raise's unsurpassed Land vote was marked by " intimidation, forms of the United States map (Raise intolerance, and violence " (Pool 1957) or A.K. Lebeck's State of Texas 1975, 108). Ste phens and Holmes' com from Physiographic Diagram of the ment that slaveholding counties ran up United States (Lobeck 1945) would make wide margins is generally true; however, an excellent backdrop. This would give a some counties with large numbers of better idea of the terrain that the slaves voted against secession. Pool's explorers, soldiers, and settlers tra map includes the slave population county versed. In two cases, Stephens and by county, which aids in discovering this Holmes do show the importance of the ambiguity. The authors do include a table landscape. The Cap Rock Escarpment of votes by county. Both maps ably and two of its canyons are featured in counter the misrepresentation that the map 31, which delineates the justly ill South thought in a monolithic manner on fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition, and in the issue of secession. map 42, the " Last Days of the Free Sometimes there is plain difference of Indian in Texas." opinion between the two atlases. For A few other small critiques: map 23 of instance, in regard to the Republic of " The Fredonian Republic" seems a little Texas' exaggerated western boundary bare without settlements noted. On claims, Ste phens and Holmes state that maps 35 and 41, forts have what appear " The annexation agreement between to be founding dates , but not ending Texas and the United States in 1854 dates. On map 49, it would be useful to accepted those boundaries" (p. 34), know the dates the reservoirs were while Pool re marks that " The most constructed. The reference map for amazing thing, , , is that the Texans The only other Texas counties, map 64, has an alphabetical list were able .. , to hold on to their vague atlas with a significant of all the Texas ' 254 counties, but there claims until the compromise settlement historical content is Arbingast's Atlas of is no corresponding cross-reference by of 1850" (Pool 1975, 61), Texas. number if one does not know the county The only other Texas atlas with a name. Using county names in the base significant historical content is Ar maps could have helped here. In " Refer bingast's Atlas of Texas. Of its 179 ences," map 8, the citation to Carlos pages , 27 are on "Culture and History." Castaneda's Our Catholic Heritage in It has fascinating maps on courthouses, Texas , notes the Amo reprint, but later dialects, church membership, culture citations (maps 9-12) lack it. patterns , liquor option, illegal stills, The authors and/or the Press should voting patterns, and slavery percent be congratulated for the use of Spanish ages. None of this information is avail diacritics in the text. It is always able in the other two atlases. irritating to see them not used or The major methodological problem is misused. The only typo in regard to the the inclusion of the last grouping of latter seems to be the circumflex over maps, the 16 contemporary topics, This Gonzales in the map 30 text. is a large section to devote to non The only other major work of similar historical subjects. There are a number type is A Historical Atlas of Texas (Pool of themes that are not covered that 1975). Strangely, it is not cited. Nor is could be treated in future editions. For the fifth edition of the Atlas of Texas instance, African-Americans (slavery, (Arbingast 1976) which has a batch of lynching, settlement and towns), His historical maps. Also not cited is Impe panics and Europeans (settlement and rial Texas (Meinig 1969), a classic essay language), early industries (e.g. timber State historical atlases on the cultural geography of the state. cutting in East Texas), early to recent are not common pub One of the most fascinating maps, population distribution, and religious affil lications and several number 39, is on the secession vote and iations, just to name a few. are necessary for any kind of decent histori points up the contrast between Ste phens On the other hand, please do not let cal research. and Holmes' atlas and Pool's work. The my carping dissuade collections from authors narrate many of the facts , but buying this work. State historical atlases fail to mention, as Pool does, that the are not common publications and several

50 ~'ERJl)l AN 4 ~ are necessary for any kind of decent Nancy B. Parker set out to collect maps historical re search. This first edition of the Great Lakes region and have provides a good quality platform to build succeeded in acquiring some of the finest on. and most important seventeenth century LITERATURE CITED printed maps available. Further, their Arbingast, Stanley. 1976. Atlas of Texas. willingness to share those maps with a 5th edition. Austin: T he University of broader public is commendable and Texas, Bureau of Business Research. should be an example for other private pp. 29-56. and public collectors to follow. The work Lebeck. A.K. 1945. State of Texasfrom is both handsome and functional. It is in Physiographic Diagram of the United two parts : the maps themselve s, 22 in States (map] . Maplewood, New Jer number on 28 shee ts 54 X71 em. folded sey : Geographical Press. to 54 x 36 em. in a portfolio box of Meinig, Donald W. 1969. Imperial Texas : 57x44 cm.: and a soft-cover volume of An Interpretive Essay in Cultural 108 pages by Kevin Kaufman of the Geography. Austin: University of Texas University of Wisconsin. Press. The maps the mselves are reproduced Pool, William C., Edward Triggs, and at full-scale necessitating several to be Lance Wren . 1975. A Historical Atlas printed on more than a single sheet. of Texas. Austin: The Encino Press. They are in black and white with the pp. 108-110. quality of reproduction being excellent. Raisa, Erwin. 1957. Landfonns of the Each map has on the face of the fold a United Stafes. 6th revised edition complete description. This includes a [map] . Cambridge, Massachusetts: E. map history including cartographer, com Raisz. piler, engraver, publisher, imprint , works in which it was published , a description Peter B,Ives of any additional notations on the map William J, Par ish Memorial Library and the date of acquisition. Also there is University of New Mexico a complete descript ion of the physical Albuquerque. NM condition including the type of paper used, dimensions , a statement of condi tion and notes on watermarks. Finally there is a description of the image itself which indicates the reproduction method, The Mapping of the Great quality of impression, any particular Lakes in the Seventeenth design features, the scale, type of Century: twenty-two projection used and the latitude and longitude of the map. The maps range maps from the George S. from Nicolas Sanson's Amerique Sep and Nancy B. Parker tentrumale (1650) to Father Hennepin's Collection. New World (1698). Other map makers Providence, R. I.: John Carte r Brown included are Pierre Duval, Francois Du Library, 1989, 108 pages with 22 maps Creux, Giovanni Battista Nicolosi, Rich on 28 sheets in case 57x 44 em. ard Blome, Sanson Heirs, Giovanni ISBN 0-9166/7-34-3. $165.00. The work is both hand Giacomo De Rossi, Will iam Berry, Al some and funetional. exis-Hubert Iaill ot, Vincenzo Maria Cor Map collecting and historical cartogra onelliand Chretien Le Clercq. phy and/or geography seem to be such Assembled with the portfolio of maps symbiotic endeavors that it is surpris ing is a volume of 108 pages by Kevin that detailed analyses of individual collec Kaufman of the History of Cartography tions would not be more common. True, project at the University of Wisconsin. The maps themselves institutions often publish catalogs of The foreword is by George S. Parker, are reproduced at full sca le ... with the exhibits or carte-bibliographies but rarely giving an interesting insight to the quality of reproduetion is a private collection of maps as nicely collector's mind. Prefaces are by David being excellent. presented as is this . George S. and Woodward of the Univers ity of wiscon-

~ MERllJ1AN. 51 sin and Norman Fiering of the John cartographic history of the region and a Carter Brown Library. The remainder of detailed description of the Parker's the volume includes a chronology of collection. Both are extremely useful. historical. geographical and bibli The overview is clearly written and ographical events from 1535 to 1703 to imparts ample information in a short assist the user in putting the maps in a space. Also it is well foot-noted . The temporal context. The introduction gives detailed descriptions of the individual an overview of the process of seven maps are extremely useful as many of teenth century exploration and discovery the features attributed to the specific of the Great Lakes region . It dea ls with maps will be true of other copies in the changing sources of informat ion used other collections. The toponymic indexes in creating the maps varying from are an added bonus. The amount of time Amerindian informants. exploration jour taken to produce them will be greatly nals and surveyed information. The appreciated by students of Great Lakes process of the compilation of the maps is history and geography. The only disap discussed with emphasis on the use of pointment is the quality of the maps the source material in creating the reproduced in the appe ndix. Th e re graphic image. Finally, the influences of duced scale of many makes them difficult the commercial map publishing trade are to use, although their reproduction was brought into focus in the proce ss of meant to be illustrative and not a ful l creating the cartographic products . The scale effort as the Parker's collection is. main body of the work is the individual The combination of full-scale reproduc The main body or th e description and analysis of each map in tions of the Parker collection. good [volume whic h accom the collection. Besides the information carte-bibliographic research, a well writ pan ies the maps] is the included on each map as noted above ten and researched accompanying text individual description there is an analysis putting the map in its and toponymic index makes this a and llnal,'s is or each welcome addition to the literature on the map in the collection. historical-geographical context as well as ••• th ere is a n a nalys is discussing its carto-biblograpb ic history. exploration and discovery of the Great pult in R" th e map in its A selected bibliography is included as Lakes region. It will benefit the serious h jgto rical·Kf"O gra phical well as a toponymic index of all the maps collector as well as any student of the eenreat. of geographic features, Amerindian tribal subject or region, including library refer lands and names of the Great Lakes. ence collections. At $165 it would seem Finally, there is an appendix of 14 expensive, but compared to the cost of additional maps illustrative of the car reproduction and re search it is a bargain . tographic context. These are both printed and manuscript maps mentioned Jon L. Wal strom in the chronology and text and are Map Curator reproduced in much reduced format. Minnesota Historical Society The maps re produced on this work St. Paul, Minnesota are not meant to be a complete car The combination or tographic record of the Great Lakes full-scale reprodu c region in the latter half of the seven tions ••• • good earte teenth century. Aside from that it does bibliograp hi<' reseaeeb, a well written and re come close and if one's appetite needs ~a rc hed accompanyin R" further satisfaction the bibliography will tut and t epony mje in lead one to more adventures. It is a fine Inde x t o A dve rtise rs du makes th is a wel series of reproductions from one very come add ition to thl' good but not complete collection. It Ameri can Libr...ry A$$Oc:i<'ll lon 36 litera tu re. would be rare indeed if all the maps Archi...... 1Coneeev lion Cenler, Inc . 36 Rich",rd B. Arkw y, Inc .-1nalde lront co ...er documenting the subject would be held Art Source Inlern",tiornll 35 in one private or public collection. What M",p Llnk 55 does bind the collection together and M"'rl",y...n Len B<'ICk co ver broaden it in its historical-cartographic J.T. Mom:kton Inside b<'Ick cover context is the accompanying text. It George Ritzhn 36 offers both a general survey of the New Enq1nd c"rloqraphiCII--!naide back co ver

52 The Atlas of Pennsylvania. Following an introductory essay. " The A cooperotiee projed of thethree Com Pennsylvania Mosaic." the editors have momcealm Research Unuxrsities, Tem arranged the atlas into four broad subject ple Unit'usily, editors.David f. Cuff. areas: land and resources. Pennsylva William ]. }oung; Unil'ersity of Penn rna's past, human patterns and economic syit'ania. editor, Edu-a rd K. Muller: activity. These categories are, in tum . The Pennsylvania State U"it'ers ity, divided into numerous specific areas editors. Wilbur Zelinsky, Ronald F. discussing aspects of the main divisions. Abler. As an example, the section on economic Philadelphia: Temple University Press, activity is broken down into discussions 1989. xiii, 288 pages. of land use, business and finance, em I SBN: 0-8m2-618-0_$120 _00_ ployment, personal income, transporta tion, etc. Each of these areas is further Having lived in Pennsylvania for al refined into even more specific catego most twenty years . I thought I knew ries. Thus, economic activity-energy quite a bit about the state. What I coal, oil and gas, electric power and d iscovered. after reading through the selected renewables. new Allas 01Pennsylvania. was that The four major subject divisions (pp. although I knew a good deal about 1-227) are followed by a twenty-four Philadelphia and somewhat less about the page section of text, maps and graphics surrounding metropolitan area, I really analyzing both Philadelphia and Pitts was rather deficient in my knowledge of burgh. Next is a section presenting the rest of the state. I suppose that various reference maps (legislative, judi might be expected since I live and work cial and executive districts) and a section in the largest city at one end of a mostly on map resources

53 persons speaking German at home), to make his or her own way to columns (i.e. , residents in group homes) "hydrology."Likewise. "hazardous and cubes (i.e.• regionally significant waste sites " is listed only under " land industrie s). These maps are themselves use, state." These topics deserv..e their liberally supplemented with line and bar OY:O entry or at the very least a "see" graphs (i.e. . historical natural gas pro reference. A second inconsistency is the duction). pyramids (i.e., age and sex reference to only one of two maps on a structure) and pie charts (i.e. , commer subject. Hence, the index refers only to cial forest land ownership). Maps are page 225 for a map of scenic rivers in keyed to a notes and sources listing on Pennsylvania (scenic rivers only) while The amount and vari either the same or the facing page for neglecting the map on page 71 (scenic ety of information is easy reference. rivers along with other state-designated tru ly u tou nding. This is an atlas intended for a broad special areas). The serious use r would audience. The amount and variety of in want to know of both maps. A final formation is truly astounding. Where else problem is the omission of maps. The could you find a map of professional foot most glaring example of this is the lack balland baseball "fansheds" (p. 160). of any reference at all in the index to the the tandem-truck network (p. 187), map of federal Superfund sites (p. 70). or " dry" areas (as in liquor) in The only access point is in the table of Pennsylvania (p. 218). Some elemen contents under " land and resources tar)" school children might have trouble environmental overview- threats. " interpreting some maps , but certainly There definitely should be a direct index readers from high school and college reference to this map. Overall, though. through the governmental agency and the index is quite acceptable and will get researcher level will be quite comfort you where you want to go.There just able with this atlas . Even though many seems to be an occasional lack of quality of the sections are written by spec control. ialists, the text is very clear and Notwithstanding the above criticisms. organized. the Alias of Pennsylvania is a wonderful There are a number of areas for piece of ....-ork. Its coverage is extre mely criticism. however, By using gradients of comprehensive and the maps. graphics a particular color for a particular and text truly informative. It should be in choropleth map and key (especially every map and geography library, browns and blues), there is sometimes a Even though many of problem distinguishing color separation, LITERATURE CITED the sect ions are writ particularly in the key. This problem is ten by specialiats. the ~l i1l er, overcome with very close scrutiny, but it Eugene Willard. 1975. Socio text is very d ear and economic Patterns of Pennsylvania: an organized. does detract from easy use in a few Atlas. [Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: cases. Another small problem is the lack Commonwealth of Pennsylvania). of a separate pocket map for county Rizza. Paul F. 1975. Pennsylvania Atlas: identification that could be placed on the a ThematicAlias of tht Keystone State. page for easy reference. I certainly don't Slippery Rock. Pennsylvania: Depart ment of Geography. Slippery Rock know all sixty-seven counties in the state Stale College. and constantly turning to the back of the Rizza, Paul F. 1982. 2nd edition. Penn book is most inconvenient. A final point sylrania Alias: a Thematic Alias of tM of criticism (and perhaps the most Keystone State. Grove City,Pennsylva nia: Ptolemy Press. ... n tremely t ompn!' serious) concerns the index. It seems to henai...~ and the mapa. me that an atlas of this size deserves an gn phita and tex t truly index to match its comprehensiveness. informat ive. In this case, size see ms to be related to a certa in inconsiste ncy of criteria for inclusion in the index. Thus, " women in Rich Boardman the workforce" has entries under both Head . Map Collectio n "women" and "workforce," but maps Free Library of Philadelphia on "groundwater" requires the reader Philad elphia. Pennsyl vania

54 Forthcoming Eve nts

NACIS ANNUAL MEETI NG 1990

The North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) will hold its tenth annual meeting at the Holiday Inn on International Drive in Orlando. Florida. Octobe r 24-27. 1990. The Society is a M ap Link Imports a nd d istributes m aps from a rou nd the w o rld young, interdisciplinary organization whose goal is to promote communication, coordination. and coop over 46,000 titles in stock eration among the producers, disseminators. cura tors, and users of cartographic information. The topographic series for over 60 nations NACIS membership includes professionals from thousands ofcity plans government , academic. and private organizations. thematic maps, atlases, globes and related products The theme of this year's meeting is " Changing Cartography in the Nineti es." The program will include such topics as cartographic activities in Latin J UST PUBLISHED: America and Canada. carto gra phic education, car tographic laboratories. mapping of water resources, cartography and the media, cartographic software, geological mapping, geographic information sys tems. navigation, atlases , and map library tec h nology. There will be a mixture of contributed papers, keynote speakers , invited papers, panel discussions, poster displays , exhibits , workshops, and field trips . The deadline for submitting ab strac ts is July 15, 1990. For program and registration information contact Dr. James F. Fryman. Program Chair for NACIS X, Department of Geography, Univers ity of Northern Iowa, Ceder Falls, Iowa 50614-0406. Telephone : 319/273 -6245 or 319/273-2772.

THE HEBRIDES SURVEYED

Map and chart enthusiasts- not to mention anyone attracted by the lure of the Hebrides-will be delighted to learn of a major exhibition opening in the National l ibrary of Scotland. Edinburgh , on 1 August. Entitled The Hebrides Surieyed, the ex hibition THE WOR LD MAP DIRECTOR Y explores the mapping and chartin g of the Hebridean islands, from the earliest maps based on Ptolemy to ISBN 0-929591-00-3 modem satellite images. The exhibition is derived from the highly-acclaimed Tngail Tir exhibition first ISSN 1040-1687 shown in the Western Isles in 1989 , but takes $29.95 advantage of the additional facilities and security of This 278 -page D irectory lists over 10,000 maps c urrently in print the Edinburgh venue of display a more extensive and av a ilable in the U nited Slates. identifie s pu blishers, prices, range of rare and intriguing maps and charts. In It addition, completely new displays of photographs dates and scales for each map. The Di rectory is a complete , from stunning aerial shots to historic pictures-help up-to- date re ference tool, upda ted annually. The Directory also to capture the atmos phere of the islands, while serve s as a catalog. Every m ap is in stock and av ail abl e from M ap surveying instru ments and map-making tools shed Link. light on the men who first -literally-put the Hebrides on the map. On sale to accompany the CLIP OR COPY TIllS AD AND RECEIVE A 20% exhibition will be a study of the mapping of the Western Isles entitl ed Togail Tir: Marking Time, DISCO UNT ON YOUR ORDER. edited by Finlay Macleod. The Exhibition dates are 1 August to 31 October Map Link 1990. For illustrations and further information 25 East M ason contact: Dr. Kenneth Gibson, National Library of Scotland. Geo rge IV Bridge. Edinburgh, EHl l EW. Sa nta Barbara, CA 93 10 1 Telephone: 031-226 4531. (8 0S) 96 5· 4-\0 2

~ ~IERIDIAN 4 55 INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Tab/ts. While each table should be discussed in the manuscript, its meaning should be clear without re feren ce to Meridian is published semi-annually by the American the text . Each table should be ass igned an Arabic number Library Association 's Map and Geography Round Table. It te.g.. Table I) , and should be typed double-spaced on a contains articles which (1) advance the organization and se parate sheet at the end of the text. Each should have a dissemiruttion of cartographic. geographi c, and remote sensing clear, concise title and column headings. collections and infollTl:ltion; and (2) describe and document the Illustrations, Each illustration should be assigned sequen major trends and issues in the professional development of tial Arabic numbers (e.g., Fig. l) and should be camera cartogra phic and geographic librarianship in North America. ready. 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Manuscripts received are given an work. and (in the case of books) the place of publication and initial review by the editor. Those selected for furthe r review publisher. or (in the case of periodicals) the periodical title. are submitted to at least two readers , generally members of volume number, and inclusive paging . For example: the Editorial Board or the panel of consulting editors. Names Jones, Samuel. 1987. Maps for Eoeryone. Smithville, Calif.: of authors are re moved from the manuscript and thus author Cartographic Publishing Works. name (s) should be on the first page of the manuscript only. Jones. Samuel and Constance Williams . 1979. Mapping for Insofar as possible, other items in the manuscript that Everyone. Smithville, Calif.: Cartographic Publishing Works. identify the author are blocked out by the editor prior to --. 1980. " Mapping for Everyone in New York State." submission for formal re view. When the review is com pleted, Maps Today 159:160-166. a process generally taking six to eight weeks, the editor will Cite references in the text by giving the author' s last notify the author. Reviewers consider the style and content of the manuscript. giving weight to organization, writing name(s) publication date and any relevant information within style, originality, importance to the literature, methodology parentheses. e.g.• (Smith 1988) or (Smith 1988, 299). When an author has more than one publication in a given year add a employed . and the author's investigative thoroughness. letter to the date to distinguish them . e.g., (lcnes 1988a) Pub/itation. If a manuscript is accepted (or publica- tjonee 1988b). AU citations should be verified carefully. 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