ABSTRACT OZDEMIR, INCI. Role of S-Layer Homology Domain
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Life at Low Water Activity
Published online 12 July 2004 Life at low water activity W. D. Grant Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK ([email protected]) Two major types of environment provide habitats for the most xerophilic organisms known: foods pre- served by some form of dehydration or enhanced sugar levels, and hypersaline sites where water availability is limited by a high concentration of salts (usually NaCl). These environments are essentially microbial habitats, with high-sugar foods being dominated by xerophilic (sometimes called osmophilic) filamentous fungi and yeasts, some of which are capable of growth at a water activity (aw) of 0.61, the lowest aw value for growth recorded to date. By contrast, high-salt environments are almost exclusively populated by prokaryotes, notably the haloarchaea, capable of growing in saturated NaCl (aw 0.75). Different strategies are employed for combating the osmotic stress imposed by high levels of solutes in the environment. Eukaryotes and most prokaryotes synthesize or accumulate organic so-called ‘compatible solutes’ (osmolytes) that have counterbalancing osmotic potential. A restricted range of bacteria and the haloar- chaea counterbalance osmotic stress imposed by NaCl by accumulating equivalent amounts of KCl. Haloarchaea become entrapped and survive for long periods inside halite (NaCl) crystals. They are also found in ancient subterranean halite (NaCl) deposits, leading to speculation about survival over geological time periods. Keywords: xerophiles; halophiles; haloarchaea; hypersaline lakes; osmoadaptation; microbial longevity 1. INTRODUCTION aw = P/P0 = n1/n1 ϩ n2, There are two major types of environment in which water where n is moles of solvent (water); n is moles of solute; availability can become limiting for an organism. -
Marine Extremophiles: a Source of Hydrolases for Biotechnological Applications
Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 1925-1965; doi:10.3390/md13041925 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Marine Extremophiles: A Source of Hydrolases for Biotechnological Applications Gabriel Zamith Leal Dalmaso 1,2, Davis Ferreira 3 and Alane Beatriz Vermelho 1,* 1 BIOINOVAR—Biotechnology laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Graduate Program in Plant Biotechnology, Health and Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3 BIOINOVAR—Biotechnology Laboratories: Virus-Cell Interaction, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-(21)-3936-6743; Fax: +55-(21)-2560-8344. Academic Editor: Kirk Gustafson Received: 1 December 2014 / Accepted: 25 March 2015 / Published: 3 April 2015 Abstract: The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. -
Shree Nath Singh Editor Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters Environmental Science and Engineering
Environmental Science Shree Nath Singh Editor Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science Series editors Rod Allan, Burlington, ON, Canada Ulrich Förstner, Hamburg, Germany Wim Salomons, Haren, The Netherlands More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3234 Shree Nath Singh Editor Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters 123 Editor Shree Nath Singh Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division CSIR—National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-319-10941-1 ISBN 978-3-319-10942-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10942-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951157 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. -
Ana Maria Da Silva Esteves Dissertation Presented to Obtain The
Insights into the biochemical strategies of adaptation to heat stress in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus Ana Maria da Silva Esteves Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier | Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, February, 2015 Insights into the biochemical strategies of adaptation to heat stress in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus Ana Maria da Silva Esteves Supervisor: Professora Helena Santos Co-supervisor: Dr. Nuno Borges Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biochemistry Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier | Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, February, 2015 From left to right: Prof. Volker Müller, Dr. Emmanouil Matzapetakis, Dr. Nuno Borges (Co-supervisor), Ana M. Esteves, Prof. Helena Santos (Supervisor), Prof. Pedro Moradas Ferreira, Prof. Beate Averhoff, Prof. Hermínia de Lencastre. Oeiras, 9th of February 2015. Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia e do FSE no âmbito do Quadro Comunitário de apoio, Bolsa de Doutoramento com a referência SFRH/BD/61742/2009. In loving memory of my grandmother Elisa iv Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank Prof. Helena Santos, my supervisor, for accepting me as a Ph.D. student in her laboratory. Also, I want to express my appreciation to Prof. Helena Santos for being an excellent team leader, and for her constant effort to put together the resources and expertise her students need to carry out their projects with success. Her guidance, rigor, patience and enthusiasm for science definitely contributed to my development as a young scientist. I want to thank Dr. -
The Study on the Cultivable Microbiome of the Aquatic Fern Azolla Filiculoides L
applied sciences Article The Study on the Cultivable Microbiome of the Aquatic Fern Azolla Filiculoides L. as New Source of Beneficial Microorganisms Artur Banach 1,* , Agnieszka Ku´zniar 1, Radosław Mencfel 2 and Agnieszka Woli ´nska 1 1 Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (A.W.) 2 Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-81-454-5442 Received: 6 May 2019; Accepted: 24 May 2019; Published: 26 May 2019 Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the still not completely described microbiome associated with the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. During the experiment, 58 microbial isolates (43 epiphytes and 15 endophytes) with different morphologies were obtained. We successfully identified 85% of microorganisms and assigned them to 9 bacterial genera: Achromobacter, Bacillus, Microbacterium, Delftia, Agrobacterium, and Alcaligenes (epiphytes) as well as Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Acinetobacter (endophytes). We also studied an A. filiculoides cyanobiont originally classified as Anabaena azollae; however, the analysis of its morphological traits suggests that this should be renamed as Trichormus azollae. Finally, the potential of the representatives of the identified microbial genera to synthesize plant growth-promoting substances such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cellulase and protease enzymes, siderophores and phosphorus (P) and their potential of utilization thereof were checked. Delftia sp. AzoEpi7 was the only one from all the identified genera exhibiting the ability to synthesize all the studied growth promoters; thus, it was recommended as the most beneficial bacteria in the studied microbiome. -
Mesohaline Responses to Cycles of “Famine Or Feast” in Layered Brines
Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ. (2011) 43, 315–392 Evaporitic source rocks: mesohaline responses to cycles of “famine or feast” in layered brines JOHN K. WARREN International Master Program in Petroleum Geoscience, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. Formerly: Shell Professor in Carbonate Studies, Oil and Gas Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman (E-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Organic matter in modern saline systems tends to accumulate in bottom sediments beneath a density-stratified mass of saline water where layered hydrologies are subject to oscillations in salinity and brine level. Organic matter is not produced at a constant rate in such systems; rather, it is generated in pulses by a halotolerant community in response to relatively short times of less stressful conditions (brackish to mesohaline) that occur in the upper part of the layered hydrology. Accumulations of organic matter can occur in any layered brine lake or epeiric seaway when an upper less-saline water mass forms on top of nutrient-rich brines, or in wet mudflats wherever waters freshen in and above the uppermost few millimetres of a microbial mat. A flourishing community of halotolerant algae, bacteria and archaeal photosynthesizers drives the resulting biomass bloom. Brine freshening is a time of “feast” characterized by very high levels of organic productivity. In a stratified brine column (oligotrophic and meromictic) the typical producers are planktonic algal or cyanobacterial communities inhabiting the upper mesohaline portion of the stratified water mass. In mesohaline holomictic waters, where light penetrates to the water bottom, the organic-producing layer is typically the upper algal and bacterial portion of a benthic laminated microbialite characterized by elevated numbers of cyanobacteria. -
Chapter 1 Introduction
VU Research Portal A step towards the molecular detection of life on Mars Oliveira Lebre Direito, M.S. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Oliveira Lebre Direito, M. S. (2012). A step towards the molecular detection of life on Mars. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Chapter 1. Introduction The chemistry of life. What is life? One of the current definitions of life states that life is a self-replicating system capable of evolution (Pace, 2001). Others require a living entity to be able to maintain itself vis-a-vis substantial challenges and to rebuild itself after incurring damage, all of this in substantial autonomy (Westerhoff and Hofmeyr, 2005). -
Extreme Environments and High-Level Bacterial Tellurite Resistance
microorganisms Review Extreme Environments and High-Level Bacterial Tellurite Resistance Chris Maltman 1,* and Vladimir Yurkov 2 1 Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16001, USA 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +724-738-4963 Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 20 November 2019; Published: 22 November 2019 Abstract: Bacteria have long been known to possess resistance to the highly toxic oxyanion tellurite, most commonly though reduction to elemental tellurium. However, the majority of research has focused on the impact of this compound on microbes, namely E. coli, which have a very low level of resistance. Very little has been done regarding bacteria on the other end of the spectrum, with three to four orders of magnitude greater resistance than E. coli. With more focus on ecologically-friendly methods of pollutant removal, the use of bacteria for tellurite remediation, and possibly recovery, further highlights the importance of better understanding the effect on microbes, and approaches for resistance/reduction. The goal of this review is to compile current research on bacterial tellurite resistance, with a focus on high-level resistance by bacteria inhabiting extreme environments. Keywords: tellurite; tellurite resistance; extreme environments; metalloids; bioremediation; biometallurgy 1. Introduction Microorganisms possess a wide range of extraordinary abilities, from the production of bioactive molecules [1] to resistance to and transformation of highly toxic compounds [2–5]. Of great interest are bacteria which can convert the deleterious oxyanion tellurite to elemental tellurium (Te) through reduction. Currently, research into bacterial interactions with tellurite has been lagging behind investigation of the oxyanions of other metals such as nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), iron (Fe), and cobalt (Co). -
The Genus Wallemia—From Contamination of Food to Health Threat
microorganisms Review The Genus Wallemia—From Contamination of Food to Health Threat Janja Zajc 1,2 and Nina Gunde-Cimerman 2,* 1 National Institute of Biology, Veˇcnapot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 2 Biology Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: +386-1-3203400 Received: 11 April 2018; Accepted: 18 May 2018; Published: 21 May 2018 Abstract: The fungal genus Wallemia of the order Wallemiales (Wallemiomycotina, Basidiomycota) comprises the most xerotolerant, xerophilic and also halophilic species worldwide. Wallemia spp. are found in various osmotically challenged environments, such as dry, salted, or highly sugared foods, dry feed, hypersaline waters of solar salterns, salt crystals, indoor and outdoor air, and agriculture aerosols. Recently, eight species were recognized for the genus Wallemia, among which four are commonly associated with foods: W. sebi, W. mellicola, W. muriae and W. ichthyophaga. To date, only strains of W. sebi, W. mellicola and W. muriae have been reported to be related to human health problems, as either allergological conditions (e.g., farmer’s lung disease) or rare subcutaneous/cutaneous infections. Therefore, this allergological and infective potential, together with the toxins that the majority of Wallemia spp. produce even under saline conditions, defines these fungi as filamentous food-borne pathogenic fungi. Keywords: Wallemia; food; air; pathogen; xerophile; halophile; mycotoxin; farmer’s lung disease; subcutaneous infection 1. Introduction Low availability of water is one of the most life-limiting factors, and only specially adapted organisms can cope with such stress in their environment. -
Fungal Biodiversity in Extreme Environments and Wood Degradation Potential
http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Fungal biodiversity in extreme environments and wood degradation potential A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences at The University of Waikato by Joel Allan Jurgens 2010 Abstract This doctoral thesis reports results from a multidisciplinary investigation of fungi from extreme locations, focusing on one of the driest and thermally broad regions of the world, the Taklimakan Desert, with comparisons to polar region deserts. Additionally, the capability of select fungal isolates to decay lignocellulosic substrates and produce degradative related enzymes at various temperatures was demonstrated. The Taklimakan Desert is located in the western portion of the People’s Republic of China, a region of extremes dominated by both limited precipitation, less than 25 mm of rain annually and tremendous temperature variation. -
1 How Extremophiles Work What Is Your Ideal Environment to Live In
How Extremophiles Work Adapted from an article by Jacob Silverman Introduction to How Extremophiles Work What is your ideal environment to live in? Sunny, 72˚ Fahrenheit (22˚ Celsius)? How about living in nearly boiling water that’s so acidic it eats through metal? How about living in a muddy, aquatic environment without oxygen, that is far saltier than any ocean? If you’re an extremophile, that might sound perfect! Extremophiles are organisms that live in “extreme” environments. The name literally means extreme-loving. These hardy creatures are remarkable. The environments they live in are truly severe and are very different from our normal, moderate environments. Ironically, extremophiles couldn’t survive in our normal environments. For example, the microorganism Ferroplasma aci-diphilum, needs a large amount of iron to survive. These quantities of iron would kill most other life forms. The discovery of extremophiles, beginning in the 1960s, has caused scientists to rethink how life began on Earth. Many types of bacteria have been found deep underground, an area previously considered a dead zone (because of the lack of sunlight), but it is now seen as a clue to life’s origins. In fact, the majority of the Earth’s bacteria live underground. These specialized, rock-dwelling extremophiles are called endoliths. Scientists hypothesize that endoliths may absorb nutrients moving through rock veins or live on inorganic (nonliving) rock matter. Some endoliths may be genetically similar to the earliest forms of life that developed around 3.8 billion years ago. (OVER->) 1 Extreme Environments An environment is called extreme only in relation to what is normal for humans. -
COULD LIFE SURVIVE in ALIEN ENVIRONMENTS? Defining Environments Suitable for Life
biology | B09 teach with space → COULD LIFE SURVIVE IN ALIEN ENVIRONMENTS? Defining environments suitable for life teacher guide & student worksheets Teacher guide Fast facts page 3 Introduction page 4 Background page 6 Activity: Life in space? page 8 Links page 10 Annex page 11 teach with space – could life survive in alien environments? | B09 www.esa.int/education The ESA Education Office welcomes feedback and comments [email protected] An ESA Education production in collaboration with ESERO Poland Copyright 2019 © European Space Agency → COULD LIFE SURVIVE IN ALIEN ENVIRONMENTS? Could life survive in alien environments? Fast facts Brief description Subject: Biology In this activity students will consider whether Age range: 13-16 years old life found in extreme environments on Earth could survive elsewhere in the Solar System. Type: student activity Students will examine the characteristics Complexity: medium of different places in the Solar System Cost: Low (0 - 10 euros) and then use fact cards of some example Lesson time required: 1 hour extremophiles to hypothesize which they think might be able to survive in the different Location: Classroom extra-terrestrial environments. Includes the use of: Internet, books, library Keywords: Biology, Solar System, Planets, Moons, Extremophiles, Abiotic factors, Search for life Learning objectives • Learn what extremophiles are. • Consider ecological tolerance. • Consider the abiotic factors that affect adaptation and survival of lifeforms. • Learn about the environmental conditions of various Solar System objects. • Understand that changes in environmental conditions have an impact on the evolution of living organisms. teach with space – could life survive in alien environments? | B09 3 → Introduction The more scientists look on Earth, the more life they find.