DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report Is Submitted

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Industry allocated project number SATI CFPA SAAPPA/SASPA DFTS Winetech [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Tel: 021 872-1438 Tel: 021 872-1501 Tel: 021 882-8470 Tel: 021 870 2900 Tel: 021 807 3387 X Indicate (X) client(s) to whom this final report is submitted. Replace any of these with other relevant clients if required . ______________________________________ FINAL REPORT 2013 Programme & Project Leader Information Research O rganisation Project leader Programme leader Title, initials, surname Roleen Carstens Dr Francois Halleen Present position Acting Research Leader: Plant Specialist Researcher Protection Address ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Private Bag X5026 Private Bag X5026 Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7599 7599 Tel. / Cell no. (021) 809 3023 (021) 809 3040 Fax (021) 809 3002 (021) 809 3002 E-mail [email protected] [email protected] Project Information Research Organisation WW 06-37 Project number Project title The epidemiology and etiology of fungi associated with Esca disease of grapevine Fruit kind(s) Wine grapes Start date (mm/yyyy) 01/04/2009 End date (mm/yyyy) 31/03/2013 Project keywords Wood rot, esca, Basidiomycetes, Hymenochaetales, Vitis vinifera Approved by Research Organisation Programme leader (tick box) x This document is confidential and any unauthorised disclosure is prohibited. Final report 2 THIS REPORT MUST INCLUDE INFORMATION FROM THE ENTIREENTIRE PROJECT Executive Summary Give an executive summary of the total project. Internal and external symptoms associated with esca have been characterised and the fungi associated with each symptom type have been identified. Esca is a grapevine disease believed to be caused by a complex of fungal pathogens, namely Phaeomoniella chlamydospora , Pheaoacremonium spp. and Basidiomycete spp. (wood rot fungi). Before this study, the Basidiomycete spp. associated with the disease in South Africa were unknown. Basidiomycete isolates were obtained from 37 grape growing areas representative of all the main grape growing areas of South Africa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 10 “unknown” Basidiomycete groups (taxa) all of which needed to be described. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and six species of Phaeoacremonium including P. aleophilum , P. alvesii , P. parasiticum , P. iranianum, P. mortoniae and P. sicilianum were isolated of which the latter three were reported for the first time in South Africa. Other taxa that were found in association with esca vines include Eutypa lata , Phomopsis viticola , Phomopsis sp. 1, Diaporthe ambigua , Diplodia seriata , Neofusicoccum australe and N. parvum . Attempts to link several Basidiomycete fruiting bodies found in South African vineyards with the 10 taxa in order to conduct the taxonomic studies led to three successfull descriptions, namely Taxon 1, a new Fomitiporella species, Fomitiporia capensis and Phellinus resupinatus , as well as the successful identification of Taxon 7 and 8 as Inonotus setulosocroceus and Inonotus rickii / Ptychogaster cubensis , respectively. Pathogenicity studies with representative isolates of the 10 new Basidiomycete taxa clearly showed that all ten have the ability to survive within grapevine wood after inoculation and cause internal discolouration and rot. Aspects regarding the infection pathway of Basidiomycetes and the toxins and enzymes they produce were also investigated. Leaf scorching was observed on potted glasshouse vines after pruning wounds were inoculated with basidiospores obtained from Taxon 1 and 7. Spore trapping studies conducted in two vineyards in Stellenbosch also showed that basidiospores were released at a high rate from the end of May to the end of September whereafter it declined towards summer. However, this period coincides with the time when farmers prune (July/August) and remove unwanted shoots (September -November). Susceptible wounds could therefore be prone to infection if not treated properly. Representative isolates of all ten Basidiomycete taxa were able to produce 4-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, a toxin thought to be involved in pathogenicity. Basidiomycete species associated with grapevines from around the world were obtained, as well as four Fom. mediterranea isolates with a known history of 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde for comparison studies. However, after extensive studies were conducted with this compound we came to the conclusion that it is not of importance. Enzyme tests conducted with the new South African taxa and other esca-related pathogens mentioned above showed that these basidiomycetes produce enzymes which are able to degrade cellulose and lignin both of which are structural components of wood. Some of the Basidiomycete isolates were able to produce lignin peroxidase, and the majority of the isolates were able to produce manganese peroxidase and laccase. All the basidiomycete isolates were able to produce cellulase and none were able to produce xylanase. Therefore, South African isolates compare well with other well-known esca and esca-related pathogens . A PCR detection system was also developed for the discrimination between the 10 Basidiomycete taxa found in South African vineyards as well as other Basidiomycetes associated with esca and esca-related diseases from around the world. This document is confidential and any unauthorised disclosure is prohibited. Final report 3 This was the first in-depth study of the grapevine disease esca in South Africa. Problem identification and objectives State the problem being addressed and the ultimate aim of the project. Esca is a grapevine disease caused by a complex of fungal pathogens, namely Phaeomoniella chlamydospora , Pheaoacremonium spp. and Basidiomycete spp. (wood rot fungi) (Mugnai et al ., 1999). Previously it was believed that Stereum hirsitum and Phellinus igniarius were responsible for this disease in local vineyards (Marais, 1981), although no studies have ever been conducted to confirm this. Leaf symptoms are not common in South African vineyards. Consequently, the wrong assumption was made that esca does not occur very frequently and that it is not of great economic importance. Different wood rotting fungi produce different toxins and therefore it is possible that it could influence symptom expression (Sparapano et al ., 2000; Tabacchi et al ., 2000). It is therefore of cardinal importance to determine to what extent esca occurs in the various grape growing areas of South Africa and to identify the different fungi associated with the disease. The toxins produced by the Basidiomycete spp. must be identified and their role in symptom expression needs to be clarified. Wood rot fungi can have a huge impact on production and can reduce the productive lifespan of a grapevine significantly. The disease also has a direct effect on the quality of wine made from affected vines. Knowledge of the causal organisms and their infection pathways will also help to implement effective management strategies to control the disease. The aim of this project is therefore to identify the Basidiomycete fungi associated with Esca disease in local vineyards and to study their biology. Other fungal species directly associated with wood rot symptoms will also be identified (ie. Phomopsis , Phaeoacremonium and Botryosphaeriaceae). The pathogen status of the Basidiomycetes must be determined as well as the factors that contribute to pathogenesis, ie the production of secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes involved in wood degradation. A molecular identification technique must also be developed for quick and accurate detection of the Basidiomycetes involved with esca. Workplan (materials and methods) List trial sites, treatments, experimental layout and statistical detail, sampling detail, cold storage and examination stages and parameters. Milestone 1: Symptoms and fungi associated with esca in South African vineyards Sampling of esca diseased vines Vineyards showing foliar symptoms of esca, esca proper or general decline were identified in all the major wine, raisin and table grape production areas of South Africa between 2001 and 2008. The presence of external symptoms was not always recorded, since several vines were collected during winter when farmers traditionally remove old or unproductive vines. Vines showing typical tiger stripe foliar symptoms and also declining vines were cut open and those showing the whole range of internal symptoms (white rot and different types of discolourations) were removed and immediately taken to the laboratory where fungal isolations were made. Fungal isolations from diseased vines Cross and longitudinal sections were made at various places in the cordons and trunk of each plant to investigate internal necrosis. For fungal isolations, wood sections with internal necrosis were selected and cut into two smaller sections adjacent to each other, in order to obtain two mirror images of the same symptom type. This was also done to facilitate the use of two sterilisation techniques to ensure fungal isolation from soft, spongy material. A photograph of each wood section showing the various symptom types was taken. One section was flame sterilized by holding the wood with sterile forceps, lightly spraying it with 70% ethanol and passing it through a flame. The other piece was triple sterilized as follows: 30 s in 70% ethanol, 2 min in 3.5% NaOCl and 30 s in 70% ethanol. Twelve small sections of wood (1×1×2 mm) from This document is confidential and any unauthorised disclosure is prohibited. Final report
Recommended publications
  • Phellinus Species on Betula. Mating Tests, RFLP Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Rdna, and Relations to Phellinus Alni

    Phellinus Species on Betula. Mating Tests, RFLP Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Rdna, and Relations to Phellinus Alni

    Karstenia 35:67-84, 1995 Phellinus species on Betula. Mating tests, RFLP analysis of enzymatically amplified rDNA, and relations to Phellinus alni MICHAEL FISCHER and MANFRED BINDER FISCHER, M. & BINDER, M. 1994: Phellinus species on Betula Mating tests, RFLP analysis of enzymatically amplified rDN , and relations to Phellinus alni. - Karstenia 35:67-84. Helsinki. ISSN 0453-3402 Mainly based on collections from Fennoscandia, Estonia, and Central Europe, four species of the genus Phellinus Que!. (Hymenochaetaceae), all belonging to the P. igniarius (L.:Fr.) Que!. group, are shown to occur on Betula L. These species are P. nigricans (Fr.) P.Karsten, P. cine reus (Niemela) Fischer, P. laevigatus (Fr. ex P.Karsten) Bourd. & Galz., and P. lundellii Niemela. The occurrence of P. igniarius and P. alni (Bond. ) Parm. on Betula remains in doubt. P. alni, P. nigricans, P. cinereus, P. laevigatus, and P. lundellii were characteri zed by pairing tests of single spore mycelia and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) data of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA. A unique RFLP phenotype was assignable to each species except P. nigricans, which was identical with P. alni. Distribution of the taxa is throughout the area under study; however, P. nigricans seems to be limited to Fennoscandia. Two stocks from North America pro ed to represent P. cinereus. Pairing relationships between P. nigricans, P. cinereus, and P. alni were examined in detail and were found to differ according to the geographic origin of the stocks. P. nigricans was positive in numerous pairings with P. alni from Fennoscandia, Estonia, and Central Europe. In addition, it is positive with P.
  • Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area

    Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area

    Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area • Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Edited by Giuseppe Venturella Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Diversity www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Editor Giuseppe Venturella MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Giuseppe Venturella University of Palermo Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity/special issues/ fungal diversity). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-978-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-979-9 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Giuseppe Venturella Fungal Diversity in the Mediterranean Area Reprinted from: Diversity 2020, 12, 253, doi:10.3390/d12060253 .................... 1 Elias Polemis, Vassiliki Fryssouli, Vassileios Daskalopoulos and Georgios I.
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains

    Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains

    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
  • Polypore Diversity in North America with an Annotated Checklist

    Polypore Diversity in North America with an Annotated Checklist

    Mycol Progress (2016) 15:771–790 DOI 10.1007/s11557-016-1207-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Polypore diversity in North America with an annotated checklist Li-Wei Zhou1 & Karen K. Nakasone2 & Harold H. Burdsall Jr.2 & James Ginns3 & Josef Vlasák4 & Otto Miettinen5 & Viacheslav Spirin5 & Tuomo Niemelä 5 & Hai-Sheng Yuan1 & Shuang-Hui He6 & Bao-Kai Cui6 & Jia-Hui Xing6 & Yu-Cheng Dai6 Received: 20 May 2016 /Accepted: 9 June 2016 /Published online: 30 June 2016 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract Profound changes to the taxonomy and classifica- 11 orders, while six other species from three genera have tion of polypores have occurred since the advent of molecular uncertain taxonomic position at the order level. Three orders, phylogenetics in the 1990s. The last major monograph of viz. Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Russulales, accom- North American polypores was published by Gilbertson and modate most of polypore species (93.7 %) and genera Ryvarden in 1986–1987. In the intervening 30 years, new (88.8 %). We hope that this updated checklist will inspire species, new combinations, and new records of polypores future studies in the polypore mycota of North America and were reported from North America. As a result, an updated contribute to the diversity and systematics of polypores checklist of North American polypores is needed to reflect the worldwide. polypore diversity in there. We recognize 492 species of polypores from 146 genera in North America. Of these, 232 Keywords Basidiomycota . Phylogeny . Taxonomy . species are unchanged from Gilbertson and Ryvarden’smono- Wood-decaying fungus graph, and 175 species required name or authority changes.
  • Polypore Fungi As a Flagship Group to Indicate Changes in Biodiversity – a Test Case from Estonia Kadri Runnel1* , Otto Miettinen2 and Asko Lõhmus1

    Polypore Fungi As a Flagship Group to Indicate Changes in Biodiversity – a Test Case from Estonia Kadri Runnel1* , Otto Miettinen2 and Asko Lõhmus1

    Runnel et al. IMA Fungus (2021) 12:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00050-y IMA Fungus RESEARCH Open Access Polypore fungi as a flagship group to indicate changes in biodiversity – a test case from Estonia Kadri Runnel1* , Otto Miettinen2 and Asko Lõhmus1 Abstract Polyporous fungi, a morphologically delineated group of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota), are considered well studied in Europe and used as model group in ecological studies and for conservation. Such broad interest, including widespread sampling and DNA based taxonomic revisions, is rapidly transforming our basic understanding of polypore diversity and natural history. We integrated over 40,000 historical and modern records of polypores in Estonia (hemiboreal Europe), revealing 227 species, and including Polyporus submelanopus and P. ulleungus as novelties for Europe. Taxonomic and conservation problems were distinguished for 13 unresolved subgroups. The estimated species pool exceeds 260 species in Estonia, including at least 20 likely undescribed species (here documented as distinct DNA lineages related to accepted species in, e.g., Ceriporia, Coltricia, Physisporinus, Sidera and Sistotrema). Four broad ecological patterns are described: (1) polypore assemblage organization in natural forests follows major soil and tree-composition gradients; (2) landscape-scale polypore diversity homogenizes due to draining of peatland forests and reduction of nemoral broad-leaved trees (wooded meadows and parks buffer the latter); (3) species having parasitic or brown-rot life-strategies are more substrate- specific; and (4) assemblage differences among woody substrates reveal habitat management priorities. Our update reveals extensive overlap of polypore biota throughout North Europe. We estimate that in Estonia, the biota experienced ca. 3–5% species turnover during the twentieth century, but exotic species remain rare and have not attained key functions in natural ecosystems.
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By

    MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By

    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
  • Polypores from Northern and Central Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

    Polypores from Northern and Central Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2008 Band/Volume: 60 Autor(en)/Author(s): Yuan Hai-Sheng, Dai Yu-Cheng Artikel/Article: Polypores from northern and central Yunnun Province, Southwestern China. 147-159 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Polypores from northern and central Yunnan Province, Southwestern China H.S Yuan & Y.C. Dai* Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Yuan H.S. & Dai Y.C. (2008) Polypores from northern and central Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. ± Sydowia 60(1): pp±pp. 126 species of polypore were identified based on approximately 350collec- tions from four forest parks or nature reserves in northern and central Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Most species are new to this area. A checklist of these polypores with substrate and collecting data is supplied. Junghuhnia sub- nitida H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai is described and illustrated as new to science. Keywords: Basidiomycota, checklist, Junghuhnia, taxonomy, wood-rotting fungi Intensive studies on the wood-rotting fungi in China were car- ried out in recent years, especially on polypore diversity in the tem- perate and boreal forests in the country (Dai 2000, Dai et al. 2004b, Dai & PenttilaÈ 2006, Yuan et al. 2006, Li et al. 2007). Southwestern China, including Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces, is an area of high biodiversity. Some reports on wood-inhabiting fungi from the area were published (Ryvarden 1983, Maekawa & Zang 1995, Mae- kawa et al. 2002, Dai & Wu, 2003, Dai et al.
  • Sequencing Abstracts Msa Annual Meeting Berkeley, California 7-11 August 2016

    Sequencing Abstracts Msa Annual Meeting Berkeley, California 7-11 August 2016

    M S A 2 0 1 6 SEQUENCING ABSTRACTS MSA ANNUAL MEETING BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 7-11 AUGUST 2016 MSA Special Addresses Presidential Address Kerry O’Donnell MSA President 2015–2016 Who do you love? Karling Lecture Arturo Casadevall Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Thoughts on virulence, melanin and the rise of mammals Workshops Nomenclature UNITE Student Workshop on Professional Development Abstracts for Symposia, Contributed formats for downloading and using locally or in a Talks, and Poster Sessions arranged by range of applications (e.g. QIIME, Mothur, SCATA). 4. Analysis tools - UNITE provides variety of analysis last name of primary author. Presenting tools including, for example, massBLASTer for author in *bold. blasting hundreds of sequences in one batch, ITSx for detecting and extracting ITS1 and ITS2 regions of ITS 1. UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based sequences from environmental communities, or fungal species linked to the classification ATOSH for assigning your unknown sequences to *Abarenkov, Kessy (1), Kõljalg, Urmas (1,2), SHs. 5. Custom search functions and unique views to Nilsson, R. Henrik (3), Taylor, Andy F. S. (4), fungal barcode sequences - these include extended Larsson, Karl-Hnerik (5), UNITE Community (6) search filters (e.g. source, locality, habitat, traits) for 1.Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, sequences and SHs, interactive maps and graphs, and Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014; 2.Institute of Ecology views to the largest unidentified sequence clusters and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu formed by sequences from multiple independent 51005, Estonia; 3.Department of Biological and ecological studies, and for which no metadata Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, currently exists.
  • Interesting Collections of Polypores in the Czech Republic, Particularly in Moravia – I

    Interesting Collections of Polypores in the Czech Republic, Particularly in Moravia – I

    ISSN 1211-8788 Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 102(1): 49–87, 2017 Interesting collections of polypores in the Czech Republic, particularly in Moravia – I 1 2 DANIEL DVOØÁK & JAN BÌŤÁK 1 Dept. of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotláøská 267/2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Dept. of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Lidická 25/27, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] DVOØÁK D. & BÌŤÁK J. 2017: Interesting collections of polypores in the Czech Republic, particularly in Moravia – I. Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 102(1): 49–87. – An annotated list of some remarkable collections of rare polypores, mainly from the territory of Moravia, is given. Altogether, 36 species are presented, most of them illlustrated with a colour photograph. Some information on their distribution, ecology and key characters is provided. New localities of species previously known merely from only one (Aurantiporus alborubescens, Chaetoporellus latitans, Riopa metamorphosa) or two (Jahnoporus hirtus) in Czechia were disclosed, and a few species (Byssoporia terrestris, Phellinus lundellii) are published for the first time for the territory of Moravia. Further, many new localities for certain other very rare polypores (Gelatoporia subvermispora, Porotheleum fimbriatum, Tyromyces kmetii, Yuchengia narymica) are presented. Key words. Moravia, rare polypores, new records Introduction Polyporoid fungi (or Polyporales s.l.) are among the best-explored groups of macromycetes in Czechia, thanks to the many prominent mycologists who have addressed this group in the past (A. Pilát, F. Kotlaba, Z. Pouzar, A.
  • Aethiopinolones A–E, New Pregnenolone Type Steroids from the East African Basidiomycete Fomitiporia Aethiopica

    Aethiopinolones A–E, New Pregnenolone Type Steroids from the East African Basidiomycete Fomitiporia Aethiopica

    molecules Article Aethiopinolones A–E, New Pregnenolone Type Steroids from the East African Basidiomycete Fomitiporia aethiopica Clara Chepkirui 1,†, Winnie C. Sum 2,†, Tian Cheng 1, Josphat C. Matasyoh 3, Cony Decock 4 and Marc Stadler 1,* ID 1 Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (T.C.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Egerton University, P.O. BOX 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. BOX 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya; [email protected] 4 Mycothéque de l’ Universite Catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-531-6181-4240; Fax: 49-531-6181-9499 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 16 January 2018; Accepted: 8 February 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: A mycelial culture of the Kenyan basidiomycete Fomitiporia aethiopica was fermented on rice and the cultures were extracted with methanol. Subsequent HPLC profiling and preparative chromatography of its crude extract led to the isolation of five previously undescribed pregnenolone type triterpenes 1–5, for which we propose the trivial name aethiopinolones A–E. The chemical structures of the aethiopinolones were determined by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR, and HRMS data analysis. The compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects against various human cancer cell lines, but they were found devoid of significant nematicidal and antimicrobial activities.
  • Fomitiporia Expansa, an Undescribed Species from French Guiana

    Fomitiporia Expansa, an Undescribed Species from French Guiana

    Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2014, 35 (1): 73-85 © 2014 Adac. Tous droits réservés Fomitiporia expansa, an undescribed species from French Guiana Mario AMALFI & Cony DECOCK* Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL, BCCMTM), Earth and Life Institute – Microbiology (ELIM), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06 B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Abstract – During the revision of the Neotropical Fomitiporia species, a collection from French Guiana was found to represent an undescribed species, on the basis of both morphological and molecular (DNA sequence) data. This taxon is described and illustrated as Fomitiporia expansa sp. nov. It is characterized by widely effused basidiomata, extending over 1 m long, with a variable greyish to light brownish grey pore surface, and microscopically in having basidiospores averaging 6.0 × 5.5 µm. It is known for the time being from a single specimen originating in the western edge of French Guiana, in rainforest. The species belongs to the Fomitiporia langloisii lineage. This lineage contains for the time being species with resupinate basidiomata spanning over the Neotropics. Hymenochaetaceae / Neotropics / Phylogeny / Taxonomy INTRODUCTION Fomitiporia Murrill (Hymenochaetales) is typified by F. langloisii (Decock et al. 2007, Murrill 1907). The genus is above all characterized by subglobose to globose, thick-walled, hyaline, cyanophilous, and dextrinoid basidiospores, in addition to a dimitic (pseudodimitic) hyphal system. Cystidioles, hymenial and extra-hymenial setae are variably present (Campos Santana et al. 2014, Fischer 1996, Pieri & Rivoire 2000). Basidiomata are resupinate to pileate. Numerous studies have dealt with the genus in the last 20 years, evidencing a much larger than presumed taxonomic/phylogenetic diversity (e.g.
  • Polypore Communities in Broadleaved Boreal Forests

    Polypore Communities in Broadleaved Boreal Forests

    Silva Fennica 46(3) research articles SILVA FENNICA www.metla.fi/silvafennica · ISSN 0037-5330 The Finnish Society of Forest Science · The Finnish Forest Research Institute Polypore Communities in Broadleaved Boreal Forests Anni Markkanen and Panu Halme Markkanen, A. & Halme, P. 2012. Polypore communities in broadleaved boreal forests. Silva Fennica 46(3): 317–331. The cover and extent of boreal broadleaved forests have been decreasing due to modern forest management practices and fire suppression. As decomposers of woody material, polypores are ecologically important ecosystem engineers. The ecology and conservation biology of polypores have been studied intensively in boreal coniferous forests. However, only a few studies have focused on the species living on broadleaved trees. To increase knowledge on this species group we conducted polypore surveys in 27 broadleaved forests and 303 forest compartments (539 ha) on the southern boreal zone in Finland and measured dead wood and forest characteristics. We detected altogether 98 polypore species, of which 13 are red-listed in Finland. 60% of the recorded species are primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The number of species in a local community present in a broadleaved forest covered approximately 50 species, of which 30–40 were primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The size of the inventoried area explained 67% of the variation in the species richness, but unlike in previ- ous studies conducted in coniferous forests, dead wood variables as well as forest structure had very limited power in explaining polypore species richness on forest stand level. The compartments occupied by red listed Protomerulius caryae had an especially high volume of living birch, but otherwise the occurrences of red-listed species could not be predicted based on the forest structure.