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Introduction Old Testament ———————————————— THINK AGAIN AN INTRODUCTION L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L TO THE OLD TESTAMENT HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— DAVID M. HOWARD JR. PERSONA 1 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— THINK AGAIN CONTENTS Preface L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L 1. Introduction to Historical Narrative Historical Narrative as Prose: Contrast with Poetry Definitions Form Content Conclusion Historical Narrative as History Definitions History as “The Facts” History as the Record of the Facts Modern Historical Study of Biblical History Rationales for Historical Study PERSONA The Importance of Historicity Modern Historians of Biblical History and the Problem of Evidence 2 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Modern Historians of Biblical History and the Problem of the Historian THINK AGAIN Historie and Geschichte Historical Method: The Study of the Facts Historical Narrative as Literature L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L Historical Narrative as Story Characteristics of Historical Narrative Elements of Historical Narrative The Stylistics of Historical Narrative Conclusion: Reading Historical Narrative 2. Joshua Joshua: Title and Man Authorship and Date of Composition Purpose Historical and Cultural Context for the Book of Joshua Date of the Events PERSONA Nature of the Events Historical Setting of the Conquest The Place of Joshua in the Canon 3 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Joshua and the Pentateuch Joshua and the “Deuteronomistic History” THINK AGAIN Joshua and the Present Canon Special Issues in the Book of Joshua The Destruction of the Canaanites STUDY NOTES L Rahab’s Lie Etiology in Joshua Jericho and the Archaeological Record Ai and the Archaeological Record Joshua’s Long Day Theology of the Book of Joshua The Land Rest The Covenant Purity of Worship (Holiness) Outline of the Book of Joshua PERSONA 3. Judges Title Authorship and Date of Composition 4 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Unity Purpose THINK AGAIN The Place of Judges in the Canon Historical and Cultural Context for the Book of Judges L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L Date of the Events Historical Setting of the Events Canaanite Religion and Culture Special Issues in the Book of Judges Israel’s Organizational Structure The Office of “Judge” The Placement and Function of Judges 1:1–2:5 The Angel of the Lord in Judges Jephthah’s Vow Theology of the Book of Judges The Land Israel’s Apostasy PERSONA God’s Faithfulness The Case for Kingship 5 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Outline of the Book of Judges 4. Ruth THINK AGAIN Ruth: Title and Woman Authorship and Date of Composition Literary Nature STUDY NOTES L Unity Purpose The Place of Ruth in the Canon Historical and Cultural Context for the Book of Ruth The Moabites Laws of “Levirate” Marriage and Redemption Theology of the Book of Ruth God’s Sovereignty and Steadfastness God’s Hiddenness Inclusiveness Theology of the Monarchy PERSONA Exposition of the Book of Ruth Introduction: A Godly Family Emptied (Ruth 1) Development (a): Ruth and Boaz Meet (Ruth 2) 6 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Development (b): Ruth and Boaz Engage (Ruth 3) Climax and Resolution: A Godly Family Filled (Ruth THINK AGAIN 4) Outline of the Book of Ruth 5. 1 & 2 Samuel L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L Title and Division of the Books Authorship, Unity, and Date of Composition The Text of 1 & 2 Samuel Purpose Historical and Cultural Context for 1 & 2 Samuel Date of the Events Historical Setting of the Events Special Issues in 1 & 2 Samuel Prophecy in 1 & 2 Samuel The Spirit of the Lord in 1 & 2 Samuel The “Repentance” of God The Place of 1 & 2 Samuel in the Canon PERSONA Theology of 1 & 2 Samuel Justification for the Davidic Monarchy 7 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— The Effects of Sin God’s Sovereignty THINK AGAIN Outline of 1 & 2 Samuel 6. 1 & 2 Kings Title and Place in the Canon STUDY NOTES L Authorship and Date of Composition Date of the Events Purpose The Composition of 1 & 2 Kings The Use of Sources in 1 & 2 Kings The Framework of 1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Kings and the “Deuteronomistic History” Chronology in 1 & 2 Kings The Chronological Scheme of 1 & 2 Kings The Kings of Israel and Judah Prophets and Prophecy in 1 & 2 Kings PERSONA Prophetic Titles Characteristics and Functions of Prophets Varieties of Prophets in 1 & 2 Kings 8 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Elijah and Elisha Special Issues in 1 & 2 Kings THINK AGAIN Elijah, Elisha, and Miracle “Clustering” in the Bible God and the Lying Spirit Theology of 1 & 2 Kings STUDY NOTES L The Kingdom of God and the Davidic Kingdom God’s Grace and Hope for the Future Concern for the Covenant Prophetic Perspectives Judgment and Repentance Outline of 1 & 2 Kings 7. Historical and Cultural Context for 1 & 2 Kings Israel and Its Neighbors in 1 & 2 Kings The Phoenicians The Moabites The Edomites PERSONA The Arameans The Egyptians The Assyrians 9 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— The Babylonians Extrabiblical Texts and 1 & 2 Kings THINK AGAIN Hebrew Inscriptions The Moabite Stone: Mesha’s Revolt Against Israel Sennacherib’s Annals: The Siege of Jerusalem STUDY NOTES L The Book of Tobit Jerusalem in 1 & 2 Kings Jerusalem: Historical City Jerusalem: Spiritual Symbol 8. 1 & 2 Chronicles Title and Place in the Canon Authorship Date Date of the Events Date of Composition Purpose PERSONA Historical and Cultural Context for 1 & 2 Chronicles Relationship of 1 & 2 Chronicles to Ezra-Nehemiah Sources in 1 & 2 Chronicles 10 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— The Chronicler’s Hermeneutics Some Suggested Approaches THINK AGAIN The Chronicler as Exegete The Chronicler’s Exegetical Techniques The Genealogies in 1 Chronicles 1–9 STUDY NOTES L Introduction to Genealogies The Genealogies Outlined Theology of 1 & 2 Chronicles The Unity of God’s People: All Israel Davidic Kingship The Temple and Worship Reward and Punishment Attitudes of the Heart Prayer The Authority of Scripture Outline of 1 & 2 Chronicles PERSONA 9. Ezra-Nehemiah Title Purpose 11 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Place in the Canon Order THINK AGAIN Unity Relationship to 1 & 2 Esdras Authorship STUDY NOTES L Composition Major Sources Other Sources The Composition of Ezra 4 Date Date of the Events Date of Composition Historical and Cultural Context for Ezra-Nehemiah The Persians The “Samarians” The Elephantine Papyri PERSONA Nehemiah’s Jerusalem The Aramaic of Ezra Ezra and Nehemiah and Their Reforms 12 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Ezra the Man Ezra’s Reforms THINK AGAIN Nehemiah the Man Nehemiah’s Reforms Special Issues in Ezra-Nehemiah STUDY NOTES L David and Royal Outlooks in Ezra-Nehemiah The Identity of Sheshbazzar Theology of Ezra-Nehemiah God’s People: At One with Preexilic Israel God’s People: Unified God’s People: Separated Temple Worship The Importance of Scripture Prayer God’s Grace Outline of Ezra-Nehemiah PERSONA 10. Esther Esther: Title and Woman Authorship and Date of Composition 13 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— Canonicity and Place in the Canon Purpose THINK AGAIN History and the Book of Esther Historical and Cultural Context Historical Accuracy STUDY NOTES L The Additions to the Book of Esther Theology of the Book of Esther God’s Providence God’s Hiddenness Royalty Cooperation with Foreign Powers The Festival of Purim Outline of the Book of Esther Bibliography 1 PERSONA 1Howard, D. M., Jr. (1993). An introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books (16). Chicago: Moody Press. 14 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— PREFACE The OT’s historical books are at one and the same THINK AGAIN time inviting and forbidding. They are inviting because they contain many familiar characters, such as Samson and Delilah, David and Goliath, David and Bathsheba, Solomon and his wives, Queen Esther, and many others. They also are inviting STUDY NOTES L because they contain many delightful and moving stories. Who does not delight at the miraculous provision of a son to Hannah, the warm friendship between David and Jonathan, or Elijah’s triumph over the prophets of Baal? Who is not moved by Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, David’s largesse toward Mephibosheth, or Nehemiah’s deep faith? But these books are also forbidding to many people because they contain many obscure characters and tangled plots. Who can easily remember the names of the many judges, let alone follow the details of their lives? Who can easily trace the intrigues involved in the succession to David’s throne? Who can remember the names of the kings of Israel and Judah? They also repel people because they contain many strange and even repulsive events. Who does not shudder at the complete annihilation of the Canaanites in Joshua’s day or at the slaughter of the Persians in Esther’s day? Who is not repulsed at the graphic description of Ehud’s PERSONA killing of Eglon in Judges 3? Who does not puzzle about the long day in Joshua 10, the appearance of Samuel from beyond the grave in 1 Samuel 28, or Mesha’s strange sacrifice of his son in 2 Kings 3? 15 LIVING WORD AMI HISTORICAL BOOKS ———————————————— ———————————————— The OT’s historical books contain much more than delightful or strange stories, however. They are an important repository of God’s revelation of THINK AGAIN Himself. In the details of the stories, as well as (or perhaps especially) at the higher levels of groups of stories, we see great themes unfolded—themes that tell us about God and His love for His people and the world, His holiness, His worthiness, and His L STUDY NOTES STUDY NOTES L unfolding plans for His people and the world. In the end, these things are much more important than the fortunes or foibles of individual characters.
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