DOCSLIB.ORG

Signature Redacted Author

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Signature Redacted Author An Extended Analytic Range Corrector Method for the Space Shuttle Entry Guidance Algorithm by Erin Elizabeth Evans B.S. Mechanical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (2015) Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2018. All rights reserved. Signature redacted Author ................. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics redacted May 24, 2018 Certified by ........... Signature I. .... Professor Jonathan P. How, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor Certified by ............ Signature redacted...... Stephen Thrasher Guidance Engineer, C.S. Draper Laboratory Thesis Supervisor Accepted by .................... Signature redacted ...... MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Professor Hamsa Balakrishnan OF TECHNOLOGY Associate Pr ofessor of Aeronautics and Astronautics JUN 28 2018 Chair, Graduate Program Committee LIBRARIES ARCHIVES 2 An Extended Analytic Range Corrector Method for the Space Shuttle Entry Guidance Algorithm by Erin Elizabeth Evans Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 24, 2018, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Abstract Space shuttle entry guidance with an extended analytic range corrector method is presented. The guidance method is a variation of Shuttle entry guidance in which the parameters that define the drag profile are modified using quadratic splines to make the drag profile smooth and easier to customize. In general, in order to account for off- nominal entry conditions and ensure the vehicle flies the correct range to the runway, the nominal reference drag profile is modified on-line utilizing analytic expressions for the derivative of range with respect to the relevant drag profile parameter. This new profile is then used to calculate a reference drag command in the subsequent guidance algorithm cycle. Typical implementations of Shuttle entry guidance modify the drag profile using only one variable to shift the profile by a constant value. This presents problems when the vehicle is highly constrained and can easily violate constraints such as heat load and heat rate constraints due to small drag profile variations. The methods by which the drag profile is updated are changed in order to provide multiple perturbation options. In providing multiple drag profile update parameters, a memoryless range error allocator is implemented with a vector of weights as a design variable. The allocator parameters are designed to take into account heat load while remaining within constraints using a high L/D vertical takeoff horizontal landing reusable launch vehicle simulation. The resulting algorithm seeks to leverage the high-TRL Shuttle entry guidance routine by making minimal modifications to the implementation, while increasing robustness to entry interface dispersions under tight heating constraints. A discussion of the design of the drag profile is included, in which the selection of profile update parameters is explored. Results from optimization of these parameters using a genetic algorithm are presented, as well as Monte Carlo results demonstrating that the allocator can reduce failure rates due to tight drag constraints from 42% to 0%, establishing the impact and success of this analytic range corrector method. Thesis Supervisor: Professor Jonathan P. How, Ph.D. 3 Title: Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor: Stephen Thrasher Title: Guidance Engineer, C.S. Draper Laboratory 4 Acknowledgments There is an insanely large number of people without whom this thesis and my success in grad school would not be possible. First, I would like to thank Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, for giving me the opportunity to do research so closely aligned with my interests, and for providing the resources for me to pursue my Master's Degree at MIT. I would like to thank Stephen Thrasher, my mentor, for providing endless insight and being such a patient sounding board for many ideas, both good and very bad. Thanks also to my faculty advisor, Professor Jonathan How. It was truly a pleasure and an honor to be your student, and I value all the advice and insight you provided me these past two years. I also want to extend thanks to Ross, who is my teammate, my biggest cheerleader, my day one, and my infinite source of energy. From studying for my qualifying exams with me, listening to proofs half asleep on the floor, and bringing me dinner when I'm working too late, all the way to waiting outside my qualifying exam room door for me and packing up your life to start our next adventure in Seattle, you've been there for me with patience and enthusiastic encouragement every single day. I couldn't have done it without you. To Nikita, Bjorn, Brandon, Noam, Brett, Chris, Kris, and all the members of the ACL, you made being part of the lab a fun and rewarding experience. Thanks for the Nerf fights and late nights, the long talks and coffee breaks. To my roommates, Alison, Justin, Kelly, and Scott, you made living in Boston a very exciting two years. To my family, for supporting me and giving me every possible opportunity. I would never have had the opportunity to attend MIT without you. And finally, to Ali, Brian, Pat, and my Lord Hobo family, thank you for being fantastic humans and fantastic friends. You were there when I needed you, and I'm so lucky I had you at my side through grad school. 5 6 Contents 1 Introduction 21 1.1 B ackground . ........ ........ ......... ...... 23 1.1.1 Shuttle Entry Guidance . ...... ...... ...... .. 23 1.1.2 Literature Review .... ...... ...... ..... .... 29 1.2 M otivation . ..... ...... .... ..... ..... ..... .. 30 1.3 Thesis Objective . ....... ...... ...... ...... ... 32 1.4 Thesis Overview .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 33 2 Simulation Environment 35 2.1 U nits .. ..... ...... .... ..... ..... ..... .... 35 2.2 Reference Coordinate Frames .... ....... ...... ..... 36 2.2.1 North, East, Down ... ..... .... ..... ..... .. 36 2.2.2 Earth Centered, Earth Fixed .... ........ ....... 36 2.2.3 Earth Centered, Inertial ...... ........ ....... 37 2.2.4 Body Centered, Body Fixed .... ........ ....... 37 2.3 Coordinate Transformations ..... ........ ......... 38 2.3.1 North, East, Down Frame to Earth Centered, Earth Fixed Frame 38 2.3.2 Earth Centered, Earth Fixed Frame to Earth Centered, Inertial ..38 Fram e ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... 2.3.3 Earth Centered, Inertial Frame to Body Centered, Body Fixed Fram e ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... 39 2.4 Environment Models . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 39 2.4.1 Earth Gravity Model ..... ..... .... ..... .... 39 7 2.4.2 Earth Atmosphere ... ...... .. .... .... .. 40 2.5 Vehicle M odel .... ....... ..... .... ........ 40 2.6 Simulation State Propagation ....... ... ........ 41 2.6.1 Bank Angle and Angle of Attack . ............ 41 2.6.2 Equations of Motion ........ ............ 41 2.7 Aerodynamic Heating .... ........ ............ 41 2.8 Simulation Initialization .... ...... ........ ... 43 2.8.1 Initial Conditions ....... ... .... ........ 43 2.8.2 Terminal Conditions .... .... ...... ...... 43 2.8.3 Monte Carlo Parameters ...... ............ 44 3 Shuttle Orbiter Guidance Algorithm 45 3.1 Reference Drag Profile ........... .... ........ 45 3.2 Reference Drag Profile Parameters .... ...... ...... 48 3.3 Equations of Motion ........... ........ .... 48 3.4 Range Prediction ............. ............ 49 3.5 Reference Trajectory Range Update .... ... ........ 52 3.6 Other Reference Trajectory Parameters . ........ ... 54 3.7 Angle of Attack and Bank Angle Commands ... ........ 55 3.8 Lateral Logic ... ............. ............ 57 4 Problem Description 59 5 Allocator Overview 63 5.1 Quadratic Splines .... 64 5.2 Updated Range Equations 66 5.3 Parameter 1: Di .... 67 5.4 Parameter 2: kq...... 68 5.5 Parameter 3: V .. .. .. 70 5.6 Memoryless Design . 71 5.7 Parameter Limits ... 73 8 5.8 Weight Selection .. ....... ........ ........ ... .7 74 6 Allocator Optimization Design 75 6.1 Genetic Algorithm Overview . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 77 6.1.1 Crossover ... .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. 78 6.1.2 M utation ... ...... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 6.2 Nominal Trajectory Parametrization . .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 6.3 Nominal Optimization Fitness Function . .... ... ... ... 82 7 Results 87 7.1 Monte Carlo Results under Turbulent Flow Transition Constraints . 87 7.2 Heat Load Example ..... ...... ...... .. .. ... .. 89 7.3 Reference Trajectory Optimization .. ...... ... ... ... 92 7.3.1 Standard Constraints .. ...... ..... .. .. ... .. 92 7.3.2 Turbulent Flow Transition Constraints . .. ... ... .. 94 8 Conclusion 97 8.1 Results Summary .. .. ..... .... ..... .... ... 97 8.2 Future Work. .... .. .... ..... ..... .... .. 98 9 10 List of Figures 1-1 NASA's X-38 vehicle ................. 23 1-2 Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser vehicle ... ..... 24 1-3 Typical spaceplane constraints in drag-velocity space 26 1-4 Example angle of attack reference profile ...... 27 1-5 Azimuth error deadband ............... 29 2-1 NED and ECEF coordinate frames ......... 36 2-2 HL-20 with BCBF axes ................ 37 2-3 Euler angle definition ................. 39 2-4 HL-20 ...... .......................... 40 2-5 Trim angle of attack vs. Mach number ...... 42 2-6 Trim
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events for 1982
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840014423 2020-03-20T23:55:52+00:00Z KHR-7 March 1, 1984 Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events for 1982 - National Aeronautics and Space Adml nis tra ti 3n John F. Kennedy Space Center KLC FOAM 16-12 IREV. 0 761 FOREWORD Orbiter Columbia was launched three times in 1982. STS-3 and STS-4 were develqpment flights; STS-5 was the first operational flight carrying a crew of four and deploying the first t@o shuttle-borne satellites, SBS-C and ANIK-C. A number of communications satellites, using expendable vehicles, successfully launched. Major changes in contracting were underway with procurement activity aimed at consolidating support services performed by 14 different contractors into a single base operations contract. EG&G, Inc., a Massachussetts-based firm, was selected as the base operations contractor. This Chronology records events during 1982 in which the John F. Kennedy Space Center had prominent involvement and interest. Materials were selected from Aviation Week and Space Technology, Defense Daily, Miami Herald, Sentinel Star (Orlando), Today (Cocoa), Spaceport News (KSC), NASA News Releases, and other sources. The document, as part of the KSC history program, provides a reference source for historians and other researchers. Arrangement is by month; items are by date of the published sources. Actual date of the event may be indicated in parenthesis when the article itself does not make that information explicit. Research and documentation were accomplished by Ken Nail, Jr., New World Services, Inc., Archivist; with the assistance of Elaine Liston. Address comments on the Chronology to Informatioq Services Section (SI-SAT-52), John F.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Dr. Franklin R. Chang Díaz Chairman and CEO, Ad Astra Rocket Company Franklin Chang Díaz Was Born April 5, 1950, in San
    Dr. Franklin R. Chang Díaz Chairman and CEO, Ad Astra Rocket Company Franklin Chang Díaz was born April 5, 1950, in San José, Costa Rica, to the late Mr. Ramón A. Chang Morales and Mrs. María Eugenia Díaz Romero. At the age of 18, having completed his secondary education at Colegio de La Salle in Costa Rica, he left his family for the United States to pursue his dream of becoming a rocket scientist and an astronaut. Arriving in Hartford Connecticut in the Dr. Franklin R. Chang Díaz fall of 1968 with $50 dollars in his pocket and speaking no English, he stayed with relatives, enrolled at Hartford Public High School where he learned English and graduated again in the spring of 1969. That year he also earned a scholarship to the University of Connecticut. While his formal college training led him to a BS in Mechanical Engineering, his four years as a student research assistant at the university’s physics laboratories provided him with his early skills as an experimental physicist. Engineering and physics were his passion but also the correct skill mix for his chosen career in space. However, two important events affected his path after graduation: the early cancellation of the Apollo Moon program, which left thousands of space engineers out of work, eliminating opportunities in that field and the global energy crisis, resulting from the I973 oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The latter provided a boost to new research in energy. Confident that things would ultimately change at NASA, he entered graduate school at MIT in the field of plasma physics and controlled fusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Shuttle Now Open
    EXCLUSIVE MEMBERSHIP NEWSLETTER INSIDER SUMMER 2012 SPACE SHUTTLE PAVILION NOW OPEN Intrepid’s Space Shuttle Pavilion, featuring Enterprise, officially opened on July 19th with an historic ceremony and ribbon cutting. Participants in the ceremony included Major General Charles Bolden, Jr., NASA Administrator, George Fertitta, CEO of NYC & Company and, three of the four Enterprise astronauts, Richard Truly, Joe Engle, and Fred Haise; astronaut Gordon Fullerton was unable to travel and was represented by his wife, Marie. In celebration of the opening, Intrepid presented Space Shuttle Enterprise in her new home. Samsung SpaceFest through Sunday, July 22nd, which included interactive displays and dem- onstrations from NASA, astronaut appearances and cool displays from Samsung Smart TV and Time Warner Cable’s Connect a Million Minds. SpaceFest also included a free concert – Sound Waves on the Intrepid, presented by Samsung, on Friday night and a special free screening of Star Trek (2009) on Saturday night as part of Intrepid’s free Astronaut Charles J. Camarda with a fan. Fred Haise at the opening ceremony. summer movie series on the flight deck. JOIN PROJECT ENTERPRISE AND SUPPORT THE NEW HOME PROJECT OF THE FIRST NASA ORBITER, SPACE SHUTTLE ENTERPRISE Gifts of any amount are greatly appreciated. Donors of $250 or more will have a star represented in the Space Shuttle Pavilion and in Enterprise’s ENTERPRISE future permanent home at the Intrepid Museum. BE A PART OF HISTORY Learn more at www.intrepidmuseum.org MESSAGE from the President Dear Member, This is an exciting time for the Intrepid and for all of New York City.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics
    Aerodynamics The shuttle vehicle was uniquely winged so it could reenter Earth’s atmosphere and fly to assigned nominal or abort landing strips. and Flight The wings allowed the spacecraft to glide and bank like an airplane Dynamics during much of the return flight phase. This versatility, however, did not come without cost. The combined ascent and re-entry capabilities required a major government investment in new design, development, Introduction verification facilities, and analytical tools. The aerodynamic and Aldo Bordano flight control engineering disciplines needed new aerodynamic and Aeroscience Challenges Gerald LeBeau aerothermodynamic physical and analytical models. The shuttle required Pieter Buning new adaptive guidance and flight control techniques during ascent and Peter Gnoffo re-entry. Engineers developed and verified complex analysis simulations Paul Romere that could predict flight environments and vehicle interactions. Reynaldo Gomez Forrest Lumpkin The shuttle design architectures were unprecedented and a significant Fred Martin challenge to government laboratories, academic centers, and the Benjamin Kirk aerospace industry. These new technologies, facilities, and tools would Steve Brown Darby Vicker also become a necessary foundation for all post-shuttle spacecraft Ascent Flight Design developments. The following section describes a US legacy unmatched Aldo Bordano in capability and its contribution to future spaceflight endeavors. Lee Bryant Richard Ulrich Richard Rohan Re-entry Flight Design Michael Tigges Richard Rohan Boundary Layer Transition Charles Campbell Thomas Horvath 226 Engineering Innovations Aeroscience Challenges One of the first challenges in the development of the Space Shuttle was its aerodynamic design, which had to satisfy the conflicting requirements of a spacecraft-like re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere where blunt objects have certain advantages, but it needed wings that would allow it to achieve an aircraft-like runway landing.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a History of the Space Shuttle an Annotated Bibliography
    Toward a History of the Space Shuttle An Annotated Bibliography Part 2, 1992–2011 Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 49 TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, PART 2 (1992–2011) Compiled by Malinda K. Goodrich Alice R. Buchalter Patrick M. Miller of the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress NASA History Program Office Office of Communications NASA Headquarters Washington, DC Monographs in Aerospace History Number 49 August 2012 NASA SP-2012-4549 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Space Shuttle Annotated Bibliography PREFACE This annotated bibliography is a continuation of Toward a History of the Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by Roger D. Launius and Aaron K. Gillette, and published by NASA as Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 1 in December 1992 (available online at http://history.nasa.gov/Shuttlebib/contents.html). The Launius/Gillette volume contains those works published between the early days of the United States’ manned spaceflight program in the 1970s through 1991. The articles included in the first volume were judged to be most essential for researchers writing on the Space Shuttle’s history. The current (second) volume is intended as a follow-on to the first volume. It includes key articles, books, hearings, and U.S. government publications published on the Shuttle between 1992 and the end of the Shuttle program in 2011. The material is arranged according to theme, including: general works, precursors to the Shuttle, the decision to build the Space Shuttle, its design and development, operations, and management of the Space Shuttle program. Other topics covered include: the Challenger and Columbia accidents, as well as the use of the Space Shuttle in building and servicing the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station; science on the Space Shuttle; commercial and military uses of the Space Shuttle; and the Space Shuttle’s role in international relations, including its use in connection with the Soviet Mir space station.
    [Show full text]
  • Shuttle Enterprise
    A marvelous view of tall buildings near the ship The aircraft carrier Intrepid A model of the ship The model! This picture gives an idea how big the ship was (for those days) A massive structure Intrepid A side view of the aircraft carrier This view does not even cover the entire length of the ship Intrepid A gun turret and stairs to the flight deck More aircrafts of the bygone era Military aircrafts of the bygone era They won the war More aircraft The British Airways Concord is parked at the rear Space shuttle Enterprise pavilion The shuttle from below Inside the shuttle Enterprise pavilion Shuttle Enterprise More of Enterprise The nose cone Isn’t she a beauty? Inside the pavilion One of the wheel assemblies of the Enterprise A wheel assembly from near Relative size of the Enterprise and a Boeing 747 The 747 flew the Enterprise strapped on top of the jumbo Video clips are shown inside the pavilion NASA’s space shuttle fleet Evolution of space shuttle program A model of the Hubble telescope is an important item in the pavilion Educational lectures on space science programs are regularly offered at the pavilion Russian Soyuz and the shuttle compared A model of the Hubble telescope Magnify this image and read it … Engineering is essential for space flights A mock up of flight instruments Inside the pavilion A drill used in space Model of Hubble More on Hubble, the scientist British Airways’ Concord The Concord What a gorgeous machine Under a wing of the Concord The powerful engines of the Concord Engine exhausts Closer to the wheels British Airways The end!! .
    [Show full text]
  • SPACE SHUTTLE PAVILION REOPENED Intrepid Museum’S Space Shuttle Pavilion, Featuring Enterprise, Officially Reopened on July 10
    EXCLUSIVE MEMBERSHIP NEWSLETTER INSIDER SUMMER 2013 SPACE SHUTTLE PAVILION REOPENED Intrepid Museum’s Space Shuttle Pavilion, featuring Enterprise, officially reopened on July 10. Hundreds of visitors joined leadership from NASA on the flight for the successful orbital flights of later shuttles, beginning deck of the Intrepid to celebrate the official reopening of with the first flight of the space shuttle Columbia in 1981. the redesigned and rebuilt Space Shuttle Pavilion. The official Following the retirement of the shuttles in 2011, NASA awarded ribbon cutting ceremony and public reopening of the Space Enterprise to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. Shuttle Pavilion took place almost nine months after the original “Hurricane Sandy affected many of us in the greater New York structure housing Enterprise was damaged by Hurricane Sandy. area, including our friends at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space “After months of hard work by our entire Intrepid Museum team Museum,” said Frank Scalzo, NASA Goddard Institute for Space following the devastation of Hurricane Sandy, we are thrilled to Studies Director of Education and head of the New York City welcome visitors back for an up-close view of the magnificent Research Initiative. “Space shuttle Enterprise weathered the space shuttle Enterprise,” said Susan Marenoff-Zausner, President storm just fine, thanks to the team at Intrepid. Since that of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. “The new Space Shuttle time, they have worked hard to restore their valuable collection Pavilion exhibition offers visitors a unique educational experience, of aerospace artifacts. Enterprise is in good hands and is revealing new details about the fascinating history behind the ready to renew its new mission of inspiring future space shuttle program and the one and only Enterprise.” explorers.
    [Show full text]
  • INVESTIGATION of the CHALLENGER ACCIDENT (Volume 1)
    INVESTIGATION OF THE CHALLENGER ACCIDENT (Volume 1) TUESDAY, JUNE 10, 1986 HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEEON SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY, Washington, DC. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:38 a.m., in room 2318, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Robert A. Roe (acting chairman of the committee) presiding. Mr. ROE [acting chairman]. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. The House Science and Technology Committee will now convene. And, without objection, television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, still photography, or other means of coverage will be permitted during the full committee hearings this week on the Rogers Com- mission report. Today the House Science and Technology Committee begins an intensive series of congressional hearings into the causes and the ramifications of a great national tragedy-the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger and the loss of seven true American heroes. These hearings will take a three-pronged approach. First, we will look at the technology and the hardware that caused the accident. Second, we will closely examine the management problems and de- cisionmaking problems within NASA. And the last focus of our hearings, and perhaps the most important phase, will deal with the future of our Nation’s space program, and the question we must answer is “Where do we go from here?” The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Accident has made its report to the American people. The distinguished Chair- man of the Commission, the Honorable William P. Rogers, whom we will hear from shortly, has done an outstanding job in present- ing to the Nation a remarkable document which fully, truly details the entire story of the failures in technology and human error that ultimately led to the shuttle disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 1 Number 1 February, 1991 the Official
    VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 FEBRUARY, 1991 !E2THE OFFICIAL 72:g11! NEWSLETTER OF THE SHUTTLECRAFT KITTY HAWK NCC 102/01 0 It THE W IGHT ENROTHEFICS KITTY HAWK VOLUME 1 NUMBER I Iftomied CONTENTS A VIEW FROM THE CATBIRD SEAT 1 WE HAVE A WINNER -- TERESA TUEL 2 COMMANDER MUSE'S LOG 3 THE KITTY LITTER BOX 3 THE LEGACY OF THE NASA SPACE SHUTTLE ENTERPRISE . 4 BOOK REVIEWS SPOCK'S WORLD 5 THE LOST YEARS 6 THE KOBAYSHI MARU 6 TEE THE EXPLORATION OF MARS 7 V EGET THE COMMUNICATOR 8 2TUIPIP FOR SALE 9 TREK AND NOT TREK 9 VOLUME 1 NO. 1 is a publication of the shuttle Kitty CREDITS Hawk, the Raleigh, N.C. chapter of STARFLEET, an international STAR TREK PUBLISHER AND EDITOR J R. FISHER fan organization. This publication is provided free of charge, to all CO—EDITOR JANE FISHER chapter members in good standing. Subscriptions for non-members are ASSISTANTS AND CONTRIBUTERS MEG HALE $E.00 per year (six issues). Please JENNIFER KINNEARY address all correspondence to CATBIRD MARTHA LEE Publications, 5017 Glen Forest Dr., SUZANNE MILLER Raleigh, N.C. 27612. This publication CAREY MUSE is a non-profit enterprise and is not TERESA TUEL meant to infringe upon any copyright DAVID VOSPER or trademark held by Paramount LIBBY WEST Pictures, Gulf & Western, or any other holder of STARTREK copyrights or trademarks. Unless otherwise noted, ENTIRE CONTENTS ARE COPYRIGHT 1990 COVER CATBIRD Publications/THE WRIGHT STUFF. Nothing in whole or in part may be The cover for our premier issue was done by N.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Outlook
    AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW APRIL 2012 ECONOMIC UPDATE: 360 © Matthias Paul Kuhlmey, 2012 AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW | 1 These materials are solely informational. In preparing these materials, we have relied upon and assumed without independent verification, the accuracy and completeness of all information available from public and internal sources. HighTower shall not in any way be liable for claims and make no expressed or implied representations or warranties as to their accuracy or completeness or for statements or errors contained in or omissions from them. Matthias Paul Kuhlmey is an investment professional registered with HighTower Securities, LLC, member FINRA, MSRB and SIPC & HighTower Advisors, LLC a registered investment advisor with the SEC. All securities are offered through HighTower Securities, LLC and advisory services are offered through HighTower Advisors, LLC. 993741-2012.05 AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW APRIL 2012 ECONOMIC UPDATE: 360 ‘Seen the Future I. Status-Quo It was quite the fascinating spectacle, not only for little boys, when about two weeks ago, the final journey of the Space Shuttle Enterprise took course over New York skies. The “retired” shuttle will be installed at the Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum on the Hudson River and will go on display July 19, 2012. “Nice,” one may think, as something “quite distant,” at least under previously normal circumstances, will become closer to the eye of an observer. On the other hand, this is a somewhat “tragic retirement,” as nothing comparable, at least so far, has replaced the Shuttle or the entire related Space Mission. The same is true for the once fastest passenger plane, the Concorde, which was taken out of service in 2003 and not yet replaced with an equivalent.
    [Show full text]
  • Energiya BURAN the Soviet Space Shuttle.Pdf
    Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Mr Bart Hendrickx Mr Bert Vis Russian Space Historian Space¯ight Historian Mortsel Den Haag Belgium The Netherlands SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.Sc., B.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN978-0-387-69848-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007929116 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Ooedhpjmbhe ........................................ xiii Foreword (translation of Ooedhpjmbhe)........................ xv Authors' preface ....................................... xvii Acknowledgments ...................................... xix List of ®gures ........................................ xxi 1 The roots of Buran .................................
    [Show full text]
  • WALTER CRONKITE – IMAGE #4 for Over 30 Years the Space Shuttle
    WALTER CRONKITE – IMAGE #4 For over 30 years the Space Shuttle orbiters Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour captivated millions of people with their thunderous climbs to orbit, their graceful orbital dances with satellites – Hubble, MIR, and the International Space Station – , and their tell-tale twin sonic booms that announced their landings back on Earth – landings that would not have been as smooth as they were if not for the help of their sister vehicle that never experienced space – the space shuttle, OV-101 Enterprise. With NASA’s new direction set, the Space Shuttle Program (SSP) was ready to begin a new era of focus on science and understanding in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). But before the first Space Shuttle mission could launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a great deal of ground testing was needed to understand fully the flight performance of this radical new design – a reusable space plane that would launch like a rocket and land as a glider with no propulsive force. For this glider-landing method, a series of practice landings was drawn up to test thoroughly the proposed vehicle’s low atmosphere, pre-landing handling. On July 26, 1972, NASA officially awarded the contract for construction for its very first Space Shuttle orbiter to Rockwell International (now Boeing). On June 4, 1974, structural assembly of OV-101's crew module was underway. On August 26, 1974, structural assembly of her aft fuselage began. The Grumman company, located near New York City, delivered the first set of Space Shuttle wings to the OV-101's construction facility in Palmdale, California, on May 23, 1975.
    [Show full text]