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Passive Seismic Interferometry & Shear Wave Splitting In ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΑΤΡΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΣΜΕΝΗ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ & ΓΕΩΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΣΕΙΣΜΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ Παθητική Σεισμική Συμβολομετρία & Ανισοτροπία Εγκαρσίων Κυμάτων στη διερεύνηση του Γήινου φλοιού ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Ν. ΓΙΑΝΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Γεωλόγος, M.Sc. Εφαρμοσμένης Γεωλογίας & Γεωφυσικής Διδακτορική Διατριβή ΠΑΤΡΑ 2016 Passive Seismic Interferometry & Shear Wave Splitting in the investigation of the Earth's crust: application to the Corinth Rift, Greece a dissertation presented by Dimitrios N. Giannopoulos to The University of Patras, Department of Geology, Seismological Laboratory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Seismology Patras 2016 Frontpiece* © Alexandros Maragos ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΤΟΣ, 535 - 475 Π.Κ.Χ. HERACLITUS, 535 - 475 BCE v University of Patras Faculty of Sciences Department of Geology Sector of Applied Geology & Geophysics Laboratory of Seismology Supervisory Committee Members: Ass. Prof. Efthimios Sokos (Supervisor) (Department of Geology, University of Patras) Prof. G-Akis Tselentis (National Observatory of Athens - Institute of Geodynamics) Prof. Georgios Oikonomou (Department of Physics, University of Patras) This to certify that we have read this dissertation and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope of quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Efthimios Sokos (Supervisor) (Department of Geology, University of Patras) ________________ Prof. G-Akis Tselentis (Department of Geology, University of Patras | National Observatory of Athens - Institute of Geodynamics) ________________ Prof. Georgios Oikonomou (Department of Physics, University of Patras) ________________ Prof. Ioannis Koukouvelas (Department of Geology, University of Patras) ________________ Prof. Anastasia Kiratzi (Department of Geophysics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) ________________ Prof. Panayiotis Papadimitriou (Faculty of Geology-Geoenvironment, University of Athens) ________________ Ass. Researcher Dr. Christos Evangelidis (National Observatory of Athens - Institute of Geodynamics) ________________ vii Η έγκριση της διδακτορικής διατριβής από το Τμήμα Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, δεν υποδηλώνει ότι το Τμήμα αποδέχεται τις απόψεις του συγγραφέα (Ν.5343/1932, Άρθρο 202, Παρ. 2). The approval of this doctoral thesis by the Department of Geology, University of Patras, does not imply that the Department accepts the author's opinions (L.5343/1932, Article 202, Paragraph 2). © Copyright by Dimitrios N. Giannopoulos 2016 All Rights Reserved ix Acknowledgements This thesis is not only the result of personal effort and work, but it is also the result of the knowledge, help and work of many others. Following the completion of my doctoral thesis I would like to express my sincere thanks to all those who substantially contributed to this study. First I would like to express my thankfulness to my supervisor Assoc. Professor Efthimios Sokos for his outstanding guidance throughout the whole period of my studies. I thank him for always having an open door for me, for his valuable help, patience, discussions, for everything. Without all these, this thesis would not have been possible. I am grateful to my supervisory committee members, the Director of Geodynamic Institute - National Observatory of Athens Prof. G-Akis Tselentis and Prof. Georgios Oikonomou from the Department of Physics, University of Patras, for the scientific advices and for their overall assistance. I would like to mention one by one expressing my sincere gratitude to Anne Deschamps, Diane Rivet both from Géoazur, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, France, Hélène Lyon-Caen from Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France and Pascal Bernard from Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France, for their valuable contribuiton to the initiation of the Ambient Noise Tomography study and for the great hospitality during two very productive visits I had in Nice and Paris. Aurelien Mordret from Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, MA, USA for providing important software tools used in the tomographic xi inversions. Konstantinos I. Konstantinou from the Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University of Taiwan for his valuable contribution to the shear-wave anisotropy analysis. My sincere thanks to Paris Paraskevopoulos and Athanasios Lois, both from Department of Geology, University of Patras, who have been involved in different parts of this study. I am grateful to all for their active contribution, feedback, ideas, comments that have improved the quality of this thesis. Finally, but most prominently in rank, my ultimate acknowledgement to my beloved parents, Mando and Nikos, and to my brother, Spyros, for their love, the continuing support and encouragement. Dimitrios N. Giannopoulos * In the image of the frontpiece Alexandros Maragos captured Panachaiko mountain range and the gulf of Patras, Greece, at sunset, the land where I was born, grew up, studied... The photo was awarded by National Geographic (http://on.natgeo.com/1NE66jd) as the "Photo of the Day" in December 7, 2015. xii Dedicated to my parents and to my brother for their love and support xiii Table of contents Frontpiece iv Committee members vii Copyright ix Acknowledgements xi Dedication xiii Table of contents xv List of figures xix List of tables xxix List of abbreviations xxxi Chapters 1. Introduction - Thesis outline............................................................................ 33 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 33 1.2 Passive Seismic Interferometry - Part I...................................................... 33 1.3 Shear-Wave Splitting - Part II..................................................................... 35 1.4 Thesis objectives - Outline............................................................................ 37 2. Corinth Rift........................................................................................................... 41 2.1 Geotectonic Seismotectonic setting........................................................... 41 Part I 3. Passive Seismic Interferometry....................................................................... 53 3.1 Ambient Seismic Noise................................................................................. 53 3.2 Theory............................................................................................................ 57 xv 3.3 Ambient Noise Tomography using Seismic Interferometry....................... 60 4. Ambient Noise Tomography of the western Corinth Rift.......................... 65 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Data and processing workflow..................................................................... 65 4.3 Pre-processing & cross-correlations computation....................................... 67 4.4 Dispersion curve measurements.................................................................. 76 4.5 2-D Rayleigh-wave group velocity maps...................................................... 79 4.6 Resolution Assessment................................................................................ 88 4.7 Inversion of local dispersion curves - Depth inversion............................... 88 5. Interpretation & Discussion.............................................................................. 99 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 99 5.2 Rayleigh-wave group velocity maps............................................................. 100 5.3 Shear-wave velocity structure at depth....................................................... 103 5.4 Overall interpretation................................................................................... 108 5.5 Conclusions.................................................................................................... 112 Part II 6. Shear Wave Splitting.......................................................................................... 117 6.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 117 6.2 What causes shear wave splitting................................................................ 117 6.3 Variations in shear wave splitting parameters........................................... 120 6.4 Shear wave window...................................................................................... 122 6.5 Applications................................................................................................... 123 7. Shear Wave Splitting analysis in the western Corinth Rift...................... 125 xvi 7.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 125 7.2 The January 2010 Efpalio earthquakes....................................................... 126 7.3 Data............................................................................................................... 128 7.4 Methodology.................................................................................................. 129 7.4.1 Shear wave splitting measurements......................................................... 129 7.4.2 Estimation of VP/VS ratios......................................................................... 132 8. Shear Wave Splitting Results...........................................................................
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