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Development of Rice Husk Power Plants Based on Clean Development Mechanism: a Case Study in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

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Development of Rice Husk Power Plants Based on Clean Development Mechanism: a Case Study in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam sustainability Article Development of Rice Husk Power Plants Based on Clean Development Mechanism: A Case Study in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam Nguyen Van Song 1 , Thai Van Ha 2,*, Tran Duc Thuan 3, Nguyen Van Hanh 4, Dinh Van Tien 2, Nguyen Cong Tiep 1, Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong 5, Phan Anh Tu 6 and Tran Ba Uan 7 1 Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Ha Noi 10000, Vietnam; [email protected] (N.V.S.); [email protected] (N.C.T.) 2 Faculty of Business Administration, Ha Noi University of Business and Technology (HUBT), Ha Noi 10000, Vietnam; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Economics and Administration, Dong Nai Technology University (DNTU), Dong Nai 76000, Vietnam; [email protected] 4 Institute of Energy of Viet Nam (IEVN), Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Ha Noi 10000, Vietnam; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Economics, Vinh University (VU), Nghe An 43000, Vietnam; [email protected] 6 International Business Department, School of Economics, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam; [email protected] 7 Faculty of Economic and Finance, Dien Bien Technical Economic College, Dien Bien 32000, Vietnam; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In this research, we planned and conducted estimations for developing a pilot-scale Clean Citation: Song, N.V.; Ha, T.V.; Thuan, Development Mechanism (CDM) project for group plant activities in the Vietnam electricity/energy T.D.; Hanh, N.V.; Tien, D.V.; Tiep, N.C.; Phuong, N.T.M.; Tu, P.A.; Uan, sector. The overall aim of this paper is to assess the power generation potential of rice husk power T.B. Development of Rice Husk plants in the Mekong Delta. We intend to set up a rice husk energy balance flowchart for the whole Power Plants Based on Clean Mekong River Delta in the year 2021 and suggest policies that can be used for the power generation Development Mechanism: A Case of unused rice husk, to avoid having them pollute rivers and canals. We put forward a safe and Study in Mekong River Delta, environmentally friendly solution to thoroughly minimize the current serious pollution of rivers Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6950. and canals in the Mekong River Delta caused by the increasing quantity of unused rice husk. The https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126950 results of this paper are based on the estimation of electricity potential of a group of rice husk power development plants in the Mekong River Delta with a capacity of 11 MW per plant, including carbon Academic Editor: Shervin Hashemi dioxide emission reductions (CERs) and CER credits, along with estimations of their economic criteria (NPV, B/C, IRR), both W/CDM and W/O CDM. Received: 18 May 2021 Accepted: 17 June 2021 Keywords: rice husk; power plants; CO2; emission reductions; Clean Development Mechanism Published: 21 June 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in 1. Introduction published maps and institutional affil- iations. Vietnam has an impressive economic growth rate, and it has succeeded in transforming itself from a command economy to a market economy, especially in transforming and developing its agricultural sector. With a major impact on employment, GDP, and export, the importance of the agricultural sector in Vietnam is profound. Having both a continuing Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. agricultural development in general and a rapid paddy production growth in particular Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. is very necessary. The Mekong River Delta is an important agricultural area amongst the This article is an open access article agricultural areas in Viet Nam. distributed under the terms and Vietnam’s renewable energy report of 2018 [1] highlighted some future plans and key conditions of the Creative Commons points, including an electricity growth rate demand of about 9% per year, in which the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// demand of renewable energy demand growth rate is around 10% per year. The report creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ pointed out that the growth rate of renewable energy supply is likely to increase the fastest 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 6950. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126950 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 pointed out that the growth rate of renewable energy supply is likely to increase the fastest Sustainabilityat 23.2%,2021, 13 ,compared 6950 with hydropower at 2.6% and coal gas fire at 7.8%, in the period be- 2 of 10 tween 2020 and 2030. The intensive paddy farming and rapid growth of rice production in the Mekong River Delta has led toat dumping 23.2%, compared and discharging with hydropower a large at amount 2.6% and of coal rice gas husk fire atfrom 7.8%, the in local the period dense milling centerbetween networks. 2020 andCurrently, 2030. rice husk discharged from milling centers can The intensive paddy farming and rapid growth of rice production in the Mekong be used for fueling Riverbrick Delta kilns, has porcelain led to dumping furnaces, and discharging and rural a largehousehold amount ofcooking rice husk (under from the local 20% total), for open-airdense burning milling to center fertilize networks. the planted Currently, areas rice husk (not discharged considerable; from millingunder centers20% can total), or it can be dumpedbe used for(uncontrollable fueling brick kilns, at over porcelain 70%) furnaces, [2]. and rural household cooking (under Most of paddy 20%milling total), plants for open-air in the burning Mekong to fertilize River theDelta planted are areaslocated (not on considerable; the banks under of 20% total), or it can be dumped (uncontrollable at over 70%) [2]. canals and two major rivers.Most About of paddy 1.4–1.5 milling millio plantsn intons the of Mekong rice husk River discharged Delta are located from ondense the banks milling center networkof canals into andrivers two cause major serious rivers. About negative 1.4–1.5 environmental million tons of rice impact husk discharged(See Fig- from ure 1). Amongst thedense three milling aforementioned center network rice into husk rivers disposal cause serious modes negative (i.e., environmental used as fuel impact source, open-air burning(See Figure of 1rice). Amongst husk thefor threefertilizing aforementioned the planted rice husk areas, disposal uncontrollable modes (i.e., used as fuel source, open-air burning of rice husk for fertilizing the planted areas, uncontrollable dumping of unused rice husk into rivers), power generation using rice husk is considered dumping of unused rice husk into rivers), power generation using rice husk is considered to be the only mode towith be the an only environmentally mode with an environmentally friendly context friendly. context. Figure 1.Figure Rice 1.husksRice husks from from rice-milling rice-milling plants/factories plants/factories pollute pollute the the environment environment in the Mekongin the Mekong Delta. Delta. The study in [3] provided a comprehensive overview of three main types of renewable energy in Vietnam: solar, mini-hydro power, and biomass energy. In this present study, the The study in [3]use provided of rice husk a comprehensive and bagasse to fuel overview the bioelectricity of three generation main types plants of is renewa- first considered ble energy in Vietnam:in details solar, on bothmini-hydro a qualitative power, and quantitative and biomass basis. The energy. preliminary In this data present and analysis of study, the use of ricethe husk study and on thebagasse rice husk to potentialfuel the inbioelectricity the Mekong River generation Delta (South plants Vietnam) is first are very useful for preparing the CDM-PDD of a 11 MW rice husk fueled biopower plant and for considered in detailsachieving on both the a policyqualitative recommendations and quantitative for using the basis. rice huskThe potential preliminary of provinces data in the and analysis of the Mekongstudy on River the Delta rice [ 4husk]. potential in the Mekong River Delta (South Vietnam) are very usefulThe for objectives preparing of the the study CD areM-PDD to assess of the a CDM-based11 MW rice potential husk offueled rice husk bi- power opower plant and fordevelopment achieving plants the policy and to recommendrecommendations a regional strategyfor using for the developing rice husk a group po- of rice husk power generation plants with a 11 MW installed capacity per plant for minimizing tential of provinces inthe the uncontrollable Mekong River dumping Delta of [4]. unused rice husk produced from paddy milling plants The objectives ofto the rivers. study are to assess the CDM-based potential of rice husk power development plants and to recommend a regional strategy for developing a group of rice husk power generation2. Literature plants with Review a 11 MW installed capacity per plant for minimizing the uncontrollable dumpingCheewaphongphan of unused rice et al.husk [5] studiedproduced the ricefrom straw paddy in Thailand milling and plants calculated to its potential to serve as a fuel source. The study results of Ji and Nananukul [6] assisted in the rivers. decision making of biomass projects based on the study of supply chains for sustainable renewable energy from biomass. Weldekidan et al. [7] concluded that “gases have a high 2. Literature Reviewconcentration of combustible products and as fuels in engines”. Another fuel source is industrial wastewater and livestock manure resources, which have a potential of 7800 to Cheewaphongphan et al. [5] studied the rice straw in Thailand and calculated its po- 13,000 TJ/year (terajoule per year) [8]. Kinoshita et al. [9] found that biomass production is tential to serve as a fuel source. The study results of Ji and Nananukul [6] assisted in the decision making of biomass projects based on the study of supply chains for sustainable renewable energy from biomass.
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