Gulf and Caribbean Research

Volume 8 Issue 3

January 1991

Notes on Some Chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands (British West Indies)

Jerry A. McLelland Gulf Coast Research Laboratory

Richard W. Heard Gulf Coast Research Laboratory

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Recommended Citation McLelland, J. A. and R. W. Heard. 1991. Notes on Some Chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands (British West Indies). Gulf Research Reports 8 (3): 227-235. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol8/iss3/2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0803.02

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf and Caribbean Research by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gulf Research Reporfs, Vol. 8, No. 3, 227-235, 1991

NOTES ON SOME CHAETOGNATHS FROM PINE CAY, TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS (BRITISH WEST INDIES)

JERRY A. McLELLAND AND RICHARD W. HEARD Invertebrate Zoology Section, Guy Coast Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 7000, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39464

ABSTRACT Seven species of planktonic - Ferosagitta hispida, Flaccisagitta enjlata, F. hexaptera, Krohnitta pacpca, Sagitta bipunctata, Serratosagitta serratodentata, and Pterosagitta draco - were present in plankton samples collected in waters north of Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies. In addition, the epibenthic species Spadella cephaloptera, Paraspadella nana, and P. were present, the latter two species associated mainly with shallow clumps of the coralline alga, Neogoniolithon sp., and with sponge-algal communities. One specimen of S. cephaloptera was collected at 35 m from a sand bottom north of the fringing reef adjacent to Pine Cay. Meristic data for F. hispida and for the three epibenthic species are provided.

INTRODUCTION specimens (Table l), including towing a 0.5 m, 500 p mesh net from a skiff, pulling an Ockelmann epibenthic Water surrounding small islands in the British West dredge (sled) both from a skiff and along the beach by Indies is primarily oceanic in nature, with little dilution hand, and using an illuminated plexiglass plankton trap from terrestrial freshwater sources. Consequently, the at night. Epibenthic specimens were collected by gently near-shore plankton community is composed largely of hand washing substrata (e.g., algae clumps, sponges) in species associated with oceanic currents. a weak formalin-seawater solution. Attached Detailed information on the chaetognath population that became dislodged were captured on a 0.5 mm sieve. Epibenthic specimens were also collected using a hand- structure in the southem Bahamas and British West Indies is sketchy. Investigations of planktonic chae- operated PVC yabby pump and sock-net of 0.5 mm mesh tognath distribution in the tropical westem Atlantic were size. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin-seawater. published by Ritter-ZAhony (1910), Suairez-Caabro Chaetognaths removed from the samples were identified (1955), Colman (1959), Alvariiio (1969), and more to species, counted, and assigned to a stage of maturity recently Michel et aZ(l976). Distribution of the epiben- based on the four stages of gonadal development re- thic family Spadellidae in the Bahamas was discussed by viewed by Alvariao (1965). Total numbers and maturity Owre (1972),who also mentioned four planktonic chae- stages of chaetognaths sorted from the plankton samples tognath species from surface qualitative samples col- are presented in Table 2. Numbers and stages of maturity lected at diverse stations among the islands. Michel of chaetognaths from the various epibenthic collections (1984), in a synopsis of chaetognaths of the Caribbean are presented in Table 3; some meristic values are Sea and adjacent waters, provided an identification key provided in Table 4. and illustrations of species occurring in the region. The purpose of this paper is to document three epibenthic species occurring at Pine Cay and planktonic species from nearby waters. Planktonic species (Table 2)

MATERIALSAND METHODS With the exception of the primarily neritic Ferosag- itta hispida collected only in epibenthic samples (Table I), the planktonic species oceanic and found in the Chaetognaths from near-shore waters in the vicinity are all of fie Cay (Figure 1) were examined from collections epipelagic Strata. However, Flaccisagitta hexaptera, made in April 1988, November 1988, and April 1989. considered rafe in SUlfaCe Waters, is most Often aSSOCi- Several methods were used for collecting planktonic ated with the lower epiplankton from about 50 to 200 m. All are cosmopolitan except Serratosagitta serratoden- tutu and Ferosagitta hispida, which are tropical Atlantic Manwript received December 22. 1990, accepted Manh 13, 1990. species (Pierrot-Bults 1974; AlvariAo 1965). Illustra-

227 FORT

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Figure 1. Map showing locations of collecting sites in the vicinity of Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies. Scale = 1 km. tions and descriptions were published by Alvariflo waters around Pine Cay, especially over the grass beds (1969), Michel (1984), and McLelland (1989). The in the channel (Ockelmann dredge collections), but following list presents synonyms and ecological notes absent in surface net collections made over the fringing for the seven planktonic species: reef in April 1988. A near-bottom distribution was also noted for the species by Owre (1972) from Bahamian FerosughVu hispidu (Conant, 1895) collections and supports the idea of Robert Bieri (pers. Sagitta hispida, Conant 1895 comm. 1989) that F. hispida might be considered “quasi- Sagitta gloriae, Almeida-Prado 1960 planktonic;’’ that is, spending some of its time attached Parasagitta hispidu, Tokioka 1965 or associated with substrata such as blades of the sea grass Ferosagitta hispida, Kassatkina 1971 Thalassia. Ecology and distribution: This species is common in neritic, tropical and subtropical waters near continents Flaecisugifta enflata (Grassi, 1881) and islands of the Atlantic ocean (Boltovskoy 1981; Sagitta Enflufa (sic), Grassi 1881 Michel 1984). It was very abundant in the nearshore Sagitta flaccida, Conant 1896 C~A~~OGNATHSFROM THE TURKSAND CAtcos ISLANDS 229 TABLE 1

Benthic and epibenthic collection data from various sites around Fine Cay.

approx. Total collec- depth Speci- tion location date time (m) substrate method men

A Mud Shrimp Cay 4/8/88 1 Neogoniolithon formalin wash 12 B Rock-a-wash Cay 10/30/88 1 gray sponge formalin wash 7 C Pine Cay dock 11/2/88 2 silt dredge 2 D NE grass beds 11/2/88 2 Thalassia dredge 111 E North beach 11/9/88 3 sand dredge 33 F NE grass beds 11/10/88 2 Thalassia dredge 32 G Fringing reef 11/4/88 35 sand hand net 1 H Fringing reef 11/5/88 4 rubble YabbY Pump 10 I Ft. George Cay 11/8/88 1 Neogoniolithon formalin wash 5 J George Cay Ft. 11/8/88 1 soft algae formalin wash 25 K NE grass beds 4/7/89 2 Thalassia dredge 5 L Fringing reef 4/9/89 4.5 rubble YabbY Pump 15 M Ft. George Cay 4/10/89 1 Neogoniolithon formalin wash 1 N NE grass beds 4111/89 3 Thalassia dredge 2 0 Frin~greef 411218 9 10 sand YabbY Pump 3 P Aquarium 4/12/89 0.5 silt light trap 5 Q North beach 4112/89 0.5 sand dredge 1 R Rock-a-wash Cay 41131a9 1 Neogoniolithon formalin wash 27 S Rock-a-wash Cay 4/13/89 1 sponge formalin wash 48 T NE beach 4/14/89 10 grass-algae dredge 5 U North beach 4/14/89 4 sand dredge 11 V North beach 4/14/89 15 sand-grass dredge 50 W Fringing reef 4/16/89 4 rubble YabbY Pump 67

Sagitta gardineri, Doncaster 1903 was not expected in our samples, because the species is Sagitta brachycephala, Moltschanoff 1907 seldom found in shallow coastal waters. Sagitta inflata, Ritter-ZAhony 1908 Sagitta australis, Johnston 1909 Kruhnittu pacifica (Aida, 1897) Flaccisagitta enflata, Tokioka 1965 Krohnia pacifica, Ai& 1897 Ecology and distribution: Flaccisagitta enflata, a very Krohnitta subtilis (partim), Ritter-ZAhony 1910 common species in oceanic and coastal waters, is epip Krohnia kerberti, Oye 1918 lanktonic in tropical and temperate regions throughout Eukrohnia pac@ca, Michael 1911 the world (Alvariiio 1965; Boltovskoy 1981). It was the Krohnitta mutabbii, Alvariao 1969 most abundant chaetognath in surface tow collections Krohnitta pacifica, Tokioka 1939 from Pine Cay made in April 1988. Ecology and Distribution: Krohnitta pacifica, a semi- neritic, epiplanktonic species, is known from tropical FEaccisagitta hexaptera (d’orbigny, 1843) and subtropical seas (Fumestin 1966; Boltovskoy 1981). Sagitta hexaptera d’Orbigny, 1843 It is common along oceanic-coastal water fronts (Pierce Sagitta magna, Langerhans 1880 and Wass 1962; Almeida-Prado 1968; McLelland, 1984). Sagitta longidentata, Grassi 188 1 Sagitta hexaptera f. magna, Germain and Pterosugittu draw (Krohn, 1853) Ritter-Zghony, Joubin 1916 1911 Flaccisagitta hexaptera, Tokioka 1965 Sagitta draco, Krohn 1853 Ecology and distribution: Flaccisagitta hexaptera, an Pterosagitta mediterranea, Costa 1869 oceanic, epiplanktonic species in tropical and temperate Spadella draco, Langerhans 1880 regions (Alvdo 1965). occurs in the deeper epipelagic Pterosagitta besnardi, Vannucci and to upper mesopelagic zones (100-500 m) in warm seas Hosd 1952 (Owre 1960; David 1963). The single specimen collected m MCLELWD AND HE” spread tropical sub-tropical waters. It TABLE 2 in and Atlantic was collected the at szations the Bahamas near surface three in Chaetognaths present surface plankton tom made (1972). is fur other planktonic In by Qwre As the case the the vlchlQ d the Ringhg reef north of Ane Cay. species reported presence In here, the of S. serrutodentafa in coastal waters indicates the influence of offshore matnrltg 4/7/88 4mh8 currents. 9p eE 1 e 8 stage 43800-OS25 0808-0911

Flaccisagitt a I 4 124 enflata I1 4 III 1 Most specimens of Puraspdella nuna and P. schiz- opteru, of the family spadellidae (’hkioka 19651, were F. hexaptera I 1 taken from shallow water (1-1.5 m) algal-sponge-coral Krohitta 5 washing at Fort George Cay across the channel: from pacifica 11 Pine Cay, and at Rockawash and Mud Shrimp Cays, IWO 5 islets the shallow Caicos Banks east of Pine Cay (Fig. 1). Additional of P. schizoptera were col- Ptemsagitta I specimens 2 26 lected with the yabby pump from sediment samples at the draco 11 1 shallow fringing reef northwest of Pine Cay. One speci- B Sagitta n f men of Spadella cepphaloptera was taken from bag of lbipumtata sand colIected by Cherie Head (4 Nov. 1988) from B 10- 120 ft (35 m) on a silt-sand bottom near the seaward edge Serratosagitta I 13 16 of the fringing reef northwest of Pine Cay. serratodentata I1 53 8 The specimens of P. MM greater thau f -80 mm were In 3 all mature or (Table charactem fell nearly so 4). Meristic within ranges published by Owre (1963, 1972) for Caribbean specimens. The species (Fig. 2f-i) is easily Ecolugy and distribution: Pterosagitta dram is me- identified by its small size, two wide lateral adhesive an vesicles, anic species, epiplanktonic to upper mesoplanktonic in processes emerging anterior to the seminal and that kend shape. mature tropical subtropical areas (Owre Alvariflo large ova the gut into an “S” Two and 1960; specimens had the peculiar hernia midway the 1965), and has been found associated with mixed water between along continental shelf (Pierce and seminal vesicles tip of tail by Owre regions 1962: Pierce and the noted (1963). Wass 1962; Saint-Bon 1963; Mclelletod 1984). Specimens of P. schizuprera (Fig 2a-e), 1.41-4.00 mm, were identified mainly by the presence of four thin, Sagitta bipunctdu Quoy and Gaimard, 1827 elongate digitate adhesive processes. Also notable are Sagitta californica, Michael 19 13 the elongate anterior teeth that protrude prominently Sagitta atlantica, Gray 1922 outward when the hooks are extended (Fig. 26). Paired Sagirro hispido (non Conant), Burljeld lateral fins, described by Conan? (1895) and MicheI frm animals of up 4.6 not and Harvey, 1926 (1984) to mm, were observed Sagitta multidentata, Hsii 1943 on any Pine Cay specimens. The two “pairs” of lateral described authors not appaxent during Ecology and distribution: This oceanic species is epip fins by some are early in Feigenbaum’s develop- lanZaonic ta upper mesoplanktonic in temperate to tropi- growth as seen (1976) cal waters (OWE 1960; Alvariflo 1965; Legart5 and Zoppi mend study of the species. The lateral fin should be considered single strumre constricted anterior 1961)- where it considered an indicator of high- as a into is posterior lobs protruding receptacular salinity, oceanic water (Pierce 1953; Grant 1963). and by the genital appatatus (“funnels”), which becomes prominent as the Serratomgith smutdentuta (Krohn, 1853) approaches maturity (FIB. Michel, pen. comm. 1989). For adopt Sagitra serraro-denrota, KFohn 1853 this reason we chose to Bowman and Sagifto serrutodenrotu, Langerfians 1880 Bieri’s (1989) revision of Spadellidae systematics which family the presence Spdelia sewarodenrara, Grassi I883 divided the into two genera based on Sagitta sertutodentaro serra rodenrato, or absence of adhesive organs (Paraspadelfa and Pierrot-Bults 1974 Spadella, respectively), and dt~c~~atedthe presence of Serratosagirta serrarodentota, Toki~ka 1965 true paired lateral fins. By definition, the species nanu, Ecology and disrribuhon: An qp!aaktonic, pulchella, hummehki, schizoptera, adanops, all pos- sessing now Par- form, the subspecies described by Pierrot-Bults is wide- adhesive organs, belong to the CHAC~OGNATHSFROM THE TURKSAND CAICOSISLANDS 231

Table 3

Chaetognaths present in benthic and epibenthic collections made near Pine Cay (Table 1). Numbers and maturity stages.

Mat COLLECTIONS Species StageABC D EFG HI J KLMNOPQRSTUV

Ferosagitta hispida I---20 1 ------__5 I1 - - - 84 2132 - - - - 5 - - - - 2 - - - 4 832 111 - - - 7 11 ------1---138 IV- -1 - -______I------Flaccisagitta enflata 1 --- -______I-----

aspadella. Bowman and Bieri’s revision rectified an Ecology and distribution: This species has a cosmo- earlier proposal by Salvini-Plawetl (1986), which based politan distribution in temperate and tropical seas and is the systematics partly on the numbers of lateral fin pairs. abundant in shallow waters of the Bahamian islands and in southem Florida 1972; Michel 1984). Owre Paraspadella nana and P. schizoptera are both com- (Owre mon in shallow waters of the Bahamas and southeastem (1972) reported it to be associated with a variety of Florida (Owre 1972; Michel 1984). Paraspadella schiz- substrata including sand bottoms and Thalassia sea grass optera has also been reported from Japan (Yosii and in waters ranging in depth from 0.5 to 15 m. Surprisingly, Tokioka 1939), 70-100 m. off New South Wales, Austra- only a single specimen was collected during this study, lia (Mawson 1944), and Soldier Key, Florida (Owre one from a sand bottom at 35 m. 1963). The Japanese record has been designated as a new species, P. caecafera, by Salvini-Plawen (1986) based on Paraspadella nana (Owre, 1963) its lack of anterior fins and presence of intestinal diver- Spadella nana, Owre 1963 ticula. Two other species of the genus not found in this Gephyrospadella nana, Salvini-Plawen 1986 study, P. pulchella (Owre, 1963), and P. hummelincki Ecology and distribution: This species was described (Alvarifio, 1970), have been reported from the Bahamas from specimens associated with mixed algae and turtle and surrounding waters, although the latter is probably grass (Thalassia testudinum) at 5-8 feet off Soldier Key, a synonym of the former (Owre 1973), and therefore, Florida (Owre 1963). Owre (1972) indicated that it might likely occur in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The three be associated with growth on sandy bottoms in the epibenthic species are listed with synonyms and ecologi- Bahamas, where it was found at 19 of 36 stations in depths cal notes: of 1 to 10 meters. In our study, it was consistently found associated with the coralline alga, Neogoniolithon sp., Spadella cephaloptera (Busch, 1851) and with sponge-algal communities in shallow water. Sagitta cephaloptera, Busch 1851 Spadella cephaloptera, Ritter-Zhony 1911 232 MCLELLANDAND HEARD Table 4

Meristic values of some chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands.

SPECIES Total 96 Ant. Post. Mat. No. Speci- Length mm Tail Hooks Teeth Teeth Stage mens

Ferosagitta hispida I1 6.80 27.6 8 6 10 1 I11 7.60 26.7 7 5 10 1 111 7.70 25.8 8 1 IV 8.50 27.2 8 7 14 1 IV 8.60 27.9 7 7 12 1 8.70 25.4-26.9 7-8 5-7 11 111 2 111 8.90 26.3 8 6 10 1 9.30 26.3-27.9 7.8 6 12 IV 2 Spadella cephaloptera 2.40 48.6 10 4 I1 1 Paraspadella nana I 1.20 50.9 7 1 1 I1 1.36 48.4 8 2 1 I-11 1.50 48.5-51.5 8 2 2 I1 1.60 47.3 8 2 1 I1 1.70 48.1-50.5 8 2-3 2 1.74 51.9 8 3 I 1 1.80 48.8-50.0 7-8 2-3 11-111 3 I1 1.85 48.8 8 2 1 1.87 49.4 8 2 1II 1 I11 1.89 50.0 8 3 1 I1 1.90 52.9 8 2 1 111 1.91 48.3-49.4 8-9 2 2 I11 1.94 46.6-50.0 8 2 2 I11 1.96 47.2-49.0 7 2 2 2.00 48.4-53.8 8 2-3 111-IV 7 III 2.08 48.9-50.0 7-9 2-3 2 111-IV 2.10 46.9-52.1 8-9 2-3 5 2.13 46.4-49.5 8 2-4 111 2 2.16 49.1 8 3 I11 .O 1 2.20 48 .O-51 8 3 111-IV I11 4 2.26 48.7 7 2 1 2.30 44.3 7 1 I11 1 IV 2.32 47.4-49.1 7-8 2 3 IV 2.42 47.1 8 2 1 I11 3.20 50.0 10 4 1 I11 3.50 49.0 9 5 1 Paraspadella schizoptera I 1.41 48.4 8 3 1 I 1.50 49.3 7 2 1 1.56 45.1 8 1 I 1 I 1.60 47.9 8 3 1 1.70 46.1 I I1 1 1.80 50.0 8 2 1 1.90 52.3 8 2 I1 1 I1 2.00 48.9 8 2 1 I1 2.02 48.9 8 3 1 I1 2.10 48.5 9 2 1 I1 2.30 48.5-50.9 8-10 2-3 5 I1 2.40 42.2 8 3 1 I1 2.46 48.2 8 3 1 C~WOGNATHS FROMTHE TURKSAND CAIcos ISLANDS 233

Table 4 (Continued)

SPECIES Total % Ant. Post. Mat. No. Speci- Length mm Tail Hooks Teeth Teeth Stage mens

2.49 48.7 9 3 111 1 2.50 48.7 9 3 I1 1 2.60 49.2-50.4 8 2-3 II-III 2 2.68 47.8 9 3 I1 2 2.77 45.2 8 3 I11 1 2.86 47.7 9 3 I1 1 2.88 49.6 9 1 I1 1 2.90 45.8-48.5 9- 10 2-3 11-111 2 2.92 45.2 9 3 111 1 2.95 46.3 8 4 I11 2 3.10 45.0-43.4 9 3 111 2 3.20 48.3 9 2 I1 1 3.30 46.7-49.0 9- 10 3 -4 11-111 2 3.40 49.0 9 2 I11 1 3.44 50.0 8 3 111 1 3.50 40.1-49.4 9- 10 3 In-IV 2 3.60 47.9-50.3 9- 10 3 I11 2 3.70 47.6-47.8 9- 10 3 111 2 4.00 47.3 9 4 IV 1

Paraspadella schizoptera (Conant, 1895) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Spadella schizoptera, Conant 1895 Paraspadella schizoptera, Salvini-Plawen 1986 We are grateful to Stephen Spotte, Roy Manston, Pat Paraspadella schizoptera, Bowman and Bubucis, Cherie Heard, and C. Lavette Smith for aid in Bieri 1989 collecting specimens and for logistical support in the Ecology and distribution: Originally, P. schizoptera field. The manuscript was reviewed by Gabriele Meyer, was described from three specimens collected with a Sara LeCroy, and Stephen Spotte. Harding Michel plankton net “at rising tide” from Bimini in the Bahamas confirmed and commented on two of the epibenthic (Conant 1895). It has since been found associated with species. Field research was supported by a grant from the mixed algae off Soldier Key, Florida (Owre 1963), and Oakleigh L. Thorne Foundation and general funds of Sea sandy bottoms from 0.5 to 10 meters in the Bahamas and Research Foundation. We thank Mr. Oakleigh B. Thome, Biscayne Bay, Florida (Owre 1972). It was present in nine the other residents of Pine Cay, and staff members of the collections from Pine Cay in waters of 1 to 10 m and Meridian Club for encouragement and logistic support. associated with coralline algae, sponges, and rubble This is contribution No. 3 of the Pine Cay Coral Reef bottoms. Ecology Program.

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1 \

A E H

Figure 2. A-E, Paraspadella schizoptem. F-I, Paraspadella nana. A, I, whole animal, dorsal view; B,F, left and right eyes; C,G, anterior teeth with hooks retracted, ventral view; D, protruding anterior teeth when hooks are extended, ventral view; E,H, detail of adhesive processes, ventral view. Scales: A,E,H,I = 0.5 mm; B-D,F,G = 0.1 mm.

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