REEIfication

NEWS FROM THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN INSTITUTE

David L. Ransel, Director Mark Betka, Editor Vol. 26, No. 2 April 2002

2001-2002 Year in Review By David Ransel The academic year 2001-2002 began with the shock of September 11 and the awakening of a complacent government and public to the importance of international studies. Officials and ordinary citizens finally understood that knowledge of other peoples was crucial to the nation’s security. At Indiana University we had not yielded to the triumphalism that set in since the end of the Cold War. Despite a decline in government and private spending on inter- national studies, IU’s Russian and East European Institute continued to train Features a large number of specialists on the region and in recent years placed more REEI Year in Review 1 than 100 graduates in positions of responsibility in government, international exchange organizations, and region-based aid agencies. Faculty Profile 4 We also have graduates of longer standing in prominent positions. Among Translation as a Path to them is James Collins, just retired U.S. ambassador to Moscow, who is now Language Acquisition 7 serving as a senior national advisor with the international law firm of Akin, Muslims in the Former Soviet Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. The newly appointed U.S. ambassa- Union 8 dor to the Republic of Georgia, Richard Miles, is likewise a graduate of IU’s REEI Faculty Discuss Russian and East European programs. Jedwabne 10 In response to the terrorist attacks, the U.S. Congress added substantial Oral History Workshop in funding to the Department of Education’s budget for international studies, St. Petersburg 11 including an immediate boost for targeted world areas of Central and South KIPS Central Europe Returns 12 Asia, the Middle East, and Russia and the Independent States of the former Poland in Greene County 13 Soviet Union. This supplement will double REEI’s number of Foreign Lan- guage and Area Studies (FLAS) fellowships for next year (as well as those News of our sister center, the Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center). Graduations 2 The stipend for FLAS fellowships has also been increased substantially. These new funds will help us attract and train talented students for IU and for the Visiting Scholar 2 nation. IU Professor Awarded First These students will find our teaching and research programs strengthened Kowalevsky Medal 2 by three new hires this year. The Department of History added two East Romanian Ambassador Europeanists. Marci Shore, a recent graduate of Stanford University’s doc- Visits IU 3 toral program, is joining the Department of History as a specialist in modern Civic Education for Russian Polish history. Shore’s dissertation follows the careers of twentieth-century Educators 6 Polish intellectuals who drifted into Marxism. Another addition to the history Midwest Historians Workshop 6 programs is Matthias Lehmann, hired through Jewish Studies. Lehmann, a Tahoe-Baikal Environmental graduate of Freie Universität Berlin is a specialist on the Jews of the Otto- Research Project 11 man Empire and will teach a course each year on Ottoman history. We are Faculty News 18 also gaining on a regular basis the talents of Roman Zlotin, a leading biogeog- rapher trained in the Soviet Union. Zlotin has been teaching on a year-by- Student Update 18 year basis. The dean of the College recently acceded to REEI’s request that Alumni News 19 continued on page 15 2 Russian and East European Institute

Indiana University Russian and Congratulations Graduates! East European Institute Danusha V. Goska (Folklore) defended her dissertation “Bieganski: A Viable Stereotype and Its Application in Polish-Jewish Relations and American Popu- INSTITUTE STAFF lar Culture” in March. Ruth M. Stone chaired her committee. David L. Ransel, Director Denise Gardiner, Assistant Lyle K. Neff (Musicology) defended his dissertation “Story, Style, and Struc- Director/Outreach Coordinator ture in the Operas of César Cui” in January. He holds minors in music compo- Jessica Hamilton, Administrative sition and Slavic languages and literatures. Jane F. Fulcher chaired his commit- Secretary tee. Chris Gigliotti, Advisor and Project Administrator Visiting Scholar GRADUATE ASSISTANTS Alex Dunlop, Outreach Assistant Gábor Balabán will visit IU as the 2002 Rezler Scholar in the Department of Mark Betka, Publications Editor Central Eurasian Studies (CEUS). Balabán will spend three months conducting Christian Kanig, Assistant to research on rural sociology, the sociology of organizations, and methodologies Slavic Bibliographer for analyzing organizations and labor conflicts. He is a student of the University Renne Traicova, World Wide Web of Miskolc in Hungary. A Rezler Foundation committee in Hungary selects Administrator recipients of the Rezler Gyula Scholarship, which is funded by private donations CONTACT INFORMATION and administered by CEUS. Russian and East European Institute Ballantine Hall 565 Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405-6615 IU Biologist Awarded First Medal of Alexander Phone: (812) 855-7309 Kowalevsky by St. Petersburg Society of Fax: (812) 855-6411 Email: [email protected] Naturalists http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/ The Council of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists in Russia has awarded the first-ever Medal of Alexander Kowalevsky to Rudolf Raff, Distinguished IU Awards for REEI Alumni Professor of Biology and director of the Indiana Mo- 1999 James F. Collins lecular Biology Institute at Indiana University. The so- Honorary Doctorate ciety also elected Raff as an honorary member. The 1998 Stephen Cohen medal is being awarded for the first time since its cre- College Distinguished Alumni ation in 1910. Raff is one of eight scientists in seven 1994 Irene Meister countries to share in the honor. The St. Petersburg College Distinguished Alumni Society of Naturalists, founded in 1868, is one of the REEI Awards oldest scientific societies in Russia. DISTINGUISHED ALUMNI Although the medal was cast about 90 years ago, it 1988 Alexander Rabinowitch has never been awarded until now because of the dis- 1988 Charles Gati ruptions of World War I, the Russian Revolution and 1995 Gale Stokes ensuing civil war, and the Soviet era. The original medal The Kowalevsky Medal 2000 Helena Goscilo was saved in the Hermitage in St. Petersburg and in 2001 Howard I. Aronson the State Mint, where even the original casting mold was preserved. The St. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE Petersburg Society of Naturalists recently discovered the original mold and de- 1988 Theofanis Stavrou cided to reinstate the international award using the original medal design. 1988 Robert F. Byrnes 1989 Karen Niggle Henceforth only one medal will be bestowed each year. However, to celebrate 1996 Robert W. Campbell the award’s reinstatement and to recognize the large range of scientific accom- 1997 Charles Jelavich plishments in this area between 1910 and the present, the the council decided 1997 Janet Rabinowitch that the inaugural presentation would honor eight internationally distinguished 2000 William B. Edgerton scientists. REEIfication, April 2002 3 Ambassador Sorin Dumitru Ducaru on “Romania’s Evolving Role in the International Environment”

Portions of the following reprinted with the permission of the Indiana Daily Student and Mari Slater

The Russian and East European cal and economic unity. In his re- educational ties that had existed with Institute and the Office of Interna- marks Ducaru spoke to the primary the United States prior to their dis- tional Programs at Indiana University issues of the day in Romania: NATO ruption by successive fascist and com- were pleased to host the honorable membership, European Union acces- munist regimes. Further elaborating Sorin Dumitru Ducaru, Romanian sion and a broader acceptance into on this theme, Ducaru mentioned the Ambassador to the United States, Western Europe. Shifting comfort- importance of continued educational who visited Bloomington on February ably from a prepared text to impro- exchange between American and Ro- 18, 2002. Ambassador Ducaru gave vised remarks, Ducaru gave the au- manian scholars and students. Such a formal address on the programs, he said, are future of Romania in an helping to shape the evolving Europe and also country as its democ- met with the faculty and racy develops. Speaking students of IU’s Roma- about the overthrow of nian Studies program. the communist regime, His visit reflects the im- he credited students portance of IU’s Roma- throughout Romania nian Studies Program, with challenging the au- the largest program of thority of the state at a this kind in the United time when doing so was States. extremely dangerous. Ducaru began his This same generation is public lecture by reflect- now starting to make a ing on his first meeting real difference in Roma- with IU Professor Chris- Romanian Ambassador Sorin Dumitru Ducaru (left) and his wife present nia as it builds a civil tina Zarifopol-Illias while President Myles Brand with a book entitled, society, market Romania: A Photograhic Memory he was serving as the economy, and respon- Permanent Representative of Roma- dience a background to the upheav- sive government. nia to the United Nations. Referring als of the early 1990s before delving Expressing his admiration for the to Illias and IU’s Romanian Studies into current issues. Ducaru noted the Russian and East European Institute, Program, he remembered a “first en- importance of obtaining the security Ducaru noted that REEI and the Ro- counter with a Romanian intellectual and stability that NATO membership manian Studies Program “gather from a place [Indiana University] will provide as well as its symbolic bright minds and bright intellectuals about which I had heard so much.” meaning as a step back to Europe. from Romania to keep Romanian cul- Ducaru’s visit was highlighted by Speaking on behalf of himself and ture alive.” Ducaru returned to an address entitled “Romania’s Evolv- Romanian Counsel General in Chi- themes of cultural identity throughout ing Role in the International Environ- cago Sever Voinescu (who was also his lecture, mentioning the ability of ment: Choices, Challenges, present) Ducaru mentioned the pride Romanian culture to withstand so Changes.” Speaking to an overflow they felt in representing a “new gen- many years of oppression under com- audience in the Indiana Memorial eration in Romanian diplomacy.” He munist rule. REEI director David Union, he outlined the goals Romania went on to describe the warm feel- Ransel, commenting after the lecture, has set for itself in the near future and ings Romanians have toward the explained that Romania’s strong af- the challenges the Romanian people United States as well as the finity to the cultures of Latin Europe face as Europe moves toward politi- longstanding cultural, economic, and continued on page 16 4 Russian and East European Institute “An entirely different world”: Professor Mihály Szegedy-Maszák By Alex Dunlop Professor Mihály Szegedy-Maszák ern university during the Communist garian studies. Since 1989 he and his divides his time between Budapest rule of Hungary was a feat unto it- wife Ágnes have been shuttling back and Bloomington, spending the sum- self; since the interior ministry already and forth between Budapest and mer and fall semester teaching at had a file on the Szegedy-Maszák Bloomington, except for one three- Eötvös Loránd University and the family, it was even more of an ac- year period in which he taught full- spring semester at Indiana University. complishment. The authorities kept time in Bloomington. He has grown Though he makes this double life ap- a file on the family in part because used to a life that demands that he pear easy, it wasn’t always so easy have two homes and wear two to travel between Hungary and the hats. At Eötvös Loránd Univer- West. As a university student, sity in Budapest he is the chair of Szegedy-Maszák won a scholar- the Comparative Literature depart- ship from Cambridge University on ment; in Bloomington he is Profes- three separate occasions, but only sor of Central Eurasian studies and after the third offer did the Hun- adjunct professor in the Compara- garian authorities agree to issue tive Literature department. If you him a passport and allow him to ask him about the differences be- travel to Great Britain. tween teaching in the two settings The year was 1967. Telling the he is quick to reply, “There is al- story now, he says with character- most no common feature. The istic diplomacy that he was able to expectations [of an educator] are strike a “compromise” with the Mihály Szegedy-Maszák entirely different.” But his contin- authorities: they would issue the ued exposure to and work in two passport and allow him to go to Cam- Szegedy-Maszák’s uncle had de- very different worlds lend themselves bridge; he would agree to stay for one fected after World War II. Before to research activities in comparative semester only, instead of the full year the war he had been a diplomat with literature, since he can make use of that the scholarship covered. None- a decidedly anti-German past, and as two libraries, two universities, two sets theless, the semester in Cambridge a consequence he spent time during of personal networks. His interconti- had a tremendous impact on the young World War II in the concentration nental life also reflects his belief that man: in addition to the experience of camp in Dachau. After the war, re- direct personal experience in a for- studying and living on the other side habilitated and perhaps rewarded for eign country is crucial to the study of of the iron curtain, Szegedy-Maszák his anti-fascist activities, he became comparative literatures and cultures. was able to take advantage of the tu- Hungary’s ambassador to the United To be an area studies student re- torial system that Cambridge Univer- States. But, soon after, as the Mos- quires a comprehensive inquiry into sity was still using at the time, which cow-backed Communist Party in the history and culture of the country meant that he sat for his lessons in Hungary consolidated its hold on or region in question. “But of course English literature in an intensive, indi- power, his uncle saw the writing on this is not always easy,” he says, and vidual setting. Though he had studied the wall and defected to the United the difficulties are especially great some English in school, his primary States. when one studies cultures that were foreign language at the time was Ger- Mihály Szegedy-Maszák’s experi- under the socialist yoke for so long. man, as was the case for most of his ence in Cambridge turned out to be Many of the currently available schol- peers in Budapest. Mastery of the the first in a life-long career of travel arly publications concerning Hungar- English language, which now rolls off and cross-cultural inquiry. He first ian issues were published under Com- his tongue effortlessly and with a re- came to Bloomington in 1984 as a munism, which makes them unreli- fined inflection, was one of the skills guest lecturer in the Comparative Lit- able. Under Communism, a serious he developed during his studies in erature department. He came again scholar faced two major challenges: Great Britain. in 1987 for a year-long appointment sound sources were often unavailable, Gaining access to study at a west- as the György Ránki Chair in Hun- continued on next page REEIfication, April 2002 5 Szegedy-Maszák end of the Cold War. The future im- Communist studies. But translating a continued from previous page portance of Hungarian studies in this culture’s important works is vital in and any published work was severely country is anchored in European in- order to make them available to a wider edited along party lines. One result tegration. Traveling back and forth audience (see related article on in the field of literature was a com- between Europe and the United page 7). Defining the representative plete neglect of the Hungarian States, he has observed, both in the works of Hungarian culture is one of Diaspora. Hungarian scholars abroad national media and through personal Szegedy-Maszák’s major interests. were completely ignored: it was not interactions with individuals, that the His recent book, Literary Canons: permitted to write about or study Hun- phenomenon of European integration National and International garian writers or intellectuals who had is not fully understood in this country. (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2001), emigrated, such as Sándor Márai, who As a result, Europe, as a whole, does is concerned with identifying the fled the country in 1948 and works that make up the never returned. In the tra- 2002 György Ránki Chair Symposium Hungarian literary canon. dition of James Joyce, who In this time of integration lived most of his life abroad The 2002 György Ránki Chair Symposium, was titled “Lajos and globalization, he be- Kossuth in Changing Context: History, Freedom, and Memory but wrote exclusively about lieves, it is becoming in- in Hungary, 1848-2001.” Focusing on crossing boundaries and creasingly important to his home country of Ireland, providing perspective of “the other,” part of the symposium Márai wrote almost solely on focused on Kossuth’s trip to America after the failed 1848 Revo- think about ways the Hun- Hungarian topics, yet spent lution against the Hapsburg Monarchy. In exile at the time, garian community can pre- most of his adult life in the Kossuth was very well received in this country and served for serve its cultural heritage. West. As a writer and rep- many Americans as a figure of freedom and anti-monarchy. If For a small nation like Hun- resentative of Hungarian there was any lingering doubt at the time that the United States gary, attempting to define culture, he was ignored in was better off independent from the British throne, the Euro- the relationship between scholarly circles until pean revolutions in 1848, the Hungarian among them, went far national culture and Euro- Szegedy-Maszák published to erase it. However, Kossuth was disturbed by the incongru- pean culture is critical. It ous presence of slavery in a country founded on ideals of indi- the first complete volume on is also important, according vidual liberty. These and issues of Hungarian identity and the to Szegedy-Maszák, for his life and works in 1991 framework through which historians view this important revolu- (Márai Sándor Budapest: tionary figure were explored in the April 14 symposium held in scholars to cast a critical Akadémiai Kiadó, 1991). Bloomington. For additional information on the symposium eye on the works that have In the field of history, too, please visit the Department of Central Eurasian Studies, for so long been held up as there were many losses. http://www.indiana.edu/~ceus/hungsymp2002.htm representative. Much of what is available Students of Hungarian to the historian today was written un- not receive the importance it deserves, studies and the IU community in gen- der the constraints of the state’s either institutionally or in people’s ba- eral are fortunate to draw on the ex- watchful eye. Even now, the situa- sic understanding of “Europe” as a periences of an educator with relevant tion is not much brighter. A complete concept. Thus, Szegedy-Maszák of- experience from both Hungarian and and authoritative history of Hungary ten wonders if there shouldn’t be western academic communities. The using materials which have become greater attention devoted to European benefit of Szegedy-Maszák’s life in available since 1989 has yet to be studies as a whole at Indiana Univer- two locations becomes even more published. This presents a tremendous sity. Future institutional attention to apparent as European integration challenge to today’s students of Hun- Hungary may be framed in the wider draws closer. Scholarship with a com- garian studies. It may take some time context of European studies. parative emphasis as well as efforts to overcome the distorted scholarship One area that should not be over- in translation studies will become in- produced under the 45 years of so- looked is attention given to translation creasingly valuable on both sides of cialist rule. studies. This is not an easy task when the Atlantic; a perspective that draws And where does that leave Hun- it comes to Hungarian; the language on both of the two “entirely different garian studies today? Understand- is regularly grouped with Mandarin in worlds” will prove to be ever more ably, Szegedy-Maszák says, the terms of difficulty for English speak- important in the coming years. Alex American government’s official inter- ers, and it is not often the first choice Dunlop is a graduate student at est in Hungary has waned since the for someone entering the field of post- REEI. 6 Russian and East European Institute IU Hosts Seminar on Civic Education for Russian Educators By Howard Mehlinger Indiana University is conducting a several are employed by Russian civic riculum requirements in Russian seminar on civic education for 20 education projects; others are con- schools; another group is attempting Russian educators from April 1 – 20, nected with innovative schools seek- to produce recommendations that will 2002. The seminar is co-directed by ing to promote democracy through lead to the integration of civic educa- Howard Mehlinger, professor emeri- democratic school practices; and fi- tion into the teacher education cur- tus of Indiana University, and Janet nally there is a representative of the riculum. On April 19, at the close of Vaillant, an affiliate of the Davis Cen- Ministry of Education. The partici- the seminar, the participants will make ter for Russian Studies at Harvard pants share a common interest in pro- presentations on civic education in University. The seminar is supported moting democratic beliefs and prac- Russia at the Great Lakes Regional by a grant from the U.S. Department tices through education. Social Studies conference in India- of Education. While in Bloomington, the partici- napolis. The participants were selected pants will hear presentations by Indi- Participants are also charged with from nominations submitted by a panel ana University faculty who are spe- the task of planning and conducting a of Russian educators, following a cialists on civic education in the follow-up conference on civic educa- December 2001 planning conference United States; they will visit elemen- tion to be held in Russia in September held in Bekasovo, a conference cen- tary and secondary schools to observe 2002. The goal of this conference is ter near Moscow. The participants civic education in action; and will work to diffuse information and knowledge are mid-career professionals repre- collectively and independently on is- gained at the Bloomington seminar to senting institutions from cities sues relating to civic education in other Russian educators who have an throughout Russia. Approximately Russia. For example, one group is interest in civic education. Howard one-half of the participants represent seeking to identify civic education Mehlinger is professor emeritus in pedagogical institutes or universities; competencies that may become cur- the School of Education. 2002 Midwest Historians of Russia Workshop By Bill Eastwood Faculty and graduate students The first session, on March 1 “Late The papers served as spring- came together on March 1 and 2 to Tsarist Russia,” included essay con- boards for debate and the ensuing participate in the bi-annual Midwest- tributions by Marjorie Hilton (Univer- exchanges of ideas were incisive ern Historians of Russia Workshop. sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) and entertaining. In the case of As the title suggests, this workshop and Brad Woodworth (Indiana Uni- Cornelis Boterbloem’s contribution, draws participants from throughout versity); the second session, “Revo- discussion with participants after- the Midwest and attracts historians lution and Civil War,” featured a pa- wards made it clear that during his at various stages of their academic per by Semion Lyandres (University research in Russian archives, the careers. of Notre Dame). caprice of the archivists had robbed This year the workshop brought The next morning began with pre- him of some valuable information together more than thirty students sentations by Juri Kivimae and Tiina that other scholars in our discussion of Russian history from a variety Kirss (University of Toronto) and had been privileged to use. of universities, among them the Cornelis Boterbloem (Nippising Uni- So, along with some practical University of Chicago, University of versity, Ontario ) for a panel on “His- advice for beginning researchers, Victoria (Canada), University of tory and Memory.” Following a dis- the workshop provided a refresh- Toronto, Michigan State University, cussion about “Memory, Memoirs, ing atmosphere in which scholars University of Illinois, and Indiana and Memorials,” David Hoffmann who were passionate about their University. The workshop revolved (Ohio State University) and Serhy work could engage in invigorating around the presentation of papers Yekelchyk (University of Victoria, discussion. Bill Eastwood is a and was characterized by engag- Canada) presented papers at the last graduate student at REEI. ing, stimulating discussions. session, “Soviet History.” REEIfication, April 2002 7 Translating Less Commonly Taught Languages: A Path to Language Acquisition By Donald F. Reindl For the past 15 months, my family language classes is contested and of- guage-learning tool also offers unique and I have been living in Ljubljana, ten shunned in the United States, de- advantages. As already mentioned, Slovenia, where I’m conducting dis- spite its obvious commercial applica- on-the-job support and training is nor- sertation research in linguistics and bility, and the few translation studies mal. Most important, however, is the studying Slovene in-country. Initially, programs in the United States – such constant exposure to a variety of like many Americans, I relied on as that in Indiana University’s Depart- texts. Reading plays an undisputed teaching English to support myself ment of Comparative Literature – role in higher-level vocabulary acqui- while abroad. However, I found my- primarily focus on literary translation. sition (a large portion of vocabulary self increasingly engaged in transla- While rewarding and valuable in its is restricted to written language), and tion and have come to view it as an own right, there is sadly little demand commercial translation necessarily excellent vehicle for learning a less for literary translation on a paid ba- commonly taught language (LCTL) at sis. “Seeing ‘your work’ in print is always an advanced level – a route that I Nor should students feel discour- rewarding, and the texts expose you to would recommend to other learners aged if they fear that their language elements of local life that you might oth- of LCTLs. skills are not yet up to par. One ad- erwise never encounter.” Indiana University has a wealth of vantage of being “in the trenches” at opportunities for students interested a translation company is that you can involves the efficient, thorough, and in LCTLs, with offerings ranging begin work as an English-language precise processing of second language from Albanian to Zulu. Few of these, editor or proofreader and progres- texts on topics often outside your ar- however, are taught at advanced lev- sively advance into the front lines of eas of specialty. Being paid for your els, and students generally must travel translation itself, in step with your work is, essentially, being paid to study abroad for further study. Many of growing second-language ability. your language of choice. In addition, these students support themselves Along the way, carefully comparing the camaraderie that develops at com- through English teaching and find that, original texts to translations made by panies (most operate as teams) pro- after a full day of speaking English to others is a learning opportunity in it- vides an enjoyable learning environ- large groups of sometimes rowdy self. ment. younger learners, they have little en- The translation of LCTLs offers It should be stressed that good ergy left to get out and immerse them- certain advantages over translating translators (and editors) also need selves in the second language envi- major languages such as French or certain skills beyond simply being a ronment. In contrast, after a day of German. First, native-English speak- native speaker. Attention to detail, translating, I’ve exercised not only my ers with competence in LCTLs are a consistency, and an awareness of reading skills at a variety of levels and much rarer commodity – which cor- current events and local history are in several topics but also my speak- responds to greater demand and op- not only advantages, but necessities ing and listening skills through tele- portunity. Second, many of the coun- for a good translator. Working as a phone consultations with clients and tries where LCTLs are used have de- translator abroad can, of course, have conversations with colleagues. What’s veloping labor markets that are easier its pitfalls as well. Some clients are more, translation is generally better to break into as a foreigner than are difficult to please, not all texts consis- paid than language teaching. those with more restrictions and regu- tently hold your interest, and correc- American students need not be dis- lations. Third, the dynamic pace of tions made to your English by experi- suaded if they’ve never had the op- change and internationalization in the enced non-native speakers can be portunity to study translation formally. countries of Central and Eastern Eu- sobering. However, unexpected perks Although translation is a skilled pro- rope in particular has created trans- offer themselves as well. Seeing fession, the proof of one’s ability lies lation opportunities faster than they “your work” in print is always reward- in the results achieved, not certifica- can be satisfied. ing, and the texts expose you to ele- tion. Translation as a component of Commercial translation as a lan- continued on page 14 8 Russian and East European Institute Nazif Shahrani on Muslims in the Former Soviet Union and the West’s Response to Terrorism By Mark Betka

Omnipresent in the Goodbody Hall broad range of socio-economic chal- policies in Chechnya and towards office of Professor Nazif Shahrani are lenges. There are, however, common- Muslim citizens as a whole, Shahrani artifacts representative of the rich alities that all Muslims in the former sees the consequences as negative cultural mosaic that makes up his na- Soviet Union have faced in the form and even harmful. The situation of tive Afghanistan, as well as of governmental policies pursued to- Muslims in Russia was complicated Uzbekistan and Central Asia in gen- ward adherents of Islam. In the Rus- further by calls from the United States eral. The walls are adorned with tra- sian Federation, one case has stood to join in the international war on ter- ditional Afghan embroideries, and pho- out: the Chechnya conflict. However, rorism. This “with us or against us” tos from the region transport the philosophy espoused by the U.S. visitor to another part of the world. may have unwittingly allowed Rus- This same office has in recent sian policymakers an even freer months become a hotbed of activ- hand in dealing with Muslim popu- ity as news agencies from across lations throughout the Federation. the nation seek out Shahrani with “Russia became immediately an requests for interviews and insights ally, a supporter, and a civilized into the current events taking place partner” to the United States in the in the region. As one of the nation’s war on terrorism. preeminent authorities on Afghani- What has followed is an almost stan and Muslim Central Asia, total lack of media attention on sub- Shahrani has been featured on sequent abuses of Muslims by Rus- Public Television’s Jim Lehrer sian authorities. Beyond this, the News Hour, National Public Ra- Nazif Shahrani entire Chechen conflict has now dio, and CNN. Now as Operation En- Shahrani also points out that less pub- been reframed as a war on terrorism, during Freedom nears the six-month licized conflicts in the Republic of thus blunting criticisms of the war’s point, Shahrani questions whether this Tatarstan and in the north Caucuses devastating effects on civilian popu- military solution is a solution at all and have existed despite the lack of inter- lations. In this sense Shahrani sees offers his opinion as to alternative national focus. He is unequivocal in Russian authorities as having a carte- routes for dealing with future terror- his belief that Russian policies have blanche to pursue whatever policies ist threats. adversely affected Muslim popula- they desire and even eliminate Mus- In 1989 there were an estimated tions. The war in Chechnya has been lim populations in Chechnya and else- 55 million Muslims residing in the So- “extremely vicious, extremely de- where with impunity. “Muslims have viet Union, a majority of those in the structive to the Muslim community,” become fair game,” he says. five Central Asian republics. After he notes. The capital city of Grozny A major error in U.S. strategic dissolution of the USSR these groups still sits in ruins with little or no infor- thinking, occurred when the U.S. be- found themselves in entirely new mation available regarding efforts of gan to view the events of September states or, in the case of Russia, small the Russian Federation to rebuild. 11, and terrorism in general as a fun- semi-autonomous regions. Today Beyond Grozny, Shahrani notes that damental issue of national security. Shahrani sees the Muslims of the many villages also are reported to By framing the problem in this way, former Soviet Union divided into two have suffered heavy damage in the the solution becomes apparent: a se- primary groups: those who remain fighting and have been left almost curity problem requires enhanced within the Russian Federation and exactly as they were when the fight- measures to counter the threat, i.e. those in the five Central Asian repub- ing took place. increased police and military activi- lics, in states that might be considered Regarding the consequences of ties. Thus, the call from President “nominally” Muslim and who face a September 11 on Russian Federation continued on next page REEIfication, April 2002 9 Shahrani (such as a western power) under the Shahrani believes that beginning in continued from previous page pretext of maintaining order in a frag- the early 1990s an opportunity arose ile society. In post-Soviet Central for a “reclaiming” of Islam in the Bush for a global war on terrorism Asia, many of the republics now find former Soviet Union from the many was also a call for nations to subscribe themselves receiving strong backing decades of secularism and to the notion that the issue of terror- from the United States as they join marginalization. He also notes that ism was an issue of na- the war on terrorism. there existed an opportunity for Mus- tional security in their own “[Terrorism] is In such states terror lims of Central Asia and the Russian nations as well. “What part of the global almost becomes a com- Federation to contribute to a broader this does is to detract from economy whether modity, produced within re-thinking of Islam. Interestingly, the any possibility of examin- we like it or not” the state by disaffected very isolation of the Soviet Union’s ing problems and their populations and marketed Muslims may have led to the devel- root causes,” notes Shahrani. How- and exported abroad as a solution for opment of a unique brand of Muslim ever, the root cause of any terrorism, other disaffected populations (“con- scholar, found rarely in the broader according to Shahrani, is political. It sumers”) feeling that they have no Muslim world. “The scholars that I becomes a security issue only after a other recourse. “[Terrorism] is part came across were truly conversant political problem is left unaddressed of the global economy today whether in both the Russian social sciences and thus has time to develop to the we like it or not,” observes Shahrani. and Islam.” This is highly unusual point that extremist views are given Americans have most certainly felt because quite often a Muslim scholar sanction by populations fed up with the economic impact of exported ter- who speaks Arabic will be knowl- lack of progress on the political front. rorism as specific industries such as edgeable about Islam while having Shahrani identifies three distinct airlines and travel planning have seen little or no understanding of Russian types of states in which terrorism has drastic downturns in revenue since the or Western languages and social sci- a greater likelihood of occurring. The September attacks. ences; likewise, Russian and West- first is a colonial occupation state in Shahrani believes that the error in ern-trained social scientists, being which the grievances of indigenous current policies pursued by the United secularly educated, have no under- populations are not addressed equita- States is that they do not address the standing of Islamic scholarship. bly. “Chechnya fits perfectly within root causes of terrorism but focus on The key is that these clerics, well this model,” notes Shahrani. A sec- strengthening ties to the very states versed in secular social sciences and ond type of situation exists where large that pursue policies that foster disen- also in tune with the local communi- populations of Muslims reside within franchisement and ultimately contrib- ties of the former Soviet Union, were or in proximity to stronger, non-Mus- ute to the production of terrorism. in a unique position to gauge the mood lim states, as is the case with the Pal- Russia and Uzbekistan, two nations of the public. Knowing the skepti- estinian-Israeli conflict. Limited being courted by the U.S. as partners cism that seventy years of state en- space results in boundary disputes that in the war on terror, are considered forced atheism had ingrained, these easily flare up into violent clashes. by Shahrani as states that use mis- scholars realized that they had to take The heavily disputed Kashmir region guided attempts to treat terrorism a more modern, pragmatic approach between India and Pakistan repre- solely as a security issue to be dealt to reintegrate Islam into their commu- sents a classic example according to with by force. “As long as the United nities. This modernist approach to Shahrani. The third case is a “post- States is going to see Russia as a Islam flies in the face of prevalent colonial” state in which a multi-eth- friend and ally against terrorism and stereotypes of clerics spreading fun- nic society exists but political power invite it to fight terrorism, it will in fact damentalist teachings to local popu- has been concentrated in the hands only produce more terrorism.” lations. “The onus was on the Mus- of a single group or clan. Such states Shahrani notes that the question the lim scholars to be rational, logical, tend to favor highly centralized forms West must ask of the states it cur- modern and to convince the society of governance that seek to promote rently calls allies is whether these that there was some value to their those ruling elites belonging to the states are part of the problem, and if religion.” The teaching was critical dominant group at the expense of less they are part of the problem, whether especially in rural areas were the faith powerful groups. Ruling elites often they can also be counted on to assist solicit the support of outside patrons in finding real solutions. continued on page 14 10 Russian and East European Institute Public Reaction to Public Murder: REEI Faculty Discuss Commonalities in the Jedwabne and Madison County Killings By Mark Betka Indiana University recently played Madison noted with interest how host to professor Jan Gross, who vis- rent investigation and the various lev- many of the themes in Gross’ work ited IU to deliver a public lecture en- els of debate currently taking place in and in the discussion had resonance titled “The story of the murder of the Poland. Bielasiak outlined his vision in another community on the other side Jedwabne Jews (on July 10, 1941) of the debate as “tri-leveled,” rang- of the world a decade earlier. In his and its reception in Poland.” Speak- ing from the scholarly level (wherein book Madison recounts the gruesome ing to a capacity audience in the issue is more or less settled) to events of 1930 in Marion, Indiana, Woodburn Hall on March 4, Gross public opinion where views range where three young African Ameri- touched on many of the issues in his from acceptance of Gross’ thesis, to cans, accused of raping a white girl, book Neighbors: The Destruction of total rejection, to still undecided. were publicly beaten and two of them the Jewish Community in hanged. A famous photograph Jedwabne Poland. He de- shows local townspeople gath- livered a brief chronology of ered under the bodies, some events in Jedwabne and then proudly facing the camera. devoted the majority of his lec- Madison, noting the parallels of ture to the current debate in the Jedwabne and Marion Poland. A public reception af- events, spoke of the ability of terwards allowed attendees to history to exist within a com- meet professor Gross, have munity if only in whispers and books signed and engage in stories. History is kept alive further discussion. in both cases through an oral James Madison, Alvin Rosenfeld, Maria Bucur- In a follow-up event, IU Deckard, Jan Gross, John Efron, Bill Johnston tradition that coexists with an faculty and students interested official version that may or may in the issue were invited to a panel Putting Neighbors in the context not reflect a full accounting of the discussion devoted to Gross’ talk and of Daniel Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Will- facts. more broadly to his research and the ing Executioners: Ordinary Ger- The idea of factual consistency was issue of Jedwabne. The panel was mans and the Holocaust, one par- of interest to the panel as was the chaired by professor Alvin Rosenfeld ticipant questioned whether or not the question “when do facts stick?” — of the Borns Jewish Studies Program events of July 10, 1941 would have that is, when does history, passed from and featured professors John Efron, happened regardless of any Jewish generation to generation and known Jack Bielasiak, and James Madison, collaboration with occupying Soviet to all, finally become part of the con- as well as Gross himself. Also par- forces. This reiterated a theme that sciousness of the nation as a whole? ticipating in the discussion were pro- Gross himself had mentioned the night Madison and Gross agreed on the dif- fessors Maria Bucur-Deckard, Jef- before: given even the “worst case” ficulty communities face in dealing frey Isaac, Tim Wiles, Bill Johnston scenario, i.e. total Jewish collabora- with “discomfort history,” i.e. the his- and David Ransel. The panel discus- tion, the events are still difficult to tory that reflects the negative side of sion took place the morning after the understand given the ferocity of iso- a community (in the case of Marion) lecture. lating and exterminating an entire or a nation (in the case of Poland). Rosenfeld opened up the discus- community. Equally difficult to un- The panelists discussed how histori- sion by presenting a question to Gross derstand is how a similarly violent ans may work to present such stories and the participants: “Is the debate event could take place in Indiana. to the public while maintaining a fine over?” If yes, he went on, then what As a special guest of the panel, IU balance between comfort and dis- have we learned; if no, then what is History Professor James Madison comforting history. the next step? The ensuing discus- presented a synopsis of his recent Finally, the panelists discussed how sion, lively and engaged, revolved book A Lynching in the Heartland: memory of such events is being around the central theme of the cur- Race and Memory in America. continued on page 16 REEIfication, April 2002 11

Winter Workshop in Oral History at The Tahoe-Baikal European University in St. Petersburg Summer Exchange By David Ransel Program A master’s degree program in oral Arkhangel’sk, Barnaul, Cheliabinsk, history began this year at European Kaliningrad, Moscow, Omsk, By Regina Galer Petrozavodsk, Saratov, Ul’ianovsk, University in St. Petersburg (EUSP) My summer plans recently ex- and Volgograd. In addition, 11 students with the help of REEI and the IU Cen- panded from “classes in from St. Petersburg were admitted, ter for the Study of History and Bloomington” to a comprehensive representing Memory (an environmental research program St. Petersburg oral history on two of the world’s most unusual State Univer- research and freshwater lakes. sity, the Insti- archival facil- I’ll be part of the Tahoe-Baikal tute of Rus- ity). Indiana Institute’s 2002 Environmental Ex- sian History University change between Lake Baikal and of the Acad- partnered with Lake Tahoe. American and So- emy of Sci- EUSP on a viet scholars created the non-profit ences, and grant from the institute in 1989 to facilitate envi- EUSP. The Open Society ronmental preservation and cultural workshop ex- Institute Barbara Truesdell sharing. tended over (Soros Foun- About 20 people from America, three days and included (in addition dation) to get the program going. The Russia, and elsewhere will partici- to sessions on theory, methods, and first class was admitted in the fall se- pate in this, the 12th annual ex- practice) intensive discussion of the mester 2001. change. We will spend five weeks students’ own work in progress and a IU’s part in the grant includes at each lake, exploring topics in detailed demonstration of the latest training of students in St. Petersburg ecology, environmental planning, technology for digital recording and and at IU, plus participation on the public policy, and resource eco- preserving of oral interview materi- governing board of the program to- nomics, among other things. als. gether with scholars and administra- The group includes undergradu- A summer workshop will follow in tors at EUSP. An important aspect of ate and graduate students, as well June. This second session will be sub- the grant is the provision of training in as young professionals with envi- stantive. Students are now in the field short courses for aspiring oral histori- ronmental interests. We represent collecting oral testimony and will ans from throughout the Russian Fed- an array of academic and profes- present the results of their work at eration. For this purpose we are sional disciplines, including Russian the summer workshop. Again, we are mounting two workshops. Barbara area studies, environmental sci- inviting applications from throughout Truesdell, an IU oral historian, and I ence, and public policy. This is Russia. The students in St. Petersburg worked closely with Elena Campbell, where I fit in: I am a joint-degree are focusing their oral history efforts the current director of the program, student in SPEA and the School of on the memory of the Siege of in organizing a winter workshop held Journalism. Leningrad and its reconstruction in the in St. Petersburg in January at which The coordinators are all multi- minds of each of the succeeding gen- we provided training in the theory, lingual environmental scholars erations under the influence of school, methods, and practice of oral history. from around the world. I know I film, literature, and family memory. An invitation went out to scholars will learn a lot, and I am honored Students from elsewhere in Russia are throughout Russia to apply for the to be on board. working on a variety of topics. workshop. Although we were pleased At both lakes, we will visit envi- Indiana University has long been a to receive over 50 high-quality appli- ronmental decision-makers, take leader in the field of oral history. Sev- cations, limited funds and space part in problem-solving workshops, eral members of our Department of forced us to be selective. We were do ecological surveying (flora, able to bring 14 applicants to the History work with this method, in- workshop from the following cities: continued on page 16 continued on back page 12 Russian and East European Institute Back from the Field(s): Researching the Impact of EU Accession on Farming in the Czech Republic and Poland By Mark Betka, James Chen, Wade Ellis, Karin LaCanne and Courtney McGovern Monday, March 18, 2:15 a.m. Our Poland and the Czech Republic to de- duced barriers” meant an increased bus finally pulls into Bloomington. We termine their opinions. Our first in- inflow of commodities from Western are home. Although the group of country visit took us to a Czech farm. Europe with little or no opportunity for “zombies” that emerges hardly re- The challenge (and part of the fun) export to those markets from East- sembles the spirited group that de- was taking a scrap of paper with a ern European states. Conversely, we parted ten name and a had read about concerns on the part days earlier, phone num- of current EU countries that thousands we all now ber on it, at- of small-scale (5-8 hectare) farms agree that tempting to could potentially bankrupt the EU’s Kelley Inter- locate the primary policy tool for distributing national Per- individual, farm subsidies, the Common Agricul- spectives and arrang- ture Policy (CAP). What made the (KIPS) Cen- ing to visit visit so interesting was seeing a hu- tral Europe the farm. man face behind all of the political talk 2002 was an We were and media hype. unqualified very fortu- Next , we had a meeting with Petra success. For nate to Choteborska, an agricultural special- ten days we hit The authors with Jiri Vanicek (second from right) meet Jiri ist working for the USDA at the the road to put Vanicek, a American Embassy in Prague. In our to the test many of the ideas we had cattle farmer located about 100 miles meeting we discussed the general formulated during the in-class portion from Prague who was gracious state of agriculture in the Czech Re- of our course and in our preliminary enough to invite us to tour his facility public as well as the potential for in- research. Our group focused on an as well as other farms near his vil- vestment in this sector. We followed increasingly important issue for both lage. this with a visit to Prague’s EU infor- the Czech Republic and Poland: the The visit was fascinating. For mation office. This office serves as future of farming in a post-EU acces- some of us it was the first time we the public relations headquarters of the sion economy. What we found in the had ever seen a cattle farm; for oth- Czech government, its task being to field sometimes confirmed what we ers it was an opportunity to compare “sell” the idea of EU membership to thought, sometimes contradicted com- a small-scale cattle operation with the Czech public. monly held beliefs, but always pro- similar American operations. Follow- In Warsaw we began a heavy vided invaluable insight into this im- ing a tour of his farm and a local dairy schedule of meetings and site visits portant political and economic topic. farm we had the opportunity to sit that left little time for sightseeing but We almost did not get to Central down with Vanicek to discuss his gave us an exceptional picture of the Europe. A last-minute flight cancel- views of the Czech Republic’s im- state of farming in Poland. This sec- lation left many KIPS participants pending accession and its impact on tor plays a major role in the Polish la- wondering if they would ever see the farmers. His opinion was somewhat bor market (employing an estimated Czech Republic and Poland. Fortu- surprising: he felt that accession would 18-25 percent of the labor force) while nately, we arrived only a day late de- have an overall positive effect on his only constituting 3.8 percent of GDP. spite a somewhat circuitous route operation (contrary to what many This disparity will have major impli- (twenty-eight hours in all), finally ar- media outlets have predicted). We cations for Poland as it concludes riving in beautiful Prague to begin the knew that the overall aim of the EU negotiations on EU membership since in-country portion of the class. With is to reduce trade barriers between market influences are expected to much of our research focused on the member states, but we had also read force a scaling back in the number of need for reform of small farms, we much about the concerns of farmers farms and farmers in Poland. made sure to visit with farmers in both in candidate states who felt that “re- continued on page 17 REEIfication, April 2002 13 Sto Lat! Carol Carney and the Kids of Eastern School Learn About Poland By Mark Betka

Each March for the past 13 years, was able to assist Carney in making in Polish. This year, REEI helped the rooms and hallways of Eastern Poland come alive for the children. Carney to secure a teacher’s manual Elementary School in Greene County For several years Marusek would designed for Polish history month in have been Illinois (where one of the world’s larg- transformed est concentration of Poles resides) from those of a and is assisting her to locate future typical grade visitors. school to re- Typical activities in Carney’s class semble more of include flag making, Polish fairy tales, a miniature a movie of a Polish kindergarten United Na- class, and geography lessons. Girls tions. Flags make a headband of flowers and rib- and emblems bons while boys make a traditional representing peacock-feathered hat (a dearth of cultures from Ola Jarczewska teaches the kids about her native Poland peacock feathers this year may pose throughout the world adorn the walls personally attend the class to help out, a challenge). The children definitely and turn the school into a truly global even cooking for the children on sev- enjoy learning about and drawing village. “World Tour Week” gives eral occasions. Poland’s many castles. Overall, pupils a chance to learn about coun- More recently Carney has received Carney notes that she has seen a tries and places they may never have assistance from the IU Speakers Bu- positive response from both children heard about, including such far-off reau, Polish Studies Center, and REEI and parents. She praises a “very sup- lands as Kenya and Sweden. For kin- in securing portive” Par- dergarten teacher Carol Carney, materials ent-Teacher World Tour Week means transform- and visitors. Organization at ing her classroom into an environment Visiting Eastern El- rich with the sights, sounds, and tastes scholars tak- ementary for of Poland. ing part in their yearly Carney has been teaching children the long- support of about Poland for the past 12 years. standing IU- World Tour. “I had originally intended to focus on Warsaw REEI wishes Spain,” she notes with a laugh, “but University the children of the local high school already provided exchange Eastern El- a unit on Spain.” Thus Carney was program ementary “sto left to create a week-long unit on a adminis- lat!” (literally, country that, at the time, felt as for- tered Carol Carney keeps a watchful eye on the class “one-hundred eign to her as it did to her pupils. With through the years” but the help of a friend, Marie Marusek Polish Studies Center have visited the meaning “best wishes for continued (who happened to be Polish) Carney children. The visits are a real treat success!”) as they broaden their set about building her program from for the class. “It means a lot to the knowledge of the world. Interested scratch. “Marie was instrumental in children to meet a person from Po- students and faculty are invited to helping me to set up this unit,” says land or one who has visited,” Carney contact Carol Carney at Eastern El- Carney. With a wealth of travel says. Last year, visiting scholar Ola ementary School (812-825-5621) in books, pictures, and mementos from Jarczewska spoke to the class and order to volunteer time or donate ma- Poland “piled up” at home, Marusek even provided an impromptu lesson terials. 14 Russian and East European Institute

he adds. cannot be a solution to the problem of Shahrani Shahrani views the post-Soviet terrorism because war can only be continued from page 9 landscape as one that is rapidly ap- applied to security issues and this is- was almost entirely eradicated. proaching the post-colonial stage and sue is more complex. Thus a renewal of Islam began in that is ripe for fostering terrorist Muslims across the former Soviet the early 1990s. Young people espe- movements. Figures such as Presi- Union are facing challenges as they cially were drawn to the mosques. dent Putin and Islam Karimov become return to their faith and traditional However, this inevitably attracted the agents of further repression while si- homelands. In some cases, such as attention of the post-Soviet regimes multaneously being courted by the with the Tatar population in the West as al- Crimea, there has been a more or less which felt threatened “If this war on international ter- by the resurgence of lies. The “successful” reintegration of those rorism could succeed in eliminat- Islam and who (across cycle of vio- Muslims expelled by Stalin. However, all of the republics) ing every terrorist on earth [it would lence has the there are many challenges ahead for sought by the mid- not ultimately be successful] as long potential to this community. Shahrani believes 1990s to reestablish the as we do not see terrorism as a po- repeat itself. that a lasting peace will be achieved old networks of inter- litical problem and address the As to a only when the regimes governing nal policing and con- roots of it.” solution to Muslim populations begin to address trol. Uzbekistan and the rising dis- the legitimate grievances they hold and Tajikistan were particularly oppressive content among the Muslims of Rus- when the West begins to hold those in their treatment of Muslims after a sia and the former Soviet republics, regimes to standards of democratic two to three year period of relative Shahrani sees the need for a differ- rule. tolerance. Among many of those ar- ent approach, one based on political rested were the very scholars efforts and diplomacy. He notes the need to look for a new kind of “cul- Shahrani mentioned earlier who were Translation beginning to chart a more modernist ture of governance” in this part of the continued from page 7 approach to Islam. world, that is, government based on Shahrani believes that these states principles of both ruling and serving ments of local life that you might sowed the seeds of disenchantment its citizens. This will necessitate de- otherwise never encounter. that would eventually lead to the for- centralization and moves to bring some Anyone considering pursuing mation of fringe groups. More im- autonomy to local areas where disaf- translation abroad as a path to lan- portantly, with the most learned of fected populations are concentrated. guage learning is encouraged to do scholars now removed, the people The granting of more autonomy, some initial research (try, for ex- turned to less educated, more radical, Shahrani believes, can vent pent-up ample, an Internet search on and more politically motivated clerics. pressures. “The Chechens did not “translation” and your city of These clerics could truly be called want independence, they wanted au- choice) and comparison of rates. extremists because their political com- tonomy,” he reminds us. Keep in mind that companies of- mitments formed the basis of their Shahrani is adamant in his belief fer certain advantages – including religious commitments as opposed to that the current military operations will flexibility, resources and col- fundamentalists whose religious be- not be successful in eradicating ter- leagues – over going it alone. With liefs form the basis of their political rorism. “If this war on international a little effort, translation is an op- thought. Shahrani notes that the first terrorism could succeed in eliminat- portunity not only for language armed resistance to the Karimov re- ing every terrorist on earth [it would mastery, but a satisfying experi- gime in Uzbekistan did not arise until not ultimately be successful] as long ence abroad as well. 1997, after years of repressive poli- as we do not see terrorism as a politi- Donald F. Reindl is a gradu- cies. “Virtually every post-Soviet cal problem and address the roots of ate student in the Department of constitution in the various republics it.” A second generation of terrorists Slavic Languages and Litera- has specific clauses denying Muslims could very well be more virulent and tures and works for the Amidas the right to participate in the political hateful toward the West and Russia Translation Company in process as Muslims” or any other re- if support for current policies contin- Ljubljana, Slovenia. ligiously oriented political movement, ues. He stresses that war is not and REEIfication, April 2002 15 Year in Review (both in English and Polish). Well- ingly capitalist). Among the partici- continued from first page known scholars of Polish literature pants were Mihaela Miroiu of Roma- Zlotin be given the position of senior and theater, including Beth Holmgren, nia, Andrzej Rychard of Poland, and lecturer in geography with the charge Tamara Trojanowska, David Miklos Haraszti of Hungary. The fo- of regularly teaching courses on the Goldfarb, and our own Tim Wiles pre- cus of this session was the new in- geography and environmental condi- sented papers on aspects of Polish equalities that have emerged as a re- tions of the lands of the former So- performance and theater life. Bill sult of the economic and political viet Union. Johnston, the new director of the Pol- changes of recent years and what, if We have had an unusually busy ish Studies Center at IU, did the pri- anything, can or should be done to right year. In addition to the many demands mary organizational work for the con- the imbalances. placed on REEI and its related pro- Other projects that demanded our grams for information relating to the attention were our continuing efforts terrorist attacks and Islamic move- in the field of oral history. In addi- ments on the southern frontier of tion to the two programs that we the region we study, we carried helped to institute in Romania (in through a number of cultural and Cluj and Brasov), we cooperated political programs that had been with IU’s Center for the Study of planned long before the attacks of History and Memory and the Euro- September 11. We worked closely pean University in St. Petersburg with the Indianapolis Museum of Art (EUSP) to begin a degree program on its stunning exhibition of deco- at EUSP in oral history. We rative arts from the Kremlin Armory partnered on an Open Society grant Museum. The exhibit,Gifts to the to get the ball rolling, and in January Tsar, attracted the largest number David Ransel and Shaura Shakurova, a Bashkir Barbara Truesdell, an IU oral histo- of visitors in the history of the IMA, researcher at the oral history winter school in rian, and I conducted a “winter over 70,000. REEI contributed ex- St. Petersburg school” in St. Petersburg on the pertise and experts to the video that ference. theory, methods, and practice of oral accompanied the exhibit and also Soon after, we hosted the Midwest history. This will be followed by a played several times on Indianapolis Historians of Russia Workshop, an “summer school” in June, in which the television. I invited one of the Rus- intensive discussion of papers pre- first students in the degree program sian curators to IU to lecture on her sented by faculty and students of the will present their research. (See the work and also conducted an extramu- leading Russian history programs in article in this newsletter for more de- ral course on the exhibit. the Middle West. Attendance at the tails.) The first ever conference on Yid- workshop (which meets at a differ- This spring also brought two ex- dish Culture in Eastern Europe took ent university each semester) is usu- ternal review teams to IU to evaluate place at IU in the fall. REEI and Jew- ally limited to scholars in the Midwest, key elements of our programs. In ish Studies provided the sponsorship. but so popular has the event become early March the Department of Slavic Professors Dov-Ber Kerler and Jef- that it attracts specialists from more Languages and Literatures underwent frey Veidlinger organized the program distant points. This session included such a review. Later the same month and brought to Bloomington 35 schol- papers by historians from Toronto and REEI as a whole was evaluated by a ars of Yiddish culture from 8 coun- Victoria, Canada. team of outside reviewers. These re- tries to discuss literary, historical, and Our final major event was another views are crucial to our continuation linguistic aspects of European Yiddish in our series of Roundtables on Post- as a national resource center for Rus- life. Communism, which bring leading po- sian and East European studies be- In the spring term, we mounted litical thinkers from Eastern Europe cause our funders expect them to several more events, beginning with and the Far East to discuss the evolu- occur on a regular basis and, even a conference on Polish modern the- tion of political, social and economic more, because they help us and our ater that included performances by a life in the formerly socialist countries deans see clearly where we are do- leading Polish theater group of the (including China, whose economy, if Witold Gombrowicz play Ferdydurke not its political structure, is increas- continued on next page 16 Russian and East European Institute Ambassador Finally, Ambassador Ducaru ex- Jedwabne continued from page 3 tolled the beauty of Romania and its continued from page 10 were key to maintaining Romanian many recreational and outdoors op- shaped by subsequent generations. identity throughout the years of com- portunities. It is a wonderful tourist Gross reported that history workshops munist rule (Romania’s regime being destination. In this spirit, he presented are being conducted in Poland, par- the most repressive of any in the Indiana University President Myles ticularly in the region surrounding former Eastern Bloc). “Their tradi- Brand with a book of photography Jedwabne, so that teachers may be tions are connected to the cultures of entitled Romania: A Photographic readily equipped to deal with the is- Italy and France, and [they] were Memory, which includes scenes from sue as students become more curi- closely associated with them before throughout the country including the ous. This is a positive step, and Gross communist rule,” said Ransel. Romanian highlands as well as a noted that in Poland education has The Romanian Studies Program at breathtaking coastline. played a key role in shaping a person’s Indiana University is the only program A digital audio recording of Am- ability to deal with the issue in a ratio- in the country that offers in-depth bassador Ducaru’s lecture is nal, open-minded manner. study of the history, language, and available online at The panel concluded with a discus- culture of Romania. It has been part www.broadcast.iu.edu and can be sion of the framing of the Jedwabne of the Indiana University curriculum heard using Realplayer. and Marion events. Was Jedwabne for East European studies since the Year in Review a crime of Poles against Poles? Was early 1950s. Through REEI, the Ro- continued from previous page the Marion lynching a crime of Ameri- manian Studies Program offers one cans against Americans? Perhaps if ing well and where we need to do of the largest concentrations of Ro- victims are viewed as fellow citizens more. We look forward to the re- manian studies specialists in the rather than “others,” the reconcilia- sults, which were not yet available United States; three years of language tion process, however long delayed, as I was completing this report. instruction during the academic year, will be strengthened and continue its The endowment for our principal and a summer intensive language pro- course. The challenge to historians recruitment fellowship, the Robert F. gram; library resources sufficient to will be to research the facts of such Byrnes Memorial Fellowship, is support advanced research in Roma- cases and finally get them to “stick” growing thanks to the contributions nian studies; and strong relationships despite generations of opposing argu- of loyal alumni and friends. The with Romanian institutions of higher ment. learning. The program counts among Byrnes family, especially Eleanor its alumni U.S. foreign service offic- Byrnes and her son and daughter- in-law Shaun and Jill Byrnes, have ers, humanitarian aid workers, and Winter Workshop educational exchange specialists. contributed most generously. They continued from page 11 Ducaru sees the year ahead as one need the help of the rest of us if the that will further challenge the Roma- endowment is to reach a level that cluding a number of faculty and stu- nian people but also offer opportuni- can sustain a full fellowship in Bob dents in the Russian and East Euro- ties. On the heels of recent economic Byrnes’s name in perpetuity and pean field. We are happy to be able progress and stabilization agreements bring to IU the kind of students that to facilitate the development of this with the International Monetary Fund will continue the proud record that method in Russia, as we have already as well as the attainment of visa-free our alumni and Bob have given our done in two regions of Romania. Oral travel status for Romanians to West- programs. We welcome your con- history is a particularly useful ap- ern Europe (a huge psychological step tributions. proach to learning about the past of forward he noted) come the issues of I should add that the dean of the peoples who have lived under repres- NATO membership and continued College recently asked me to accept sive authoritarian regimes and who negotiations on EU membership. another term as director of REEI. I could not safely offer an honest as- Even more importantly, Ducaru wel- agreed and look forward to contin- sessment of the politics and social is- comes the challenge of bringing Ro- ued cooperation with students, fac- sues of their time or challenge the gov- mania back to its traditional place as ulty, alumni and friends of REEI and ernment-imposed narrative of their a well-integrated member of the Eu- the other programs of Russian and history. David Ransel is the Direc- ropean family of nations. East European studies at IU. tor of REEI. REEIfication, April 2002 17 Farming Julian Krzyzanowski stopped by to backs. However, Symbio looked at continued from page 12 say hello and to mention that he had the situation and saw an opportunity. Highlights of our time in Warsaw been an exchange student at IU. The very lack of advanced farming included a visit to the huge URSUS Meanwhile, our host, Counsel techniques meant that the farming tractor factory, a meeting with one of Ireniusz Jedrzejewski, was most help- was already quasi-organic. Symbio Poland’s most respected agro-econo- ful in explaining the position of the began to persuade small farmers to mists, a visit to the Polish Ministry of Polish government, especially with take a chance on this growing sector. Agriculture and a meeting with an respect to the contentious issue of Currently Symbio has approximately American venture capital fund sup- land sales. During our research we 300 client farms averaging 12 hect- porting organic farming as well as one learned about Poland’s complicated ares located primarily in the eastern of their client farms. history and how its borders have portion of Poland. The URSUS factory was once We visited one of Symbio’s fully the largest manufacturer of small accredited organic farms (farms and medium-sized tractors in Eu- are required to meet both Polish rope, producing up to 60,000 units and EU organic standards) located per year and employing over near the city of Lublin in Eastern 12,000. Now, however, with state Poland. Piotr Osik and family have subsidies gone and demand plum- been with Symbio since its incep- meting amid a general economic tion in 1998 and are now fully cer- slowdown (Poland’s once well-re- tified, producing a wide range of spected growth has shrunk to barely fruits and vegetables for export pri- 1 percent annually), the company Visiting the engine assembly plant at URSUS marily to Germany. The transfor- is looking for foreign investment. with Jan Kwolek (right) mation and certification process it- Our visit to the factory included an shifted several times as various oc- self took almost three years (his wife extensive tour of URSUS’ engine as- cupying forces partitioned the coun- reported that they had textbooks and sembly and final assembly plants con- try. Today, the legacies of history play manuals everywhere in the house so ducted by Jan Kwolek and a meeting an important part in shaping Polish that they could constantly educate with domestic sales staff. This verti- policy, as was demonstrated by the themselves!). Today, Piotr feels con- cally integrated firm is capable of han- fact that Poland will allow land sales fident that he made the right decision dling every aspect of tractor produc- in its western territories only after the in going organic. An additional ben- tion from basic foundry needs and ma- passage of seven years beyond their efit of antiquated farming methods is chining to final assembly and testing. admission into the EU. German-Pol- “eco-tourism.” The Osik family runs We had an opportunity to meet with ish relations, though very close, are a bed and breakfast at the farm ca- Professor Jerzy Wilkin, Chair of the still shaped by memories of World tering mainly to German tourists. University of Warsaw Department of War II and the occupation of Poland. KIPS Central Europe has most Political Economy and a member of Our time in Warsaw was capped certainly been an eye-opening expe- the Polish Academy of Sciences. He off by a visit to Symbio-Impex Inc., a rience for all of us. We learned to elaborated on the development of firm founded by an American busi- think in kilometers and hectares, navi- Polish farming and stressed the im- ness student who seeks to promote gate the back roads of Poland, and portance of understanding that Polish organically produced commodities in came to enjoy Czech and Polish cui- farming was never fully collectivized Poland. Vice President Steve sine. We also gained a greater un- as was done in most Soviet-dominated Sperelakis gave us an overview of derstanding of the difficult course states. This led to the continued use Symbio’s philosophy of organic farm- these two countries are charting as of small family plots that are in abun- ing and the future of this type of farm- they continue the transformation from dance in Poland today. ing in Poland. Poland’s small farms command economies to a market- During our visit to the Polish Min- might be considered “backward” in based system. The farming sector in istry of Agriculture’s Department of comparison to their western counter- each country has already been deeply European Integration we were pleas- parts. For example, the lack of ma- affected by this transformation, and antly surprised to learn of a connec- chinery and the funds to purchase the coming EU accession will pose tion with IU. Department Director pesticides might be viewed as draw- continued on back page 18 Russian and East European Institute Faculty News Student Update Gyula Decsy (CEUS) participated in terrorism and the Middle East peace Janel Anderson (REEI) has been a conference on syntactic problems process. awarded a fellowship for the 2002 of the Uralic languages in Budapest Russian-US Young Leadership Fel- organized by the Linguistic Institute Mihály Szegedy-Maszák (CEUS) lows for Public Service Program, of the Hungarian Academy of Sci- received a $300,000 grant from the managed by the Bureau of Educa- ences, January 9-1. He continued his Hungarian Ministry of Education to tional and Cultural Affairs of the US research on Hungarian and Kazar- write a new history of Hungarian lit- Department of State. The program Judaic language contacts in the 10th- erature. He published Literary Can- is funded by the Freedom Support 11th centuries. In February 2002, ons: National and International Act, and administered by the Inter- Decsy published volume 74 (2002) of (Budapest: Akadémiai, 2001, pp. 280); national Research & Exchanges the Eurasian Studies Yearbook (200 “Kosztolányi et la tradition stoicienne,” Board (IREX). Her fellowship in- pp). The paperback edition of his book Atelier du roman (Paris, 2001), 35- cludes one academic year of non-de- The Linguistic Identity of Europe 42; “Vörösmarty Mihály,” Magyar gree coursework at a Russian univer- was published in April 2002. The book Szemle (2001), 7-14; “Kisérlet az sity, combined with volunteer work in is a systematic description of all 62 újraértelmezésre” (The Reinterpre- the public sector and a professional European languages with demostatic tation of Hungarian Literature), internship. diagrams. Alföld (May 2001), 39-50; Mark Betka (REEI/SPEA) was “Université sans conditions: A Dia- accepted to participate in the U.S. Henry Hale (Political Science) pre- logue with Jacques Derrida,” in M. Department of State summer intern- sented a paper entitled “Divided We Gaál-Baróti and P. Bassola, eds., ship program in Warsaw, Poland. Stand: Russia, the USSR and the Sta- “Millionen Welten” (Budapest: bility of Ethnofederal Systems” to a Osiris, 2001), 81-87; “A mü Regina Galer (SPEA/Journalism) panel on the logic of the Russian Fed- befejezettségének ábrándja” (The was accepted to participate in the eration at the 7th Annual World Con- Unfinished and the Fragmented), in Tahoe-Baikal Institute Summer 2002 vention of the Association for the J. Kiczenko and A. Thimár, eds., A Environmental Exchange. See story Study of Nationalities, April 11-13, XIX. Század vonzásában on page 11. 2002 at Columbia University. (Piliscsaba: Pázmány Péter Katolikus Kim Gregson (Mass Communica- Egyetem, 2001), 220-227; A tions) is teaching a course on media Dov-Ber Kerler (Germanic Stud- fordithatóság esélyei” (Translatibility), and politics in the Indiana State Uni- ies), Steve Raymer (Journalism), and Tiszatáj (September 2001), 79-87; “A versity Department of Communica- Jeff Veidlinger (History) received kánon mibenléte: remekmü és tion, Terre Haute. Included in her funding from the IU Multidisciplinary fejltdéstörténet” (Masterpiece and course is a focus on Russian media Ventures Fund for the project “Last Evolution in Literary History), Alföld and politics. Gregson traveled to Rus- in-situ Yiddish speakers in contempo- (December 2001), 37-48; sia this year as part of a delegation rary Ukraine.” “Vörösmarty and the Romantic Frag- from the ISU Department of Com- ment,” Hungarian Studies 15, 3-11; munication to the Journalism program Martin Spechler (Economics, and edited and co-authored National at Tambov State University. IUPUI) presented his joint paper, “The Heritage-National Canon Uzbek Paradox,” to the IUPUI School (Budapest: Collegium Budapest, 2001, Bjorn Ingvoldstad (CMCL) was of Liberal Arts Sabbatical series on 374 pp.). awarded a CIBER dissertation award February 7. On February 20, Spechler from the Center for International Busi- gave a talk, “Russia: False Dawn?” Jeff Veidlinger (History) received an ness Education and Research to sup- at the Church of Our Savior, India- ACLS Fellowship for the 2002-2003 port his research on Lithuanian me- napolis in the Great Decisions Pro- academic year. dia and media audiences. He will use gram as part of REEI outreach ac- the grant to conduct additional re- tivities. On March 26 he repeated his search in Lithuania this summer. presentation at IUPUI’s series, where he has also spoken on the origins of continued on next page REEIfication, April 2002 19 Student Update Midwest Slavic Conference held at Geoff Childs (CEUS PhD,1998) has continued from previous page Bowling Green State University, been appointed Assistant Professor of Anthony Mason (REEI/SPEA) was March 22-23. Anthropology at Washington Univer- sity, St. Louis. accepted to participate in the U.S. Nathaniel Wood (History) published State Department internship program an article entitled "Becoming a 'Great Richard Andrew Hall (Political Sci- in Skopje, Macedonia. City': Metropolitan Imaginations and ence PhD, 1990/REEI Graduate Cer- Jill Massino (History) won the 2002 Apprehensions in Cracow's Popular tificate, 1990) published part 1 of an Eva Kagan-Kans Memorial Graduate Press, 1900-1914" in Austrian His- article entitled “The Securitate Roots Research Paper Award by the IU tory Yearbook 33 2002, 105-130. of a Modern Romanian Fairy Tale: Office for Women’s Affairs for her Wood will present "The Interurban The Press, The Former paper entitled “Humanizing Imprison- Matrix: Local News and International Securitate,and the Historiography of ment: Religion, Community and Gen- Sensations in Cracow's Popular December 1989” in RFE/RL East Eu- der Identity in the Narratives of Press, 1900-1915" to the conference ropean Perspectives, April 3, 2002, Women Prisoners in Communist Ro- The Contours of Legitimacy in Cen- Volume 4, Number 7 tral Europe: International Graduate mania.” Massino also presented the Michael Katula (REEI MA,1998) Conference, Oxford University, May paper at the 3rd Annual Graduate will be serving as Financial Manage- 25, 2002. Symposium in Gender and Women’s ment Officer at the US Embassy in History at the University of Illinois, Bradley D. Woodworth (History) Tbilisi, Georgia, beginning in October. March 7-9, 2002. presented a paper entitled “The Tallin He is currently undertaking language Katherine Metzo (Anthropology) City Council Elections of 1877: Es- and administrative training in Wash- presented a paper entitled tate and Nationality” to the panel on ington, DC. Historical Issues: Antecedents to Con- “Smallholders, Land Reform, and Sus- Richard Miles (REEI Certificate, temporary Eastern Europe at the 7th tainable Agriculture in a Buriat Vil- 1975) has been selected as the nomi- Annual World Convention of the As- lage” at the Society for Applied An- nee of the President to serves as sociation for the Study of Nationali- thropology meetings in Atlanta on ambassador of the United States of ties, April 11-13, 2002 at Columbia Uni- March 9. Metzo also organized a America to the Republic of Georgia. versity. session on Cultural Heritage and Pub- Miles is a career member of the Se- lic Policy during the same meetings. Alumni News nior Foreign Service and has been She will be working at IUPUI next ambassador to Bulgaria since 1999. year in the department of anthropol- Sue Brown (Slavics PhD, 1996) was awarded the Best Book in Linguis- From 1996 to 1999, he was chief of ogy with the Future Faculty Teaching mission to Belgrade, and from 1993 program. tics from the AATSEEL 2001 Asso- ciation and Book Awards for her to 1996, he served as deputy chief of Emily Ray (REEI/SLIS) has been monograph, The Syntax of Negation mission in Moscow. selected by the School of Library and in Russian (Stanford, CA: Center for Eve Nilenders (REEI MA, 2001/ Information Science to be its 2002- the Study of Language and Informa- SPEA MPA, 2001) is working for 03 Chancellor Scholar. She will re- tion, 1999). Her book is a discussion Messiah Now Ministries, a messianic ceive a $1,000 scholarship. of negation and related issues in Rus- Jewish organization where she pre- Gordan Vurusic (Political Science) sian and is one of the first to treat a pares grant applications, provides received a $5,000 grant from IU’s syntactic phenomenon completely website management, and is starting Center for International Business within a single Slavic language. In an ESL program. She is also work- Education and Research (CIBER). awarding Brown, AATSEEL noted ing at the Delaware Valley Regional about her book that “its clear intro- Planning Commission in Geographic Tracie Wilson (Folklore) presented duction to Minimalism, its thorough Information Systems (GIS). a paper entitled “Wolves and Poodles: survey of other approaches, and its Nilenders has been awarded a Fascell Polish Activists, and the Wild Within” analytical strength has led to a re- Fellowship. to the panel on non-governmental or- newed interest in the genitive of ne- ganizations in the CIS and Eastern gation in Russian and in other Slavic George “Andy” Spencer (MLS, Europe at the Fiftieth-Anniversary languages.” 1999 ) will become Slavic studies bib- continued on backpage Russian and East European Institute Non-Profit Organization Ballantine Hall 565 U.S. Postage PAID Indiana University Bloomington IN

Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Permit No. 2

a graduate student at REEI. at student graduate a

in other former Soviet states. Soviet former other in

School of Business; Mark Betka is Betka Mark Business; of School

and resources, making them available them making resources, and

graduate students at the Kelley the at students graduate

expanding its network of researchers of network its expanding

and Courtney McGovern are McGovern Courtney and

ing program in Ukraine. EERC is now is EERC Ukraine. in program ing

Chen, Wade Ellis, Karin LaCanne Karin Ellis, Wade Chen,

and maintained a graduate level teach- level graduate a maintained and

School of Journalism. of School

invaluable assistance. James assistance. invaluable

nomic researchers in Russia, in researchers nomic

Environmental Affairs and the and Affairs Environmental

tine Davis (Kelley School) for their for School) (Kelley Davis tine

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Denise Gardiner (REEI) and Chris- and (REEI) Gardiner Denise

tablishing networks of professionals, of networks tablishing

Regina Galer is a graduate stu- graduate a is Galer Regina

trip. We would also like to thank to like also would We trip.

1996 and was initially focused on es- on focused initially was and 1996

course in basic Russian language. Russian basic in course

s ’ year this for support providing for

in the NIS. EERC was founded in founded was EERC NIS. the in

June 15, my priority will be a crash a be will priority my 15, June

Education and Research (CIBER) Research and Education

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sis research. But between now and now between But research. sis

Center for International Business International for Center

nor organizations working to modern- to working organizations nor

opportunity for me to do related the- related do to me for opportunity

We would like to thank the IU the thank to like would We

(EERC), a group of international do- international of group a (EERC),

The program may even provide an provide even may program The

place in this dynamic environment. dynamic this in place

cation and Research Consortium Research and cation

28.

are real people trying to find their find to trying people real are

coordinator for the Economics Edu- Economics the for coordinator

U.S. institute office is located, on Aug. on located, is office institute U.S.

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REEI Certificate, 1988) is program is 1988) Certificate, REEI

finish up at Lake Tahoe, where the where Tahoe, Lake at up finish

average citizens and to realize that realize to and citizens average

(MLS 1986/ (MLS Winship Elizabeth

is to begin in Siberia on June 15 and 15 June on Siberia in begin to is as this comes from our ability to meet to ability our from comes this as

restoration projects. The tentative plan tentative The projects. restoration consin Madison in April 2002. April in Madison consin each country. The value in a trip such trip a in value The country. each

fauna, and geology), and undertake and geology), and fauna, liographer at the University of Wis- of University the at liographer additional challenges to farmers in farmers to challenges additional

continued from previous page previous from continued continued from page 17 page from continued continued from page 11 page from continued

Alumni News Alumni Farming Tahoe-Baikal

Russian and East European Institute European East and Russian 20