Guide for the Preparation of Local Municipal Waste Prevention Plans © Government of Catalonia Department of the Environment and Housing Waste Agency of Catalonia

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans © Government of Catalonia Department of the Environment and Housing Waste Agency of Catalonia

November 2008 Study carried out by: Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona and Waste Agency of Catalonia Translation from Catalan into English and revision of hyperlinks, March 2013 Translation: t&s® – Traducciones y Tratamiento de la Documentación, S.L. Design: Noema Consulting guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

1 Contents page 4 1 Contents

1. Contents 3

2. Introduction 9

3. How the guide is set up 13

4. Waste prevention 15 4.1. Definition of prevention 16 4.2. Basic terminology 17 4.3. Benefits of prevention 19 4.4. Local waste prevention instruments 20 4.5. Regulatory framework governing prevention 22

5. Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention 31 5.1. Characterisation of waste streams 32 5.1.1. Analysis of the composition of municipal waste 32 5.1.2. Waste generation forecasting 34 5.2. Understanding waste generation processes 35 5.3. Assessment of the economic and environmental costs of waste management 37 5.3.1. Economic costs 37 5.3.2. Environmental costs 37 5.4. Determining the levels of awareness and expectations of the public and local economic agents 38 5.5. Review of regulatory and planning targets 39 5.6. Assessing the impact of waste prevention 39 page 5

6. Drawing up the plan 43 6.1. Aspects to consider when designing the plan 44 6.2. Defining the scope of the plan 45 6.3. Defining the plan's targets 45 6.3.1. Defining qualitative targets 46 6.3.2. Defining quantitative targets 46 6.3.3. Defining general waste prevention indicators 49 6.4. Defining the strategic lines of action 52 6.4.1. Strategies 55 6.4.2. Linking to crosscutting strategies 57 6.5. Additional measures 57 6.5.1. Waste management measures affecting waste prevention strategies 57 6.6. Timetable 59 6.7. Assessment of consistency between measures and their long-term impact 60 6.8. Monitoring instruments and assessing progress 63 6.8.1. Types of monitoring action 63 6.8.2. Contents of monitoring reports 63 6.9. Proposed contents of a local waste prevention plan 65

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7. Annex 67 7.1. Information sheets for the analysis 68 D1. Composition of waste in Catalonia 68 D2. Procedure for calculating the standard bag 70 D3. Procedure for calculating the net cost 75 D4. Environmental impacts of waste management 78 D5. Methods for analysing agents' awareness 80 7.2. Information sheets on waste prevention measures 81 A1. Encouraging home composting 81 A2. Encouraging community composting 83 A3. Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW 84 A4. Promoting measures to combat food wastage. Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs 86 A5. Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers 88 A6. Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information 89 A7. Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books 91 A8. Encouraging the public to drink tap water 93 A9. Promoting the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk 95 A10. Promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable bags 97 A11. Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) 99 A12. Promotion of reusable glass containers 100 A13. Fostering the reuse of clothing 102 A14. Promoting the use of reusable nappies 104 A15. Fostering the reuse of goods and products 106 page 7

A16. Fostering the repair of goods and products 109 A17. Promoting the supply of and demand for goods and products which generate less waste 111 A18. Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services 113 A19. Promoting networks and rental points for shared items 114 A20. Greening government and environmentally friendly public procurement 117 A21. Promoting good environmental practices during public events and festivities 120 A22. Awards for waste prevention initiatives 122 A23. Taxes linked to the generation of waste 124 7.3. Information sheets for instruments 129 E/CI. Educational and communication instruments 129 EI. Economic instruments 130 OI. Organisational instruments 131 RI. Regulatory instruments 132

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 8 2 Introduction page 10 2 Introduction

The purpose of this guide is to develop one of the tools con- Other fractions which continue to increase are packaging tained in the new PROGREMIC 2007-2012 Sub-programme for (especially in terms of volume) and paper (mainly advertising Waste Prevention, providing information on how to prepare materials and the growth of free newspapers). local waste prevention plans. The current production and consumption model impacts on The amount of waste generated by each inhabitant of the the environment in a number of ways. Most notably, the con- more developed countries is one indicator of the total amount sumption of products (including production, transport and of resources they consume. The more waste we generate, the distribution) is responsible for around 50% of the emissions clearer it is that our production and consumption model is that contribute to climate change. A further issue is the social unsustainable. impact of the clearly inequitable manner in which resources are distributed globally. The quantity of municipal waste generated in Europe is con- stantly growing, with each inhabitant of large cities now gen- New collection and treatment infrastructures also have to be erating over 600 kg a year ( '-100 kg' campaign, ACR+). developed to keep up with the increasing quantities of waste that must be managed, representing a major burden on pub- The volume of municipal waste generated in Catalonia is high lic finances and generating their own environmental impacts. (4,311,370 tonnes in 2007), but the trend has flattened some- what, with the waste generated per person remaining stable Reducing the amount of waste produced in the first place throughout 2005, 2006 and 2007 at 1.64 kg per day. requires major changes in how waste is managed and demands a major commitment from all involved: govern- There has been a significant increase in recent years in the ments, companies, businesses, associations, public authorities, volumes of certain traditionally minority waste fractions gen- etc. Local government bodies are key actors in the planning erated in Catalonia, some of which have virtually doubled in and management of waste. absolute terms. These include textiles, furniture, electrical and electronic equipment and building rubble. This increase Municipal authorities must act as facilitators, encouraging con- is partly due to the launch of selective collection initiatives certed action by all the agents involved at their respective lev- which have made these materials easier to identify and els, in a spirit of continuous improvement. If waste reduction measure, but also due to the consumption of new services targets are to be met, it will be necessary to plan and imple- and products (such as new consumer electronics) and the ment a medium- and long-term strategy that will ensure all high rate at which such goods are replaced in response to agents are involved and aware. fashion or new technologies, rapid obsolescence (e.g. com- puters) and the fact that many are impossible or too costly to This strategy will be implemented via the development of repair. local municipal waste prevention plans. page 11

Local (or supra-local) planning will provide continuity and a framework for the individual measures being implemented, incorporating them into a global strategy that will: • Ensure a more coherent management of municipal waste in accordance with regulatory structures. • Improve levels of leadership and agreement. • Make more effective use of resources (cost-benefit). • Increase the levels of commitment and coordination of all those involved. • Raise awareness and levels of involvement. • Ensure the measures implemented are more effective and help prevent more waste.

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 12 3 How the guide is set up page 14 3 How the guide is set up

The guide provides detailed information on the methodology and steps involved in the preparation of the most thorough and complete waste prevention plans.

Although this is a complex task, it is possible to simplify the contents of each section of the plan to reflect the resources, knowledge and needs of each local authority.

The purpose of this guide is to develop consistent local waste prevention strategies that local bodies will be willing to implement.

The guide contains four sections: • An introduction to waste prevention. • The methodology proposed for preparing an analysis of how waste is managed prior to drawing up a prevention plan. • The methodology for drafting a strategy plan and all the tasks involved: scope, objectives, timetable, etc. • A set of explanatory documents, including: • Examples of waste management studies. • Measures that can be implemented to prevent waste. • Tools that may be used to help implement such measures. 4 Waste prevention page 16 4 Waste prevention

For the purposes of this guide, preventing municipal waste 4.1. Definition of prevention refers to:

PROGREMIC defines waste prevention as the measures taken Reducing the quantity (by weight or volume) and the before a substance, material or product becomes waste and hazardousness of the municipal waste generated. which reduce: • The quantity of waste (including reusing and extending the Prevention includes: useful life of products). • Preventing the production of waste at source. • The negative impacts of the waste generated on public health • Reducing the quantity and/or hazardousness of the waste. and the environment. • Reusing products (including individual and community • The hazardous substances contained in materials and composting schemes). products. In general, there are four types of measures to encourage pre- > FIGURE 1. Types of waste prevention vention:

Types of waste prevention > Measures to promote environmentally responsible production by businesses and traders: business plans to prevent waste, reducing the production of advertising materials, magazines and Quantitative prevention Qualitative prevention press, the organisation of eco-friendly events, etc.

> Measures to promote responsible purchasing: promoting intangible consumption and long-lasting products, reducing the Reducing the quantity of Reducing the quantity of amount of packaging used at the point of sale, rules on the distri- hazardous or polluting waste generated (weight, bution of unaddressed advertising material, promoting ecola- substances contained in volume, number of units) belling, green clauses in public procurement contracts, etc. products and waste > Measures to promote the responsible use of products: training in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), promoting reusable products, measures to encourage repairing products, second-hand exchanges, etc.

> Measures to prevent waste entering the collection circuits: reuse and household composting. page 17

> Deposit-refund system (DRS): management model, gener- 4.2. Basic terminology ally applied to packaging, whereby the packager implements a system to physically recover the packaging from the market in The key terminology1 used in relation to waste prevention is de- order to reuse it (DRS reuse) or recover the materials (DRS ma- fined below: terials recovery (mr)). To ensure packaging is returned, the packager charges the customer a deposit which is repaid > Bulky municipal waste (BMW): waste which puts a strain when the packaging is returned. This process may occur on ordinary municipal waste systems due to its large dimen- throughout the distribution and sales chain right through to sions. the end consumer.

> Characterisation of waste: determining the type, composi- > Environmental impact: alterations to the original state of the tion, weight and/or volume and proportion of the various com- environment as a result of human activity. ponents of a sample of waste. > Household composting: composting technique (e.g. using > Community composting: composting technique for organic self-composters) for organic garden and food waste generat- garden and food waste generated by the occupants of a num- ed by the occupants of a single household and carried out on ber of households and carried out at a central point shared by site. the users. > Inappropriate waste: items found within a certain fraction of > Compost: the organic, clean and partially stable product re- selectively collected municipal waste which are not listed as ac- sulting from the composting process, which can be used to im- ceptable. prove soil and help plants to grow. > Inorganic fraction (IFMSW - inorganic fraction of municipal > Compostable: material which can be composted. solid waste): refers only to the dry fraction of municipal waste.

> Compostable bags: bags made of a biodegradable raw mate- > Intangible consumption: consumption which is not based on rial that breaks down in the composting process. material goods, primarily consumption of services.

> Composter: small container in which organic matter is de- > Large-scale producer: company or institution which, because posited in order to produce compost. of its nature, generates a large quantity of a certain fraction, jus- tifying the use of specific collection measures. > Composting: aerobic microbiological transformation process of organic waste into compost under controlled conditions. 1 Based on the terminology used in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012.

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> Light packaging: packaging which has a low weight/volume > Preparation for reuse: includes measures to check, clean and ratio. This mainly refers to plastic bottles and jars, plastic film, tins repair items to be recovered, preparing a discarded product or and aseptic cartons or laminated cardboard for liquids. its components so that it can be reused with no other process being necessary. > Non-segregated fraction: the municipal waste remaining after selective waste collection has been carried out, which may > Prevention: measures taken prior to a substance, material or still contain recoverable materials. product being discarded as waste in order to reduce: • The quantity of waste (including reusing and extending the > Organic fraction (OFMSW - organic fraction of municipal useful life of products). solid waste): principally biodegradable food waste (vegetables, • The negative impacts of the waste generated on public fruit, shells, peel, meat, fish, grains, etc.) and plant waste (garden- health or the environment. ing and pruning waste). • The hazardous substances contained in materials and products. > Packaging and packaging waste (PPW): products manufac- tured in any material used to contain, protect, distribute or pres- > Recycling: recovering waste by using the materials in the ent merchandise, from raw materials to finished goods, at any manufacture of the same product or a new product. stage in the manufacturing, distribution and consumption chain. All single-use items used for this purpose are also defined > Reduction at source: with respect to municipal waste, this as packaging. This definition includes only primary or sales pack- refers to reducing the volume or hazardousness of waste aging (in contact with the product), secondary or grouped packaging (contains a number of sales units) and tertiary or transit through the responsible consumption of products that gener- packaging (used to group secondary packaging together). ate less waste and reusable products.

Packaging used and consumed exclusively in industry, business- > Responsible consumption: buying patterns that reflect atti- es, services or farms and therefore not commonly used or con- tudes moving away from unthinking mass consumption in sumed in private households is defined as industrial or commer- favour of acquiring more ethical goods based on real needs and cial packaging. which are not unduly influenced by advertising. In the context of preventing waste, this means consuming goods that gener- Packaging waste is all the packaging or packaging material that the ate less waste. owner disposes of or is required to do so under current legislation. > Reuse: any action whereby a product or its components are > Plant fraction (PF): biodegradable municipal plant waste from not discarded but reused for the same purpose for which they gardening and pruning. were originally designed. page 19

> Selective collection: separation and classification of waste to facilitate recovery and appropriate management. 4.3. Benefits of prevention

> Self-composting: composting at source of organic garden > Saving natural resources and energy, especially in produc- and food waste. This includes both home and community com- tion processes. posting. > Reducing environmental impacts associated with the > Separation at source: separation of different waste fractions processes of producing goods (emissions, water and soil con- into different containers at the time and place where they are tamination, etc.) and with waste management activities (collec- generated in order to facilitate their collection and subsequent re- tion, treatment and final disposal). covery. > Reducing the costs associated with waste management ac- > Unique waste generator: activity which produces one or more tivities (collection, transport, treatment and final disposal). There waste fractions which, due to its specific nature, its location, or the are major economic benefits to reducing waste at source, as in- quantity or quality of the waste generated, may benefit from spe- vesting in prevention could have a notable impact in the medi- cific management to improve recovery levels. um and long term on spending on waste management. Measures to prevent waste at source could also generate jobs, e- > Waste collection centre: centre for receiving and storing mu- specially locally (in the fields of communications, repair and nicipal waste which is not eligible for household collection, to en- reuse, etc.). sure it can be correctly recovered or managed. These facilities may be used by private householders and small businesses in accor- > Compliance with legal requirements: there is a growing dance with municipal rules. body of legislation governing waste management which establishes general and specific targets on prevention (the EU's strat- > Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): electrical egy on the prevention and recycling of waste, legislation on and electronic equipment, its materials, consumables and sub- packaging, electrical and electronic equipment, etc.) and a units thereof, from both private households and professional uses, waste management framework that prioritises prevention at from the moment they become waste. source. For a number of years now this has meant that prevention must be a key priority of waste management planning. > Waste generation: amount of waste produced in a specific geographical area.

> Waste management: all activities involved, including collection, transport, storage, recovery, treatment and disposal of waste.

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4.4. Local waste prevention instruments

A number of instruments must be used together to achieve the > FIGURE 2. Instruments and agents involved in prevention best results in terms of waste prevention: technical, organisational, regulatory and economic mechanisms and tools for communi- Manufacturers cation and participation, as shown in figures 2 and 3. These man- Suppliers

agement tools must be directed at the various agents involved in Distributors prevention: producers, consumers, social agents, government bodies, etc.

Retailers These tools are less effective if used independently of each other. Conversely, if they are developed in parallel and with the participation of all the agents involved, the synergies produced lead to im- Citizens { proved results. Associations

The involvement of all the agents is therefore necessary in order to Technical instruments bring together as many prevention instruments, and as many types of prevention instrument, as possible. Organisational instruments

Supralocal Local Regulatory authorities authorities instruments

Economic instruments

Educational and { communication instruments page 21

> FIGURE 3. Local prevention instruments

• Environmentally friendly procurement • Best available technology (BAT) • Best practices in municipal buildings • Ecodesign • Organisation of public events • Business plans for prevention • Use of self-composters, food banks

These include measures aimed at reducing the consumption of natural resources, minimising toxic substances contained in waste and reducing the quantity of final waste.

Technical Educational and communication and Educational • Environmental taxes: Designed to change the taxes linked to the behaviour of the agents • Communication generation of waste involved through campaigns (pay-per-bag, -tag, Designed to change the providing information on • Courses, conferences, -bin, etc.). behaviour of the agents Local the environmental workshops and • Tax exemptions and involved through prevention impacts associated with seminars rebates for financial rewards and instruments the generation of waste, • Guides and manuals implementing penalties. Economic the benefits of • Press releases and prevention measures prevention and the articles • Deposit systems measures which can be • Exhibitions • Subsidies taken. Regulatory Organisational

Designed to change the behaviour of the agents involved through Designed to establish an organisational system to coordinate the the approval and application of local regulations on measures to various agents, institutions and processes involved in prevention. prevent waste.

• Municipal ordinances on municipal waste prevention • Collaboration agreements • Specific ordinances on the use of reusable crockery at local events, • Voluntary agreements household composting, banning the distribution of letterbox • Steering committees advertising materials, etc. • Working groups

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4.5. Regulatory framework governing prevention

Since the early 1990s the regulatory framework has developed to the point where prevention is now the top priority in many rules on waste management, some of which even set specific quantitative targets.

> TABLE 1. Regulations on prevention

Regulation Scope

GENERAL Sixth EU Environ- SIXTH EU ENVIRONMENT ACTION PROGRAMME ment Action EUROPE Target to reduce total urban waste generated by 20% by 2010. Programme

EUROPEAN STRATEGY ON THE PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF WASTE This strategy aims to help Europe become a recycling society that seeks to avoid waste and uses waste as a resource. The main objectives of the Community legislation preceding the adoption of this strategy still apply, namely COM(2005)666 EUROPE limiting waste, and promoting the reuse, recycling and recovery of waste. To achieve these aims, the strategy includes updating the existing regulatory framework, adding a life-cycle analysis approach to the policy and clarifying, simplifying and removing overlap in EU waste policy. This will help resolve existing problems in applying EU policy and move Europe in the direction of an environmentally efficient recycling economy.

DIRECTIVE 2006/12/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 5 APRIL 2006 ON WASTE The Directive requires Member States to take appropriate measures to encourage, first, the prevention or reduction of waste production by: • the development of clean technologies more sparing in their use of natural resources; Directive • the technical development and marketing of products designed so as to make no contribution or to make 2006/12/EC the smallest possible contribution, by the nature of their manufacture, use or disposal, to increasing the of 5 April 2006 EUROPE amount or harmfulness of waste and pollution hazards; on waste • the development of appropriate techniques for the final disposal of dangerous substances contained in waste destined for recovery; second: the recovery of waste by means of recycling, reuse or reclamation or any other process with a view to extracting secondary raw materials; or the use of waste as a source of energy. page 23

Regulation Scope

DIRECTIVE 2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ON WASTE (in approval process) The Directive, which is currently being approved, lays down measures to protect the environment and human health by preventing or reducing the adverse impacts of the generation and management of waste and by reducing overall impacts of resource use and improving the efficiency of such use. It broadens the definitions contained in previous Directives including those on reuse and preparation for reuse, selective collection, and biowaste. The waste hierarchy is defined as follows: a) prevention b) preparing for reuse 2008 Directive on waste c) recycling EUROPE (in approval d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery process) (for which a specific formula is defined) (e) disposal The Directive also defines when a substance or object is considered to be a by-product and when waste ceas- es to be waste. It also contains some general requirements on extended producer responsibility. With regard to prevention, the Directive requires by the end of 2011 the formulation of a product ecodesign policy and an action plan for further support measures at European level seeking to change current consumption patterns. It also calls for the setting by the end of 2014 of waste prevention objectives for 2020. The Member States must approve Prevention Programmes with specific targets and indicators.

NATIONAL URBAN WASTE PLAN 2000-2006 The plan sets the following targets concerning prevention: • To reduce the generation of urban waste, expressed as tonnes of waste per resident, by almost 6% a year, with the target of maintaining the total amount of waste produced in 2002 at the same level as in the benchmark National Urban year, 1996 (January 1997), despite population growth in the period. Waste Plan SPAIN • To reduce the weight of packaging waste by 10% by 30 June 2001, as set out in Article 5c of Law 11/97 on 2000-2006 packaging and packaging waste. • The following targets for the reuse of packaging were set for 2004, to be reviewed at that date in the light of the practical results achieved and European Union averages:

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Regulation Scope

% Average In HORECA* channels Bottled water 25 50 Soft drinks 35 80 Beer (by volume) 70 80 Wine** 15 50 *HORECA: hotels, restaurants and catering **Table wine, excluding wines with Designation of Origin classification and similar.

Reusable packaging is defined as packaging which has been reused at least 10 times.

LAW 6/1993, REGULATING WASTE Law 6/1993, of 15 July, modified by Law 15/2003, of 13 June, regulating waste, established the following with respect to waste prevention: Art. 6. General programme. The Government of Catalonia shall prepare a programme to coordinate the joint actions required to promote: a) The prevention and minimisation of waste and its hazardousness. b) The reuse of waste. Law 6/1993, Art. 7. Measures to reduce waste. The Government must encourage: of 15 July, a) The use of technologies that help reduce waste or the dispersal thereof and to save natural re- modified by sources. Law 15/2003, CATALONIA b) The manufacture, sale and use of products that can be reused or whose materials can be recovered as by- of 13 June, products or raw materials. regulating c) The use of appropriate technologies for treating the hazardous substances or materials contained in waste, and by waste. Law 9/2008 Measures may also be established to reduce the generation of waste and its hazardousness through the use of taxes or charges on the generation and disposal of refuse, among others. Priority is given to measures targeted at packaging. Law 9/2008 introduced the following changes to Law 6/1993: A new waste hierarchy was established (reducing the generation of waste, reuse, selective collection, recycling and other forms of material recovery, energy recovery and disposal of refuse). page 25

Regulation Scope

PREVENTION OF PACKAGING WASTE The aim of the Directive is to harmonise national measures on managing packaging and packaging waste to prevent or reduce its impact on the environment. The measures established prioritise preventing the genera- Directive tion of packaging waste and then, in line with other basic principles, reusing packaging, recycling and other 2004/12/EC, of measures. 11 February Prevention: 2004, modifying: EUROPE The Member States must implement prevention measures in line with the targets set out in the Directive, which must include: Directive • National programmes. 94/62/EC on • Projects to introduce producer responsibility to minimise the environmental impact of packaging. packaging and • Similar actions adopted, if appropriate in consultation with economic operators, and designed to bring to- packaging gether and take advantage of the many initiatives taken within Member States as regards prevention. waste, The Commission shall help to promote prevention by encouraging the development of suitable European transposed into standards which aim to minimise the environmental impact of packaging. The Commission shall, as appro- Spanish law by: priate, present proposals for measures to strengthen and complement the enforcement of the essential requirements and to ensure that new packaging is put on the market only if the producer has taken all necessary measures to minimise its environmental impact without compromising the essential functions of the packaging. Law 11/1997, of Reuse: 24 April, on In accordance with the Treaty, the Member States must encourage systems for reusing packaging without packaging and damaging the environment. packaging Levels of heavy metals in packaging waste The Directive establishes upper limits on the sum of the concentration levels of lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium in packaging and its components. Royal Decree 252/2006, of 3 SPAIN In order to meet these targets, Member States are authorised to establish stricter limits than those set in the Directive, provided these measures do not distort domestic markets or impede other Member States' compli- March, revising ance with the Directive. the recycling and recovery Law 11/1997 established a target of reducing all packaging waste generated by 10% before 30 June 2001. targets Those responsible for marketing packaged products or industrial or commercial packaging which after use established in generate quantities of packaging waste greater than the limits established by the Spanish Government or, if Law 11/1997 appropriate, by the Autonomous Communities, are required to prepare business plans for minimising and preventing the generation of waste at source and the hazardousness of the packaging waste generated. These prevention plans must be approved by the Autonomous Communities in accordance with current regulations.

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Regulation Scope

PREVENTION OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT: Applicable from 13 August 2005: Directive • Producers are responsible for managing the disposal of waste equipment. They may take sole responsi- 2003/108/EC, bility or as part of one or a range of management systems. of 8 December • Users may return equipment to the retailer provided they buy another item with the same features or 2003, uses. Producers and distributors will agree on how to handle these items. modifying: • Producers must establish collection systems when the equipment is not collected from private individuals. They may reach agreements with local authorities to handle the items at no cost to the latter. Directive • Producers (via distributors or municipal facilities) must ensure there is a system for collecting and han- 2002/96/EC on EUROPE dling equipment and will be responsible for the cost thereof. waste electrical • Municipalities with over 5,000 inhabitants must establish selective collection systems for these items. and electronic Those with fewer inhabitants will be covered by regulations established by the Autonomous Community. equipment • The individual producers and the integrated management systems (IMS) that they set up must assume (WEEE), the cost of selective collection from the collection point. They may sign agreements with local authori- transposed to ties under which the latter will assume any additional costs. Spanish law by: • Equipment must be labelled.

Applicable from 1 July 2006: • Measures to prevent waste in the design and manufacturing of products and restrictions on the use of certain hazardous substances. • Design to facilitate dismantling, repair, reuse, and recycling. Target for prior to 31 December 2006: Royal Decree • Selective collection: 4 kg/inhabitant/year (private individuals). 208/2005, of 25 • Large electrical appliances and vending machines: recovery of 80% of total weight; recycling or reuse of February, 75% of each component, material or substance. regarding SPAIN • IT and telecommunications equipment and consumer electronics: recovery of 75% of total weight of electrical and each item; recycling or reuse of 65% of each component. electronic • Small electrical appliances, lighting, electric and electronic tools (except large-scale stationary industrial equipment and its waste equip ment), toys: recovery of 70% of total weight of each item; recycling or reuse of 50% of each component. management • Gas discharge lamps: 80% of components, materials and substances. Items reused in their entirety are not included in the targets until December 2008. page 27

Regulation Scope

PREVENTION OF WASTE FROM END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES Producers are required to meet all or a significant part of the management and cost of systems for the collection, treatment and recovery of end-of life vehicles. Member States shall take the necessary measures to en- Directive sure that economic operators set up systems for the collection of all end-of life vehicles and, as far as techni- 2000/53/EC, of cally feasible, of waste used parts, to guarantee the availability of collection facilities within their territory, and 18 September to ensure that the last holder and/or owner can deliver the end-of life vehicle to an authorised treatment fa- 2000, on end- cility without any cost. of-life vehicles Prevention: Modified by EUROPE In order to promote the prevention of waste, Member States shall encourage: Decision a) vehicle manufacturers, in liaison with material and equipment manufacturers, to limit the use of hazardous 2002/525/EC, of substances in vehicles and to reduce them as far as possible from the conception of the vehicle onwards, so 27 June 2002. as in particular to prevent their release into the environment, make recycling easier, and avoid the need to Transposed into dispose of hazardous waste; Spanish law by: b) the design and production of new vehicles which take into full account and facilitate the dismantling, reuse and recovery, in particular the recycling, of end-of life vehicles, their components and materials; c) vehicle manufacturers, in liaison with material and equipment manufacturers, to integrate an increasing quantity of recycled material in vehicles and other products, in order to develop the markets for recycled materials. Royal Decree Member States shall ensure that materials and components of vehicles put on the market after 1 July 2003 do 1383/2002, of not contain lead, mercury, cadmium or hexavalent chromium other than in cases listed in Annex II under the 20 December, conditions specified therein. on the The Commission shall on a regular basis, according to technical and scientific progress, issue new directives in management of end-of-life respect of issues such as limits on substances and types of material as set out in the Annexes to the Directive. vehicles SPAIN Member States shall take the necessary measures to encourage the reuse of components which are suitable for reuse and the recovery of components which cannot be reused. National Plan Objectives: for End-of-Life Vehicles (2001- • By no later than 1 January 2006, for all end-of life vehicles, reuse and recovery shall be increased to a mini- 2006) mum of 85% by average weight per vehicle and year. • By no later than 1 January 2015, for all end-of life vehicles, reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 95% by average weight per vehicle and year.

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Regulation Scope

PREVENTION OF WASTE FROM BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS This legislation is intended to minimise the impact of batteries, accumulators and spent batteries on the environment, thus contributing to the protection, preservation and improvement of the quality of the environment. In order to achieve its environmental targets, the Directive prohibits the sale of certain types of battery and accumulator containing mercury and cadmium. It also requires Member States to achieve a high collection rate for spent batteries and accumulators and to encourage more environmentally friendly behaviour from all operators involved in the life cycle of batteries and accumulators, such as producers, distributors and consumers and especially operators directly involved in the treatment and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators. The Commission should also monitor, and Member States should encourage, technological developments that improve the environmental performance of batteries and accumulators throughout their entire life COM(2003) 723 – cycle, including through participation in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS). C5-0563/2003 – EUROPE 2003/0282 (COD) Batteries or accumulators may not contain more than 0.002% of cadmium or 0.0005% of mercury by weight, except those used in emergency and alarm systems, medical equipment and wireless equipment. Member States may use economic instruments to promote the collection of waste batteries and accumulators or to promote the use of batteries and accumulators containing less polluting substances, for instance by adopting differential tax rates. If they do so, they shall notify the measures related to the implementation of those instruments to the Commission. Member States shall achieve the following minimum collection rates: a) 25% by 26 September 2012; b) 45% by 26 September 2016.

CONTROLLED LANDFILL SITES Directive The Directive encourages measures aimed at preventing biodegradable waste, including measures on individ- 1999/31/EC, ual and community composting of the organic fraction. of 26 April 1999, on the landfill of EUROPE Measures should be taken to reduce environmental impacts during the whole life-cycle of the landfill, in par- waste ticular the production of methane gas from landfills, in order to reduce global warming, through the reduction of the landfill of biodegradable waste and the requirements to introduce landfill gas control. Transposed into Spanish law by: These measures should also encourage the selective collection of biodegradable waste, separation in general, recovery and recycling. page 29

Regulation Scope

Member States were required to set up a strategy by 2001 to achieve these targets: Royal Decree • Reduce biodegradable waste going to landfills: 1481/2001, of 27 • 2001+5 years: 75% of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995. December 2001, • 2001+8 years: 50%. regulating the SPAIN • 2001+15: 35%. disposal of waste • Measures to be implemented: recycling, composting, biogas production and materials/energy recovery. in landfill sites

INCINERATION Directive The Directive applies to waste incineration and co-incineration plants (with some exclusions depending on 2000/76/EC, of 4 the type of waste treated) and does not contain any specific requirements in regard to waste prevention. It sets December 2000, on waste EUROPE strict limits on emissions both for existing plants (from 28 December 2005) and new plants (from 28 December incineration 2002) together with technical requirements on the delivery and reception of waste, operating conditions and the application and granting of permits for such plants. Transposed into Spanish law by: Under Catalan regulations, all municipal waste incineration must produce energy. The Decree enacting the Royal Decree Directive stipulates that 40% of the energy contained in the incinerated waste must be recovered. 653/2003 on the SPAIN With regard to prevention, Article 4.1 stipulates that public authorities' waste management programmes must incineration of set quantifiable targets for reducing waste and for recovery and must allocate resources to achieve these tar- waste gets. Article 4.2 states that municipalities that use incineration as a system for treating the remaining fraction Court of Justice must set quantifiable targets for reducing municipal waste and for recovery. Decision of 13 February 2003, ref. EUROPE C-458/00 and C- 228/00 Law 11/2000, of 13 November 2000, regulating the incineration of waste Decree 80/2002, of CATALONIA 19 February 2002, regulating the conditions applicable to the incineration of waste

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 30 5 Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention page 32

5 Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention

Prior to preparing a local municipal waste prevention plan, it is > FIGURE 4. Composition of waste in Catalonia necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of the current situa- Source: PROGREMIC 2007-2012 tion with regard to the generation and management of waste See Information Sheet D1 in which will affect and determine prevention strategies. Annex 7.1 for further details

5.1. Characterisation of waste Other Organic matter streams 27% 36%

5.1.1. Analysis of the composition of municipal waste

Understanding the waste streams generated in the municipality is Light packaging the starting point for planning prevention strategies. Figures on 12% the quantities of waste generated and their nature (especially Glass 7% Paper and cardboard their hazardous or toxic content) will enable the municipality to 18% identify those streams for which it is most important to develop measures. The Waste Agency of Catalonia is working on updating the con- This analysis may be carried out by studying the contents of the tents of the standard bag in Catalonia in order to refine the calcu- standard bag per municipality or, if this is not possible, the aver- lation method and, thus, the statistical representativeness of the age composition for Catalonia may be taken as the starting point. results. This will include a breakdown of the typical composition for different types of municipality. The data will therefore be up- to-date and can be extrapolated to the different local entities which may be included in the plans.

Waste streams are characterised as having a specific weight in accordance with the waste generated in the municipality and a volume based on the materials they contain. The volume occu- pied by waste is significant for some fractions such as light pack- page 33

aging and some types of bulky waste, as it may affect collection The non-segregated fraction is a mixture of fractions with a specif- and the associated costs. Certain wastes are toxic or may contain ic composition. It is important to understand the composition of hazardous or polluting substances. this fraction, as it represents the majority of the waste collected, while selective collection only represents a small part of the total Some of the waste collected in the municipality will be separated collected. through selective collection, but a large part will be the non-segregated fraction collected by the general collection services. To See Information Sheet D2 in gain an understanding of all the waste generated it is therefore Annex 7.1 for further details necessary to examine both types of collection in order to identify the ‘standard bag’ for the municipality. Based on the quantities collected of both the selective and non- segregated fractions and the composition of the waste in each For selective collection, this involves determining: type of collection, the quantities of each fraction generated can • The quantities collected through municipal selective collection be calculated. The composition of the contents of the standard services (recycling bins, special collections, waste collection bag per municipality is obtained by adding these quantities centres). As far as possible, waste collected from households together and will determine the real streams generated. This should be distinguished from commercial waste. information will also be used to calculate general waste preven- • The quantities collected through other channels, such as the tion indicators. collection of clothes or bulky waste by social integration enterprises, ragmen, etc. When calculating the standard bag, it is important to differentiate as far as possible between household and commercial waste, as It must be noted that the fractions collected will include inappro- they have different features and the preventive measures required priate waste and therefore the quantities recorded on delivery to need to be specific to each generator. the treatment or recycling plant will be the gross quantities of the fraction. The breakdown of the different fractions found in the standard bag will also ensure information is available on the waste to which For the non-segregated and inorganic fractions of municipal prevention strategies may be applied, such as: the organic frac- solid waste, this involves determining: tion, pruning waste, light packaging, packaging cardboard, plastic • The quantities collected by municipal services for the bags, textiles, bulky waste, hazardous waste, etc. For reference see collection of non-segregated waste (or the inorganic fraction the breakdown of the fractions in the standard bag for Catalonia of municipal solid waste, IFMSW, according to the Residu in Information Sheet D1 in Annex 7.1. Mínim [Minimum Waste] waste management model). As far as possible, waste selectively collected from households It must be noted that the contents of the standard bag per should be distinguished from commercial waste. municipality are calculated globally and may vary at different

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 34

times of the year. Municipalities with a high level of tourism will need to factor this in. It may also vary in different neighbourhoods or areas of the municipality depending on the specific characteristics of the residents. These factors must also be considered when preparing prevention strategies.

The contents of the standard bag per municipality will determine the waste streams generated. It will provide information on the quantities generated, the volume thereof and the fractions of hazardous waste.

5.1.2. Waste generation forecasting

To complete the analysis, it will be necessary to add waste generation forecasts based on population growth trends.

Possible changes in the overall composition of waste may be linked to consumption and production patterns which cause waste streams to shrink or expand in the future. page 35

5.2. Understanding waste generation processes

It is useful to understand the processes that lead to the generation of waste in the municipality and to be able to identify the generators of the waste streams identified in Section 5.1, as these will be the target for the planned measures.

Each type of generator will produce certain fractions and use specific collection services. Identifying the features of the generation processes (the source and management of waste) will be the starting point for establishing specific measures to prevent waste for each type of waste generator.

> FIGURE 5. The generation process in relation to planning waste prevention measures

The waste generation process

Generator Fractions generated Collection system

• Type of generator • Quantities generated • Type of collection system • Organisation in relation to the • Frequency with which waste is (selective or not) generation and management of generated • Municipal collection, handling by waste • Characteristics of the waste authorised waste manager • Management at point where (volume, toxicity) • Characteristics of collection waste is generated • Source of waste generated system • Destination of the waste

The description of the type of generator must include the following information: • Households: number of inhabitants, age, origin, consumption habits and lifestyle, number and types of homes (vertical, horizontal, houses with gardens, etc.). • Municipal facilities and services: number and type of facility, service and activities carried out. • Economic activity: number and type of activities and services provided. • Municipal events: number and type of events (when held, duration, frequency).

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 36

It is particularly important to identify, in connection with the number of users of these products or derived from the results waste generation process, the key factors for the planning of pre- of the standard bag calculation). vention measures: iii. Collection system: determine what waste collection systems i. Generator: identify generators of large quantities or hazardous are used and how this affects the options for reusing or repairing wastes: items (e.g. bulky waste, WEEE, etc.). The following characteristics • Households. Generators of large amounts of the organic must be identified: fraction of municipal solid waste, light packaging, bulky • Collection point waste and textile waste. May be the target of general • Waste handling methods measures aimed at the public in relation to these key • Destination of the waste fractions. • Municipal facilities and services. Generators of highly specific Identifying waste generation processes will provide informa- types of waste depending on the activities carried out. Will be tion on the generation and management of waste for each the target of internal measures addressed to the authority generator, making it possible to plan measures addressed to itself. each of them. This process will also identify the most signifi- • Economic activity. Generators of large amounts of specific cant waste streams and those with the greatest potential for waste which is homogeneous in content. Will be the target of reduction, together with the collection systems affecting specific measures in accordance with the type of activity. reuse. • Public events. May generate large quantities of certain types of waste in a defined period. Will be included in measures to prevent waste at public events.

ii. Fraction: detect the waste streams generated in large quantities, especially hazardous wastes and those where there is greater potential for reducing them if the appropriate measures are applied, such as: • Plant fraction, in municipalities with many low-density homes or large areas of woodland. • Bulky waste and textiles, which are produced in large quantities and which may be reusable. • Nappies, large quantities of this type of waste are generated, especially by day care centres and nursing homes (estimates of the quantities generated will be based on an estimate of the page 37

5.3. Assessment of the economic See Information Sheet D3 in Annex 7.1 for further details and environmental costs Given the cost of managing waste and the benefits that may of waste management derive from preventing it (discussed in the section on the benefits of prevention), it is necessary to carry out an assessment of the costs and revenues involved. This will identify the most expensive 5.3.1. Economic costs waste streams for the municipality, both in terms of collection and of final treatment and management. It will also make it possible to identify the savings arising from the application of specific pre- Managing waste involves costs and revenues for government vention measures and reduce the amount of certain waste agencies and the private agents involved. streams to be managed. The possibility of generating other types of economic benefit (new jobs, subsidies, etc.) should also be assessed. For local authorities in particular, waste management involves a range of costs associated with the collection and transport of The economic benefits of reducing waste management waste to the appropriate waste managers, treatment and recy- costs are a key factor when deciding what measures to cling and final disposal in landfills (disposal costs and landfill or include in a waste prevention plan. The analysis must incineration taxes in Catalonia). therefore include a study of the costs and benefits.

Selective collection can, however, produce revenue streams for the municipality from the sale of materials and payments from 5.3.2. Environmental costs integrated management systems. Tax rebates are another source of municipal revenues. Managing waste consumes energy, generates emissions into the atmosphere, contaminates water and soil, produces noise and In accordance with Law 16/2003, of 13 June, on the financing of smells, and uses public spaces, and causes other nuisances that waste infrastructures and waste disposal taxes, the Government damage the environment and generate costs. of Catalonia is responsible for the entire cost of the investments planned in treatment infrastructures under the municipal waste Some of these impacts occur at the local scale and directly affect management programme. Local authorities will be responsible the waste generators. The local authority is responsible for min- for the operating costs thereof. imising them (noise, smells, traffic problems, the use of public

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 38

space for collection systems, etc.). The management of waste has 5.4. Determining the levels impacts at other levels, however, from the regional level (water, soil and air contamination) to the global, contributing to climate of awareness and expectations change and other environmental impacts. of the public and local economic See Information Sheet D4 in agents Annex 7.1 for further details

Among the most important impacts are the consumption of In order to design the measures to be included in the prevention energy and the emissions resulting from the collection and trans- plan, it is necessary to determine the levels of awareness, the port of waste (especially fractions such as light packaging), the behaviour and the expectations of the agents involved (the gener- potential impact on the environment of collection systems, treat- al public, the local authority, local associations and businesses, etc.). ment facilities (especially incineration plants) and final disposal (in particular the disposal of biodegradable materials in landfill, This will require research to identify: which contributes to global warming). • The current behaviours, attitudes and habits of each type of agent in regard to preventing waste, and their knowledge and The SIMUR (Information and Urban Waste Modelling System) is a perceptions of the issue. tool for assessing these environmental impacts. It calculates fuel • The various agents’ expectations regarding this issue: what and power consumption, emissions, the energy and emissions they are prepared to do and how they think things should saved by recycling materials, and the potential impacts of a waste change. management model. • The possible incentives which would be effective and which should be included in measures to encourage agents to cooperate in preventing waste. One of the aims and benefits of prevention strategies is to • The barriers that could impede the changes that the measures avoid and minimise the impacts deriving from the generation are designed to bring about. and management of urban waste. Calculating the impacts of managing municipal waste streams is therefore vital for setting priorities when defining a prevention plan and the The following methods may be used to carry out this analysis: measures to be included in it. • Review of existing studies • Surveys See Information Sheet D5 in Annex 7.1 for further details • Focus groups page 39

It is advisable to gain an understanding of the behaviours and expectations of the agents involved prior to planning 5.6. Assessing the potential measures to prevent waste. Possible incentives which could be included in the measures should be assessed, as of waste prevention should any barriers that could impede the process of changing perceptions and behaviour. For a range of reasons, not all waste fractions have the same potential for reduction: • The generation of waste may be unavoidable, or it may be 5.5. Review of regulatory difficult to reduce the amount of waste produced, due to the design or characteristics of the goods or products concerned. and planning targets • The variety and availability of products on the market and the pricing thereof may discourage the use of alternative products that generate less waste. Regulations and plans on preventing waste will provide informa- • The effectiveness of waste prevention measures varies tion on trends in this area, the targets to be achieved and the according to the target waste fraction, how the measure is waste streams that should be prioritised. applied and the response of the target agents.

A review of current and pending legislation and the planning When designing a strategy, therefore, it is essential to consider the issues affecting the municipality (at the European, Spanish, potential for waste reduction in light of past experience and the Catalan and supramunicipal levels) must be carried out prior levels of reductions achieved from applying waste prevention to developing local strategies and, as far as possible, the tar- measures to certain waste streams, or by running pilot schemes gets and trends contained in them must be built into the to obtain this information. waste prevention plan. The following table gives examples of the potential of waste prevention based on prior experience:

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> TABLE 3. Waste prevention measures. '-100 kg' campaign

Generation Potential waste Potential 3 kg/inhabitant/year reduction reduction of CO2 (kg/inhab./year)2 (kg/inhab./year)

1 Organic waste 220 40 57

• Promote composting at source (at home, in neighbourhoods, green spaces) 180 30 11 • Fight against food waste 30 8 27 • Promote reusable nappies 10 2 19

2 Paper waste 100 16 16

• Fight against unwanted flyers or newspapers 20 55 • Encourage dematerialisation (schools and offices) 80 10 11

3 Packaging 150 25 30

• Choose products whose packaging can be returned 35 12 7 • Promote tap water 62 4 • Developing reusable bags 21 2 • Fight against over-packaging 107 10 17

4 Bulky and other waste 130 20 57

• Promote reuse of clothes 84 37 • Promote reuse of furniture, WEEE, toys, other bulky waste 110 13 >20 • Fight against excess buying 12 2 No data 600 100 >160

2 Internal ACR+ working groups. 3 According to GHG Balance of Prevention Actions, RDC for IBGE – Bruxelles Environnement 2007. Source: ACR+, 2007. page 41

Waste streams Measures Waste generated Potential for preventing waste per head implemented Waste prevented % of waste stream % of total waste kg/inhab./year kg/inhab./year generated

Paper advertising Limiting distribution 28.0 5.7 20% 1.1% materials to users who request it

Information and 3.7 13% 0.7% optimising distribution

Drink packaging Target for refillable 36.4 7 19% 1.4% packaging set at 60% Target for refillable 16.7 46% 3.3% packaging set at 82%

Nappies Promoting the use of 13.3 2 15% 0.4% reusable nappies

Organic matter Food banks No data 3.3 No data 0.7% Other measures 35.6* No data No data 11.5% applied to households

Events Replacing disposable 5.5* 0,8 14% 0.2% plates

*Excluding waste selectively collected Source: Institute of Waste Management, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, 2007.

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 42 6 Drawing up the plan page 44 6 Drawing up the plan

The second stage in preparing the local municipal waste pre- Waste streams vention plan is the design and drafting of the plan. This will and fractions Links between factors Agents include defining the scope of the plan, waste prevention targets, the strategies and measures to be implemented, the Major streams in terms of Major generators of certain timetable for implementing them and the economic, material quantity, volume and toxicity streams and human resources required.

Streams with regulatory Agents who will be most targets receptive to measures

6.1. Aspects to consider when Streams with potential in Agents who will definitely terms of prevention (and cooperate positively and designing the plan reuse) with good results

The following aspects must be considered when designing the Streams with a major Agents who do not have plan, together with the results of the studies carried out in stage economic impact easy access to collection systems (e.g. in remote one, in order to establish targets and waste prevention measures areas) for specific waste streams and generators. Streams with an impact on the environment and people Characteristics of the The diagram distinguishes between the waste streams and frac- (transport, treatment) measures: tions, agents and the types of measure to be implemented. It also shows the most important links between them. • Name and duration of the Streams which are not easily measure reintroduced into the • Instruments to be productive cycle or for which developed (name and type) specific managers are not • Links between measures currently available and synergies • Human and material resources • Cost page 45

The duration of the local plans and the timetable for developing 6.2. Defining the scope revised plans must be in step with the PROGREMIC 2007-2012, so that updates to this programme can be built into local plans. The of the plan timetable for these planning instruments must therefore be the same or similar. > Conceptual scope of the plan The plan will specify what is considered to be municipal waste prevention and what specific practices this includes. This definition must be based on the definition established in the PRO- 6.3. Defining the plan's targets GREMIC 2007-2012 (see definition in Section 4.1). Both qualitative and quantitative targets must be taken into consid- > Operational scope of the plan eration and built into the framework established by the plan. The The waste prevention plan will cover waste generated within the targets must be based on the starting point identified in the assess- 4 municipality in accordance with the definitions established by ment carried out in stage 1, the municipality's goals for preventing Law 6/1993, of 15 July, regulating waste. The streams covered by waste and the waste prevention directives set out in the Catalan the plan and which will be subject to waste prevention measures Municipal Waste Management Programme (PROGREMIC 2007-2012). must be precisely defined. This section must include the waste generators associated with these streams. The municipality must set its own targets in line with its expectations and potential for preventing waste. It is important to incor- > Geographical scope of the plan porate in the plan those targets set in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 The area covered by the plan must be defined. In general this will which are applicable at municipal level. Alternatively, as they must be the municipality concerned, but plans may also be developed be in step, the municipality may adapt its own targets to those in for groups of municipalities that form part of municipal associa- the programme. tions or consortia.

> Duration 6.3.1. Defining qualitative targets The plan must define the period over which the measures will be implemented and a timetable for meeting the waste prevention The qualitative targets set define the spirit and types of preventive targets set. measures included in the plan.

4 Municipal waste is that generated in private homes, shops, offices and services. It is also all waste that is not considered hazardous when, due to its characteristics and composition, it can be added to the waste produced in the aforementioned places and activities. The following are also considered municipal waste: waste from cleaning public roads, green areas, recreation- al areas and beaches; dead household pets; furniture, utensils and abandoned vehicles; waste and rubble from minor building works and household repairs. Commercial waste is defined as that generated by the activities of retail and wholesale businesses, hotels, restaurants, bars, markets, offices and services. Waste generated by industry that is considered under the aforementioned law to be of a similar nature to municipal waste is treated as comparable to waste in this category.

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 46

The qualitative targets set out in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 6.3.2. Defining quantitative targets which are applicable at municipal level are detailed below. These targets must be reflected in the plan's waste prevention mile- The quantitative targets set may involve milestones for reducing stones: waste in general or for reducing the levels of specific fractions. • Send a clear message to society about waste prevention and responsible consumption. The inclusion of quantitative targets in the plan demonstrates polit- • Incorporate measures to encourage responsible and ical willingness to act to prevent waste. Quantifying a target also intangible consumption in daily life. focuses minds on the need to act to achieve it and motivates the • Get economic agents to make a commitment to help agents involved. prevent waste. • Prevent, in particular, the generation of packaging and The PROGREMIC 2007-2012 also includes quantitative targets to be paper waste and the 'other' or 'minority' fractions. achieved within the timeframe set. • Encourage a return to the old habits of reusing and repairing items. Adding the impact of the proposed measures to the assumption • Discourage the production of items which generate that the flattening trend of recent years will be maintained, the pro- waste that has harmful effects on the environment or gramme sets a target of reducing the waste generated per head people. by 10% from 1.64 kg/inhabitant/day at present to 1.48 kg/inhabi- • Discourage the production of items which generate tant/day by 2012. waste that is difficult to reintroduce into the productive cycle. In addition, based on measures to reduce the use of disposable plastic bags (one of the most potent symbols of current consumption In addition to these targets, the plan must include targets in line models), the programme sets targets of reducing the use of bags by with the municipality's expectations regarding waste prevention: 30% per person by 2009 and 50% by 2012. • Build waste prevention measures into the management of The plan must also include specific targets based on the current municipal waste. generation of specific streams and the expectations and potential • Ensure all agents in the municipality are involved in for reducing waste implied in the measures to be implemented. The implementing the plan. potential for reducing each stream must be considered when set- • Ensure all social sectors become more committed and involved ting targets. in decision-making processes affecting waste prevention. • Reduce those fractions which are generated in large quantities or Two types of quantitative target may be set: which are problematic to manage in the municipality. • A general target for reducing the total quantity generated: • Reduce those fractions which have the greatest economic or % reduction per head of total waste generated compared with environmental impact for the municipality. the base year. page 47

• Specific targets for certain streams/fractions for which waste prevention measures will be planned: % reduction per head of the fraction generated compared with the base year. The base year for calculating the target will be the first year of the plan.

These targets must be accompanied by a timetable for achieving them (these milestones may also be included in the timetable for implementing the plan, see Section 6.6). As a general rule, the time frame set for achieving the targets will be the period covered by the plan, but intermediate targets may also be set.

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 48

> TABLE 4. Examples of quantitative targets

Composition of General Waste generated per head Fractions for which Target % of Generated in target standard bag fraction (Catalonia 2007, base measures will be reduction year 2012 2006* year) kg/inhabitant/day introduced per head kg/inhabitant/day

36% Organic fraction 0.590 Organic matter 8% 0.543 (organic matter and plant waste)

18% Paper and 0.295 Non-packaging paper 6% 0.277 cardboard Packaging cardboard

7% Glass 0.115 Packaging glass 3% 0.111

6% Light packaging - plastics 0.098 Plastic film (plastic bags) 5% 0.93 4% Light packaging - metals Rigid plastic (plastic bottles) 2% Light packaging - mixed

27% Bulky waste, wood, WEEE, 0.443 Furniture and household 15% 0.376 textiles, sanitary textiles, appliances, textiles, sanitary rubble, other textiles, nappies, other

100% General reduction 1.640 15% 1.402 target

The targets included in this example are very ambitious for all the waste streams covered, and the total reduction is greater than that set in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012. Based on the composition of the standard bag for Catalonia 2006 and average waste generated per head in Catalonia 2007. Base year 2007, target year 2012. The breakdown of the fractions and sub-fractions of the standard bag make it possible to establish more specific indicators for each category of waste. page 49

6.3.3. Defining general waste prevention indicators. These indicators show waste reduction as a percentage in regard to the base year for all waste generated or prevention indicators waste streams for which targets have been set. The result will show to what extent each target has been met. Having set quantitative targets, it is possible to assess the effec- Taking the initial situation into account, the waste generated in tiveness of the measures implemented and to monitor progress each stream must be monitored in detail over time in order to on reducing waste. quantify progress. This general monitoring is performed by calculating general waste

>FIGURE 6. Sample calculation of the general waste reduction indicator for all waste generated

Name of indicator: % of reduction in total waste generated

Calculation formula (kg / inhabitant / day_base_year) - (kg / inhabitant / day_target_year) kg / inhabitant / day_base year

Unit %

Description This indicator shows the reduction in waste generated per head in the target year compared with the base year. General General indicators - general reduction targets > FIGURE 7. Sample calculation of the general waste reduction indicator for the organic fraction generated (%)

Name of indicator: Reduction in the generation of the organic fraction (%)

Calculation formula (kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_base_year) - (kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_target_year) kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_base_year

Unit %

Description This indicator shows the reduction in the quantity of the organic matter generated per head in the target year compared with the base year. The figure for kilograms/inhabitant/day refers to the total quantity of the fraction

General General indicators - targets per fraction generated in the municipality (see Section 5.1 on how to calculate the stream of organic matter generated). The calculation for other streams is the same, using the figure for the stream concerned. It is important to note that the calculation of the streams generated will be closely tied to the calculation of the standard bag at that moment.

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Progress on achieving the qualitative targets in the plan can be information sheets on measures in Annex 7.2). These links are judged by monitoring certain general quantitative indicators and detailed below: some of the specific indicators linked to certain measures (see

> TABLE 5. Using general and specific indicators to monitor qualitative targets

Defining own indicators: • Number of measures implemented. • Number of communication campaigns organised or other educational and communication instruments (courses, exhibitions, workshops). • Send a clear message to society about waste Indicators linked to the qualitative monitoring of the plan. prevention and responsible consumption. Based on the results of surveys and psychosocial studies on awareness raising and levels • Build waste prevention measures into the of knowledge. management of municipal waste. Specific indicators relating to public involvement in measures, such as: • Number of users of the community composting system. • Number of homes with water purification systems. • Number of users of rental points or networks.

Specific indicators relating to the number of agreements with businesses and entities in the municipality to implement waste prevention measures.

• Get economic agents to make a commitment Specific indicators relating to the number of businesses or entities taking part in or coop- to help prevent waste. erating in the application of measures such as: • Ensure all agents in the municipality are • Number of businesses with responsible paper consumption measures in offices. involved in implementing the plan. • Number of businesses offering products in reusable glass containers. • Ensure all social sectors become more • Number of businesses promoting products with less packaging. committed and involved in decision-making • Number of businesses promoting reusable containers (to replace disposable bags). processes affecting waste prevention. • Number of businesses promoting products with less packaging.

Specific indicators relating to measures applied within the local authority itself on greening and environmentally friendly procurement. page 51

• Prevent, in particular, the generation of packaging and paper waste and the 'other' or 'minority' fractions. • Discourage the production of items which General waste prevention indicators: generate waste that has harmful effects on the Percentage of reduction in the generation of different fractions. environment or people. • Discourage the production of items which Specific indicators relating to waste prevention measures for streams, such as: generate waste that is difficult to reintroduce into • Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste composted. the productive cycle. • Quantity of food redistributed through food banks. • Reduce those fractions which are generated in • Estimated reduction in the quantity of water containers used. large quantities or which are troublesome to • Quantity and type of goods reused. manage in the municipality. • Reduce those fractions which have the greatest economic or environmental impact for the municipality.

Specific indicators relating to measures on reuse and repair, such as: • Number of points of sale (or donation) of second-hand goods. • Encourage a return to the old habits of • Quantity and type of goods reused. reusing and repairing items. • Quantity and type of repaired goods which have been reused. • Quantity of clothing reused.

Specific indicators relating to measures on responsible consumption and the purchase of products that generate less waste, such as: • Number of products available with less packaging. • Incorporate measures to encourage • Number of reusable items distributed by businesses instead of disposable plastic bags. responsible and intangible consumption in • Quantity and types of product sold in reusable glass containers in the municipality. daily life. • Number of non-material goods and services acquired by residents. • Number of users of the points mechanism for best waste prevention practices when shopping.

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6.4. Defining the strategic lines of action

The waste prevention plan must set out the strategic lines of These measures can be broken down differently according to action which will provide the framework for all the measures. their nature, as follows:

> TABLE 6. Classification of waste prevention measures

• Type of material (e.g. paper, glass, hazardous waste, etc.) Waste stream affected by the measure • Type of product (e.g. packaging, nappies, etc.) • Type of source (households, shops, events, municipal maintenance)

• Households Target agents • Shops • Local government

• Technical • Organisational Instruments for implementing the measure • Regulatory • Economic • Communication and participation

• Reduction at source Purpose of the measure • Reuse page 53

The strategic lines set out in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 will be used as the basis for defining waste prevention measures. The programme includes a great many measures covering the entire life cycle of goods, including production, distribution, purchase and use, and encourages an integrated approach to the whole product. It also includes measures to encourage repairing and preparing items for reuse as the main way of dealing with furniture, electrical appliances, clothes, etc.

The PROGREMIC 2007-2012 Sub-programme for Waste Prevention specifies which waste streams to prioritise and the relevant measures, as can be seen in the following table, which details the lines of action to be implemented for each type of waste and the potential for reducing each fraction in order to achieve the general reduction target of 10% per head. PROGREMIC 2007-2012 also sets out the following general measures which do not refer to any specific waste stream: • Extending and continuing to provide technical support and subsidies for projects dedicated exclusively to waste prevention. • Encouraging a greener approach to public events. • Measures to encourage environmentally friendly public procurement (green purchasing).

These general measures and some of the measures proposed for each waste stream are applicable at the local level and may therefore be included in the waste prevention plan. The Waste Agency of Catalonia will promote them and provide the instruments needed to enable local entities to apply the measures in their area. The measures which are directly applicable at the municipal level are shown in bold text in the table.

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> TABLE 7. Objectives and specific instruments in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 Sub-programme for Waste Prevention

Composition of Fraction Potential for Measures standard bag 2006 preventing waste

36% Organic matter 2 • Encouraging home composting, especially in rural areas. Also community composting in education centres, green spaces, etc. • Measures to combat food wastage. Measures involving the Fundació Banc dels Aliments.

18% Non-packaging paper 2 • Regulating the distribution of advertising materials. Evaluation of and cardboard the application of financial instruments to non-packaging paper. Packaging paper and • Campaigns to encourage the responsible use of paper. cardboard Dematerialisation of information.

7% Glass 1 • Promoting returnable packaging.

6% Light packaging - plastics 1 • Business plans for waste prevention. 4% Light packaging - metals • Promoting ecodesign. 2% Light packaging - mixed • Proposing the development of a Spain-wide deposit-refund system (DRS mr) for certain packaging types. • Encouraging the minimum use of packaging. • Regulating the use of disposable plastic bags. • Promoting the consumption of tap water, improving its quality in homes.

27% Bulky waste, wood, WEEE, 4 • Developing measures to encourage reuse and repair, especially textiles, sanitary textiles, of furniture and waste electrical and electronic equipment. rubble, other • Fostering pilot schemes for the use of reusable nappies. • Fostering the reuse of clothing. • Fostering intangible consumption and gift-giving.

100% TOTAL 10 page 55

6.4.1. Strategies Although there are different ways of classifying the measures, as seen in table 8, those measures which only affect a single specific It is necessary to define the waste prevention strategies to be stream can be classified by waste stream. This is the classification implemented within the framework of the plan. Each municipality method used in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012. may adopt those measures it is feasible to implement in line with the available funds and resources and with its own expectations for Other measures to prevent waste across a range of streams can progress on issues of waste prevention. be grouped under the general measures section.

The measures proposed will be linked to the objectives defined and vice versa. The two must therefore be consistent. The process of determining the waste prevention measures to be implemented must also take into consideration the results of the assessment and issues detailed in Section 6.1.

The plan must include the following precise details of the content of each measure: • Line of action (measures for waste streams or general measures). • Name of the measure. • Objectives of the measure. • Justification for implementing the measure (include links to strategic lines in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012). • Groups involved: groups promoting and targeted by the measure. • Description of the measure and the specific actions to be taken. This must include the resources necessary to implement the actions. • Instruments which must be put in place to carry out the actions (educational/communication, economic, organisational and regulatory). • Timetable (duration and frequency of actions). • Links to other measures in the plan and other external waste management measures. • Indicators for monitoring results.

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Annex 7.2 contains information sheets defining the following See information sheets measures, which may be used to facilitate the drafting of the in Annex 7.2 strategies to be included in the plan and determine which measures can be implemented: > TABLE 8. Waste prevention measures

Measure

1 • Encouraging home composting Measures to 2 • Encouraging community composting prevent organic 3 • Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW waste 4 • Promoting measures to combat food wastage Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs

Measures to prevent 5 • Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers 6 • Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information paper waste 7 • Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books 8 • Encouraging the consumption of tap water Waste Measures to 9 • Promoting the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and prevention prevent packaging products sold in bulk measures for waste 10 • Promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable bags waste streams 11 • Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) Measures to prevent glass waste 12 • Promoting the use of reusable glass containers 13 • Fostering the reuse of clothing 14 • Promoting the use of reusable nappies Measures to 15 • Fostering the reuse of goods and products prevent other 16 • Fostering the repair of goods and products waste fractions 17 • Fostering the supply of and demand for products that generate less waste 18 • Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services 19 • Promoting networks and rental points for shared items 20 • Greening government and environmentally friendly public procurement General waste Other 21 • Greening public festivals and events prevention measures 22 • Awards for waste prevention initiatives measures 23 • Taxes linked to the generation of waste page 57

6.4.2. Linking to crosscutting strategies waste in line with other communication measures, both general and specific (water, energy, etc.) in order to change individual and Crosscutting strategies developed in relation to the prevention collective habits. and management of waste (communication and education plans and initiatives to involve the public) must be internally consistent The following issues must be taken into consideration in order to and in line with any management plan and, of course, the waste coordinate the waste prevention plan with other strategic plans: prevention plan. • The participation and coordination of all the departments involved in the development and implementation of the It is therefore necessary when drafting and applying these strate- different strands of strategic planning. gies to unify: • The messages, objectives and measures defined must be • The objectives consistent. • The messages (tone, structure and image) • The plan may need to be integrated in the medium- or long- • The instruments applied term future with other waste management, environmental • The resources used education or general education plans. • Using the normal means and channels of communication with Coordinating the different strategic planning instruments in this the public to raise awareness of environmental issues, in way will enable all involved to move in the same direction and will particular the prevention and management of waste. create synergies that will boost outcomes.

In the context of municipal waste management planning, the 6.5. Additional measures waste prevention plan may be implemented in two ways: • As a sub-programme or section of a broader waste management plan. 6.5.1. Waste management measures affecting • As a separate plan developed in parallel to general waste waste prevention strategies management plans. Other aspects of municipal waste management may have some Environmental communication and education plans, meanwhile, impact on waste prevention measures and on the commitment must include programmes that prioritise general awareness and of the general public and economic agents. help the public to behave in an environmentally responsible Their participation in the development of the plan will depend on manner based on critical thinking in regard to both the manage- the image projected and their levels of awareness regarding ment and prevention of waste. municipal waste management. Waste management must not These crosscutting environmental education plans must include therefore be seen as a problem but rather as another quality serv- specific measures to address the prevention and management of ice provided by the municipality.

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It is vital that waste collection services (and street cleaning servic - Apart from these criteria for improving the collection service, es) meet certain quality and efficiency requirements in order to there are other selective collection methods that can comple - bring about improvements in aspects such as public involve - ment certain waste prevention methods (see information sheets): ment, perceptions of municipal waste management and waste prevention outcomes. • The collection and management of pruning and plant waste for home or community composting, a process which > Adapting waste collection services to the characteristics of requires material suitable for composting (plant waste often each area in the municipality. Mixed collection models must be needs to be shredded and distributed). developed which are appropriate to the urban and socioeconom - • Selective collection systems built into certain activities to ic characteristics of each area in the municipality. complement waste prevention measures, e.g. to encourage a greener approach at public events or within the local > Location of collection systems close to users. The effective - authority, the responsible use of paper, etc. ness of the collection systems developed will largely depend on • The collection of bulky waste and waste electrical and how closely they are sited to their users, and the design of any sys - electronic equipment, linked to the appropriate handling of tem must take this into account. these items so they can be repaired, if necessary, and reused. The management of waste collection centres and mini > Good perceptions of the service. In addition to providing an collection centres must also take into account the correct effective service capable of collecting all the waste generated, it is handling of these items so that they can be reused in the necessary to provide a quality service with a good image. This future. means ensuring bins are never overflowing, dirty or broken, • The selective collection of OFMSW in widely dispersed areas requests and complaints are always dealt with and uncontrolled may not be efficient and home composting may be more dumping is prevented. The perception of a good service with the effective. right image is vital to ensure that the public use the service cor - rectly, and it will therefore help to improve the outcomes of waste management.

> Adapting, optimising and coordinating. The management model must be adaptable to changes and developments in waste management strategies and targets, to new technologies and to changing needs within the municipality. It must be as efficient as possible in respect of its operation, energy consumption and environmental impacts. And services must be coordinated to ensure they function well and produce good results. page 59

6.6. Timetable > FIGURE 8. Stages in the waste prevention plan

The waste prevention plan must include a timetable Preparation of Implementation of Initial Monitoring for the implementation of the measures, stating when the plan (design the plan (carry out assessment results they come into force, their duration and frequency. measures) measures) The timetable will reflect how strategies are to be implemented over the life of the plan.

In general, the stages of the plan will be as follows: New proposals and changes / revision of the plan

As described in the section on defining the scope of the plan, the period covered by each measure planned must be included in the timetable. The timetable may also include milestones for the achievement of quantitative targets. These will also have an impact when defining later strategies.

> FIGURE 9. Sample timetable for the plan

The example shows the measures programmed in the first year of a plan and the earlier assessment and preparation stages.

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6.7. Assessment of consistency > Complexity of the measures Type-1 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication between measures and their and educational campaigns.

long-term impact Type-2 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication and educational campaigns plus the implementation of technical When designing a waste prevention plan, it is important to instruments and monitoring processes. ensure that the strategies it contains are consistent with each other and the targets set. This means selecting the best meas- Type-3 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication ures for building on local and supralocal waste prevention and educational campaigns plus the development of other more trends and synergies in order to improve outcomes. The strate- complex technical, economic and regulatory instruments and gies must be ordered logically over the duration of the plan at monitoring activities, or a change in agents' operating structures. appropriate intervals.

Below is an assessment of the measures proposed in terms of > Links between measures their contribution to driving trends and synergies: Some measures are so closely linked to others that implementing them in parallel will in most cases facilitate the best use of > Timing of the measures resources and lead to better results.

Individual measures (I): Measures relating to one-off campaigns. Implementing the different measures for each waste stream The effect of these measures is usually seen during the campaign together will, logically, help improve individual results (this is and immediately afterwards. These measures will therefore need obvious, and is not therefore indicated in the table). to be repeated periodically in order to maintain momentum and consolidate the practices concerned.

Continuous measures (C): Measures that, once implemented, and given their specific nature, will remain in force. They will, therefore, drive local trends more or less automatically. Some of these continuous measures will require campaigns to re- motivate the public to continue with the voluntary actions needed and to get more people to take up the practices (C*). page 61

> TABLE 9. Waste prevention measures

Comple- Related Main related Measure Timing xity measures instruments

1 • Encouraging home composting C* 2 2 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, E2 Measures to 2 • Encouraging community composting C* 2 1 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, E2 prevent 3 • Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW I* 1 - EC1, E2 organic waste 4 • Promoting measures to combat food wastage I* 1 21 EC1, EC3, O1 Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs

Measures to 5 • Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers C* 3 - EC1, E3, E4, O1, R1 prevent paper 6 • Promoting the responsible use of paper waste and the dematerialisation of information C* 2 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, E1, O1 7 • Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books C* 2 - EC1 8 • Encouraging the consumption of tap water I* 1 20, 21 EC1, E1, E2 Measures to 9 • Promoting the supply of and demand for products 10, 11, 17, prevent with less packaging and products sold in bulk C* 3 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, O1 packaging 10 • Promoting the replacement of disposable bags EC1, EC2, waste with reusable bags C* 3 9, 22 E1, E4, O1, R1 11 • Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) C* 3 9, 20 EC1, EC2, E1, O1 Measures to prevent 12 • Promoting the use of reusable glass containers C* 3 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC2, E1, E4, O1 glass waste 13 • Fostering the reuse of clothing C* 1 15 EC1, EC2, O1 14 • Promoting the use of reusable nappies C* 2 15 EC1, E1, E2 Measures to 15 • Fostering the reuse of goods and products C* 3 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E1, E2, O1 prevent other 16 • Fostering the repair of goods and products C* 3 15, 20, 22 EC1, EC2, EC3,EC4, E1, E2, O1 waste 17 • Fostering the supply of and demand for products EC1, EC2, EC3, fractions that generate less waste C* 3 9, 15, 20, 21, 22 EC4, E1, O1 18 • Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services I* 1 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E4 19 • Promoting networks and rental points for shared items C* 2 15, 16, 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E4, O1 20 • Greening government and environmentally friendly 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, public procurement C* 3 16, 17, 19, 21 EC1, EC2, EC3, R2 Other 21 • Greening public festivals and events I* 2 4,6,8,9,12,15,17,19,20 EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4, E3, R1 measures 22 • Awards for waste prevention initiatives I* 2 9,10,12,15,16,17,18,19 EC1, EC3, EC4 23 • Taxes linked to the generation of waste C* 3 - EC1

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In order to develop waste prevention measures, it is necessary to implement certain educational, com- See information sheets munication, regulatory, economic and organisational instruments. The main instruments to be created in Annex 7.3 within the framework of the proposed measures are detailed below. Annex 7.3 contains the information sheets describing each of these instruments.

> TABLE 10. Instruments for implementing waste prevention measures

Main instruments for implementing measures Measures which include them

EC1 • Educational and communication campaigns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Educational 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and EC2 • Training activities 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21 communication EC3 • Publications 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, instruments 19, 20, 21, 22 EC4 • Other educational and communication activities 15, 16,17,18, 19, 21, 22

E1 • Rebates on waste management fee 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 E2 • Municipal subsidies 1, 2, 3, 8, 14, 15, 16 Economic E3 • Taxes for issuing licences and control of and tax instruments on the special use of public spaces 5, 21 E4 • Deposit systems 5, 10, 12, 19

Organisational O1 • Agreements: cooperation agreements and voluntary agreements 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 instruments

Regulatory R1 • Municipal ordinances governing waste prevention 5, 10, 21 instruments R2 • Other regulatory instruments 20 page 63

6.8. Monitoring instruments 6.8.2. Contents of monitoring reports and assessing progress > Overall results of implementing the plan The overall results of the plan will be determined by analysing: Monitoring the plan will allow a continuous detailed assessment • The waste streams generated (quantities generated of each of the measures and the results obtained. This will ensure the plan fraction expressed as kg/inhabitant/day, and a calculation of the is sufficiently flexible and will make it possible to incorporate any standard bag (see Section 5.1)). changes needed in response to the results achieved or to • The general indicators relating to the quantitative targets (see changes in the regulations or in higher-level planning instru- Section 6.3). ments (PROGREMIC 2007-2012). • The extent to which the qualitative objectives have been met by means of the related indicators as set out in table 5. 6.8.1. Types of monitoring action > Monitoring the measures included in the plan The following reviews should be performed throughout the life of the plan: A report must be produced for each measure implemented, which will include: > Annual reports on the implementation of the plan • A summary of the actions and activities carried out in respect of the measure These reports are intended to monitor in detail the measures, their • The resources and channels used results and progress on achieving the targets. This will allow the • The actual implementation dates strategies and/or measures planned for the next year to be modified. • The investments linked to implementing the measure • The results obtained from implementing the measure > Final review upon finalisation of the plan • A calculation of the specific indicators relating to the measure

This review will be performed at the end of the period covered by Reasons must be given for the failure to implement any planned the plan. It is hoped that at this point all the measures will have been measures or for delays to the implementation thereof, and a new implemented and the targets met. The targets and strategies for the timetable must be produced. next plan will be based on the conclusions of this review.

The contents of the annual reports and final review are detailed in the following section.

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> Qualitative monitoring

A qualitative review may be carried out to obtain a deeper understanding of public awareness, habits, attitudes and potential responses to waste prevention strategies and the measures included in the plan. This will allow the analysis of aspects such as the needs, the gaps in the knowledge and the level of awareness of the different agents involved.

This review may involve three types of action: • Regular surveys of different groups in the population into their knowledge and habits relating to waste prevention and the application of the plan. • Focus groups to discuss waste prevention issues. • Sociological studies on specific issues over a longer period in order to understand where the public lacks information or is insufficiently engaged and to develop measures in response. page 65

6.9. Proposed contents of a local waste prevention plan

1• Introduction 5• Scope of the plan a. Conceptual scope of the plan 2• Areas of authority b. Operational scope of the plan c. Geographical scope of the plan 3• Basic waste prevention terminology d. Duration

4• Analysis of the management of waste in regard 6• Objectives to prevention a. Qualitative or general objectives a. Characterisation of waste streams b. Quantitative targets i. Analysis of the composition of municipal waste 7• Strategic lines ii. Waste generation forecasting a. Summary of waste prevention measures b. Understanding waste generation processes b. Definition of waste prevention measures c. Assessment of the economic and environmental costs (in accordance with the specifications set out of waste management in the information sheets in Annex 7.2) i. Economic costs c. Additional measures ii. Environmental costs d. Determining the levels of awareness and expectations 8• Timetable of the public and local economic agents e. Review of regulatory and planning targets 9• Financial costs and benefits f. Assessing the impact of waste prevention 10• Measures to monitor the plan

guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans page 66 7 Annex page 68 7 Annex 7.1. Information sheets for the analysis

D1. Composition of waste in Catalonia

The results of the study on the composition of waste carried out by the Waste Agency of Catalonia and published in 2006 are shown below. For the purposes of this study, the calculation method considered to be the most accurate was to use the weighted average with the lowest deviation for each population group and subgroup. This produced the following figures for the standard bag in Catalonia for 2004 and 2005:

> TABLE 11. Composition of waste generated in Catalonia 2004 and 2005

% Standard bag 2004 2005 2004 2005

Household organic waste 31.7% 31.0% 35.6% 35.2% Plant fraction 3.9% 4.2% Non-packaging paper and cardboard 11.3% 11.6% 18.2% 18.4% Packaging cardboard 6.9% 6.8% Glass 6.5% 6.6% 6.5% 6.6% Light packaging 11.6% 11.6% Other plastics 2.7% 2.7% 15.7% 15.8% Other metals 1.4% 1.6% Textiles 4.6% 4.4% Sanitary textiles 3.2% 3.2% Hazardous household waste 0.8% 0.7% Wood 2.5% 2.7% WEEE (all) 0.8% 0.9% 23.9% 24.0% Other bulky waste5 5.3% 5.2% Earth and rubble 3.5% 3.5% Other 3.1% 3.2% Residue ≤10 mm (excluding OM) 0.2% 0.2% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100%

5 No detailed breakdown of the bulky waste fraction is available. This fraction must therefore be added to those of WEEE, wood and scrap metal to obtain a more realistic global figure. page 69

Bearing in mind the statistical reliability of the sample and the The volume of the ‘various types of waste’ fraction generated has composition figures used, the results in the table above were increased substantially, given that the composition of this fraction broadly grouped into the main fractions and rounded to obtain has changed significantly in the period 2001-2005. Although the the standard composition of waste in Catalonia used for the PRO- relative weights of the other fractions have decreased in the peri- GREMIC 2007-2012. od, the amount generated has increased in absolute terms.

> TABLE 12. Composition of waste generated > TABLE 13. Total waste generated in Catalonia based on the in Catalonia 2005 standard bag for the PROGREMIC 2001-2006 and the new standard bag for the PROGREMIC 2007-2012

Composition Generation % Standard bag Generation % Standard bag Standard bag in Catalonia (%) PROGREMIC PROGREMIC of waste 2001 2001-2006 2005 2007-2012

OFMSW + plant OFMSW + plant fraction 36% fraction 1,361,751 38% 1,510,613 36% Paper and cardboard 18% Paper & cardboard 752,547 21% 755,307 18% Glass 7% Glass 286,684 8% 293,730 7% Light packaging 12% Light packaging Other 27% Other plastics 645,030 18% 683,972 16% TOTAL 100% Other metals Various 537,533 15% 952,526 24% TOTAL 3,583,555 100% 4,196,148 100% The table below shows total waste generated in 2001 (calculated according to the composition used for the PROGREMIC 2001- 2006) and in 2005 (calculated using the composition obtained by the Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC).

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D2. Procedure for calculating the standard bag bulky waste collected by request, in abandoned bulky waste, in pruning waste and in waste collected at specialised The information needed to calculate the composition of the stan- establishments (batteries and pharmaceutical products). dard bag is as follows: • Collected commercial waste: it is useful to distinguish between the different types of commercial collection and, if they are > The quantities collected of each fraction via: assessed separately, to break them down by the corresponding • Municipal selective collection (recycling bins, special fractions (organic commercial waste, commercial cardboard, etc.). collections, waste collection centres, etc.). • Non-segregated fraction (or IFMSW): it is important to • Selective collection by other entities, e.g. the collection of clothes characterise this fraction; specific studies of its composition can or bulky waste by social integration enterprises, ragmen, etc. be carried out or figures requested from the ARC, provided • Non-segregated waste (or the inorganic fraction of municipal figures for the composition of waste delivered to treatment solid waste, IFMSW, according to the Residu Mínim [Minimum plants are available. The ARC has developed a specific Waste] waste management model) collected by municipal methodology for characterising non-segregated fraction. services. Further studies are planned into the composition of waste in The figures for all fractions may be expressed as tonnes/year. As Catalonia within the framework of the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 far as possible, waste collected from households should be distin- and the monitoring of the standard bag. The non-segregated frac- guished from commercial waste. tion generated in a range of municipalities will be analysed. This will make it possible to calculate the contents of the standard bag > Characterisation6 of the different fractions: for municipalities with similar characteristics. The results can then • Light packaging: figures for the characterisations performed by be used by local entities. Ecoembes are available. • OFMSW: figures for the characterisations performed by the > Steps for calculating the standard bag: ARC are available. 1• Measure the percentages of each component of a fraction col- • Paper and glass: if the municipality does not have its own lected, i.e. the appropriate and inappropriate waste found in each characterisations, standard figures may be requested from the fraction. Multiply these percentages by the total tonnes of the ARC and used, as these fractions are not variable. fraction collected to give the weight of each of the components • Other selectively collected waste: if specific figures are not of the fraction. Apply the same calculation to each fraction col- available, it may be assumed that the fraction does not contain lected within the municipality. inappropriate waste. Waste collected at the municipal waste collection centre will not contain inappropriate waste, as this is 2• Add together the weights of each component contained in controlled at the facility. Similarly, it can be assumed that there each fraction to give the total generated for each component. The will be no inappropriate waste contained in the fraction of result will show the amount generated of each type of waste and 6 Studies of the composition of waste collected page 71

make it possible to calculate its relative weight in respect of all the waste produced.

How the characterised waste is broken down into its different components will affect the final waste streams appearing in the standard bag.

In most cases the calculation of the standard bag will be based on the assumption that the quantities collected equal the quantities generated, as no figures are available for waste that escapes the waste management system through loopholes. Municipalities do not usually have sufficient information on the waste removed from bins by third parties or on uncontrolled dumping.

> Example standard bag calculation from the ARC study: The spreadsheet used to calculate the composition of the waste used in the ARC study, produced using the steps described above, is presented below.

The items included in the calculation are labelled in the image: A Quantity of organic fraction collected. B Characterisation of organic fraction collected. Composed of OFMSW (appropriate waste) + inappropriate waste. C Quantity of each component in the organic waste bin (tonnes of OFMW + tonnes of inappropriate waste). D Sum of each component contained in the various fractions collected for the classification of waste streams in the standard bag. E Sum of waste streams found in each system, which equals the total generated of said stream.

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> FIGURE 10. Screenshot of calculation of the standard bag for the ARC study

A B D

C page 73

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The SIMUR waste management simulation programme being developed by the ARC with the Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona is the most suitable tool for calculating the standard bag in the municipality and ensuring standardisation. The input and output screens for calculating the composition of waste in the standard bag are shown below.

> FIGURE 11. Screenshots of the SIMUR programme: data input screen and the resulting standard bag

> Determining the volume of waste streams generated: Fraction Density kg/l There are standard figures on the density of the different fractions which, when applied to the quantities in each municipal waste stream generated, can be used to calculate its volume. Organic 0.341 Paper and cardboard 0.1 Glass 0.364 Plastics 0.02 Metals 0.1 Textiles 0.06 Other 0.091 Source: White et al., 2001 page 75

D3. Procedure for calculating the net cost tonnes managed. It is therefore necessary to calculate the effect reducing the waste generated would have. The following information is needed to calculate the net cost of • Other indirect economic benefits from preventing municipal waste management: waste must also be taken into account, as set out in sections 4.3 and 5.3.1. • Cost of collecting each fraction (operating costs + investment costs + other). The results of this analysis can be used as an additional criterion • Cost of treating each fraction collected. when deciding which wastes to apply prevention measures to. • Revenues derived from the management of each fraction (income from Ecoembes, Ecovidrio, tax rebates for waste disposal, sale of materials, etc.).

Calculating the total waste management cost indicator per tonne of waste collected may reveal on which fractions the municipality is focussing its financial resources. The municipality can then carry out a more detailed analysis of these wastes to determine how reducing the number of tonnes generated would help to reduce costs at each stage of managing the waste, taking the following into account:

• Treatment costs are normally proportional to the tonnes treated and so any reduction in the number of tonnes delivered to the plant will produce a saving at this stage of waste management. • Depending on the system used (bins, door-to-door collection, on-request collection etc.), collection costs may not be so directly linked to the volumes collected but rather to the service provided. Unless a reduction in the quantity generated allows the service to be reduced, there will be no direct economic saving. This must be assessed for each fraction individually. • The revenues the municipality receives are calculated in a number of ways, some of which are based on the number of

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Several examples of the net cost calculation are given below, showing how the results vary according to the waste management model used and the figures available:

> TABLE 15. Examples of the net cost calculation7 CASE 1. Five-bin collection model

Costs (euros) Revenues (euros) Item Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne Ecoembes / Ecovidrio / Collection Treatment tax rebate / other

OFMSW 175,531 9,308 23,778 161,061 1,284.92 125.35 Non-segregated 3,795,846 2,201,294 5,997,140 79,217.53 75.70 Glass 156,869 133,633 23,236 2,310.98 10.05 Packaging 320,314 408,397 -88,083 2,215.54 -39.76 Paper 808,510 523,935 284,575 6,880.12 41.36 Bulky waste 742,899 742,899 3,282.798 226.30 Collection centres 624,543 18,092 131,393 511,243 4,734.49 107.98 Other 87,656 -87,656 - TOTAL 6,624,513 2,228,694 1,308,791 7,544,415 99,926.36 75.50

CASE 2. Five-bin collection model in a municipal association

Costs (euros) Revenues (euros) Item Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne Ecoembes Sales of recover- Collection Treatment Tax Ecovidrio ed materials

OFMSW 110,679 70,089 84,354 96,414 1,277.62 75.46 Non-segregated 286,985 121,198 408,183 4,169.14 97.91 Paper and cardboard 97,007 29,261 22,219 29,439 16,088 816.40 19.71 Glass 36,463 34,018 2,445 481.36 5.08 Packaging 127,730 111,264 16,466 307.30 53.58 Bulky waste 31,651 -9 Batteries 1,451 -10 69,921 771.14 90.67 Collection centre 72,64411 9,923 789 25,11412 TOTAL 764,60913 191,287 123,536 168,290 54,553 609,515 7,822.96 77.91 page 77

CASE 3. Door-to-door collection model

Costs (euros) Revenues (euros) Item Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne Ecoembes Other Collection Treatment Ecovidrio Tax rebate revenues

Household OFMSW 203,836 59,413 79,610 183,639 1,557.01 117.94 Commercial OFMSW 47,421 37,172 49,809 34,784 974.15 35.71 Household non-segregated fraction 58,268,36 177,715 37,713 198,271 1,364.10 145.35 Com. non-segregated fraction + nappies 25,278 79,402 8,207 96,473 609.47 158.29 Household nappies 34,268 113,919 148,187 874.42 169.47 Household glass 21,030 17,608 3,422 388.91 8.80 Commercial glass 8,392 5,983 2,409 132.15 18.23 House. packaging 145,132 86,854 58,278 467.82 124.57 Com. packaging 12,709 16,509 - 3,800 88.92 - 42.74 Household paper 80,278 18,100 17,241 17,684 27,253 533.49 51.08 Com. cardboard 16,426 9,224 8,342 9,012 - 10,153 271.89 -37.34 Bulky waste 76,541 22,938 99,479 569.31 174.74 Collection centre 115,258 18,876 96,382 419.09 229.98 Other costs 397,838 227,868 169,970 -- TOTAL 1,242,674 490,558 200,198 173,877 254,564 1,104,593 8,250.72 133.88

7 Examples taken from simulation of municipal waste management systems in Catalonia using the SIMUR programme, ARC, 2006. 8 Only includes bulky waste collected in the street and sent to landfill, as other recyclable bulky waste goes to the waste collection centre and no breakdown is available. 9 The cost of treating bulky waste is included in the operating costs of the waste collection centre. 10 The cost of treating waste batteries is included in the operating costs of the waste collection centre. 11 Operating costs of the waste collection centre. 12 Includes revenues from charges to the public for using the waste collection centre. 13 This total includes the operating costs of the waste collection centre.

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D4. Environmental impacts of waste management • Other impacts: on the landscape, smells, etc. > Impacts brought about by treatment plants: To analyse the environmental impact of waste management, it is • Emissions into the air and water necessary to identify the aspects detailed below. • Soil contamination • Smells Although such studies are usually costly and complex, it is possible • Social impacts (NIMBY effect) to carry out a qualitative assessment of the environmental impact of each stage of waste management, in particular the collection of > Impacts brought about by the final treatment of waste: each fraction, as this is the area over which local entities have great- • Landfills: emissions into the air and water. Biogas emissions from est control and for which they have the most information and expe- the dumping of fermentable materials (exacerbated by low rience. levels of selective collection of OFMSW and still high levels of paper and cardboard in the non-segregated fraction) are > Impacts brought about by collection systems: particular contributors to global warming. • Impacts from the transport of waste: • Incinerators: emissions into the air and water and the produc - • Consumption of fossil fuels. tion of ash (hazardous waste). • Emissions into the atmosphere from dustcarts and other waste collection vehicles. These are particular contributors to If it is planned to carry out more detailed analysis of the environmen- global warming and the formation of photochemical tal impacts from the consumption of fuel and emissions at each oxidants. stage of the waste management process, it is necessary to use a tool • Transport mobility problems. Heavier and slower traffic due to facilitate and standardise the calculations and allow different to the presence of dustcarts and waste transport trucks. management scenarios to be compared. The aim is to identify those • Noise nuisance from transport and bin emptying and waste streams with the greatest impact and to compare the results cleaning operations. against simulations of other situations where waste prevention • Use of public space: most waste is collected in street-level bins measures have been applied. that occupy a considerable amount of public space. The growing use of selective collection, ensuring that bins are The SIMUR (Information and Urban Waste Modelling System) can be located closer to users to make them easier to use, and used to perform an overall assessment of the impacts of waste man- increasing volumes of waste generated all mean more bins have agement, compare the results for different waste streams and analyse to be provided. different scenarios, calculated using the following parameters: Currently we do not have sufficient experience with new waste • Fuel consumption and emissions from collection services. collection systems which reduce this type of impact, such as • Fuel consumption and consumption/generation of power at underground bins and pneumatic collection systems, or treatment plants and landfill facilities. Emissions generated objective data to assess their effectiveness. and saved as a result of the consumption/generation of page 79

energy and direct emissions from processes. 14 Calculates the energy and emissions ‘savings’ or credit from recovering materials for • Energy savings and emissions avoided as a result of recycling recycling. The recovery of waste materials and their reintroduction into the materials.14 productive cycle leads to a reduction in the use of raw materials. This saving therefore corresponds to the difference between the energy consumed and • Energy and emissions balances in all stages of the waste emissions generated in the production of paper, glass, textiles, plastics, etc., from management process. raw materials and from recycled materials. • Potential impact15 based on analysis of the emissions balance. 15 By performing a life-cycle assessment (LCA) based on the emissions balance or an • Energy balance indicators (MJ/tonne handled) and impact inventory of the environmental burdens associated with the waste management system, a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can then be carried out. This will indicators (potential impact per tonne handled). These indicators enable the information generated in the inventory to be more easily interpreted, allow the impacts of the different waste streams to be compared. estimating the potential impacts of this type of methodology.

Some screenshots from the programme for calculating these indicators and some of the output screens showing the results of the environmental impact assessment are reproduced below.

> FIGURE12. Screenshots of the SIMUR programme: output Balance of emissions screens with the results of the energy and emissions balances and analysis of the potential impact

Energy balance by energy source

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Potential impact

a range of opinions and points of view which can be dealt with at length.

The qualitative method, therefore, focuses on the meanings attached to waste prevention and how people make sense of them. The perceptions and values of the people interviewed can be explored in detail to give a better understanding of the psychosocial conditions and factors affecting waste prevention habits. The data produced by the qualitative method is a collection of statements and arguments used by members of the public to explain, understand and participate in waste prevention.

> Quantitative techniques: surveys

A survey is a quantitative method that comprises researching a sample of people who represent a larger population and which is performed in the context of their everyday lives. Standard ques- tioning techniques are used to obtain quantifiable measures of a wide range of objective and subjective characteristics of the population.

The great scope of these techniques for standardising data facili- tates the processing and statistical analysis of the results. The dis- D5. Methods for analysing agents' awareness advantage is that, unlike discussion groups, they do not allow complex issues to be analysed in detail. > Qualitative techniques: focus groups The size of the sample analysed may vary, but it must be statisti- Focus groups enable researchers to understand the meanings cally representative of the total population. attached by different people to certain issues. The advantage of this type of research is that it is based on discussions among a Surveys can be performed using a variety of channels: small group of people (6-10). This interaction is the distinguishing • By post/ • On-line/ • Door-to-door/ • By telephone/ • On the street feature of this method. The discussion is not intended to generate a consensus between the group's members, but simply to collect page 81

7.2. Information sheets 1 Prevention of the organic fraction on waste prevention measures A1. Encouraging home composting

Acronyms used in the information sheets: > Aim: E/CI: Educational and communication instruments To introduce the practice of home composting in the municipality. EI: Economic instruments OI: Organisational instruments > Background: RI: Regulatory instruments Home composting means that organic matter and plant waste do not have to be managed within the municipal collection sys - tem. Household composting is a simple process which can com - For more information on these plement the regular collection service, as it allows organic mat - instruments, see Annex 7.3. ter to be dealt with at source and, in more rural areas, can be an appropriate way to manage organic waste. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - GREMIC 2007-2012.

> Promoter: Local council

> Aimed at: Citizens

> Description of measures: Home composting involves managing organic waste (organic matter and plant waste) at the point of origin using a biologi - cal process of aerobic decomposition which produces com - post, a natural fertiliser. The process can be carried out in a composter or by mixing the organic waste in a heap on the ground.

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There are different types of composter suitable for different loca - > Other related measures: tions: • Measures for waste prevention: 2 • Garden composters are used particularly in small or widely • Management of plant waste from municipal sources to provide dispersed municipalities with houses that have vegetable structural material for the process of home composting plots, green areas or gardens where the compost can be (collected within the municipality or from other sources, used. shredded and distributed). • Wormeries or vermicomposters can be used on terraces or • Joint promotion of urban vegetable plots and the practice of indoors, in blocks of flats and densely populated urban home composting, and the use of the compost generated at areas. The organic waste is digested by red worms that these locations. transform it into fertiliser (vermicompost). > Examples: > Resources needed: • Spanish Network of Local Organisations for Household and Composters, additional material (fork, spade, aerator, etc.) and, if Community Composting necessary, a shredder. Availability of shredded plant fraction. http://www.compostaenred.org • Citizens' Network for Household Composting in Reus > Instruments for implementation: http://www.progremic.cat/index.php/ca/2011-10-28-08-48- E/CI. Communication campaign to promote home composting. 50?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage2.tpl&product E/CI. Training of users through home composting workshops and _id=37&category_id=3 advisory groups, and technical monitoring to ensure home • Household composting in Girona composting is working well. http://www2.girona.cat/ca/gironaneta_prevencioresidus E/CI. Guide to home composting. http://www2.girona.cat/documents/11622/ac2f7bf5-3e84- EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of composters (cov - 4207-babb-1e7c5c5b5b2b ering all or part of the cost to encourage participation). • Household composting in Tiana EI. Rebates on waste management fee for using home com - http://www.tiana.cat/Atencio_al_ciutada/Serveis.htm?pl=140&i posting. d=31 • Manual on home composting, Waste Agency of Catalonia > Timeline: http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/agencia/form_autoco Home composting is an on-going activity. mpostatge.pdf After the initial campaign, reminders should be issued to bring new users into the scheme, with additional workshops for these > Monitoring indicators: new participants. The scheme can be promoted first in more • Number of home composters in service. widely dispersed areas and later to homeowners in more densely • Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste populated areas. composted. page 83

• Community composting for blocks of flats and densely 2 Prevention of the organic fraction populated urban areas in communal zones which are appropriate for this activity. • Composting in educational centres, civic centres, urban A2. Encouraging community composting vegetable plots, etc.

> Aim: > Resources needed: To introduce the practice of community composting in the municipality. Composters, additional material (fork, spade, aerator, etc.) and, if necessary, a shredder. Availability of shredded plant fraction. > Background: Community composting means that organic matter and plant waste does not have to be managed within the municipal collec - > Instruments for implementation: tion system. Community composting is a simple process which E/CI. Communication campaign to promote community composting. can complement the regular collection service as it allows organ - E/CI. Training of individual users through workshops on community ic matter to be dealt with at source and, in more rural areas, can composting, advisory groups and technical monitoring groups, be an appropriate way to manage organic waste. and supervisory groups for composting in green spaces. E/CI. Guide to community composting. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of composters (cov - GREMIC 2007-2012. ering all or part of the cost to encourage participation). EI. Rebates on waste management fee for taking part in com - > Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations munity composting.

> Aimed at: > Timeline: Citizens, schools, associations, the owners of urban vegetable plots Community composting is an on-going activity.

> Description of measures: After the initial campaign, reminders should be issued to bring Community composting involves managing organic waste new users into the scheme, with additional workshops for these (organic matter and plant waste) at the point of origin using a bio - new participants. logical process of aerobic decomposition which produces com - post, a natural fertiliser. The process can be carried out in a com - > Other related measures: poster or by mixing the organic waste in a heap on the ground. • Measures for waste prevention: 1 There are different forms of community composting: • Management of pruning waste from municipal sources to provide structural material for the process of community • Community composting in green spaces within the municipality composting (collected within the municipality or from other for the use of residents and the municipal parks service. sources, shredded and distributed).

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• Joint promotion of urban vegetable plots and the practice of home composting, and the use of the compost generated at 3 Prevention of the organic fraction these locations.

> Examples: A3. Encouraging the use of the aerated bin • Community composting in El Pallars Sobirà, El Pallars Sobirà to collect the OFMSW Regional Council http://www.progremic.cat/index.php/ca/2011-10-28-08-48- > Aim: 50?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage2.tpl&produ To introduce the use of the aerated bin and the compostable bag ct_id=35&category_id=3 into homes for the collection of OFMSW in the municipality. • Community composting plant in Boadella i les Escaules http://www.progremic.cat/index.php/ca/2011-10-28-08-48- > Background: 50?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage2.tpl&product The organic fraction of municipal solid waste is very humid _id=41&category_id=3 (>80%). Evaporating part of this humidity reduces the weight and • Agenda 21 Escolar, Barcelona City Council volume of the OFMSW collected, and helps prevent the accumu - http://www.bcn.cat/agenda21/a21escolar/ lation of leachates. • Composting in schools, L'Alt Empordà Regional Council http://mediambientccae.blogspot.com/2008/10/compostatge- > Promoter: les-escoles.html Local council • Manual on home composting, Waste Agency of Catalonia http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/agencia/form_autoco > Aimed at: mpostatge.pdf Citizens • Community composting experiences in schools, Government of Catalonia (GENCAT) > Description of measures: http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/mediambient/menuitem.8 Introduction of the combined use of aerated bins and com - f64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=648b0acb0f5 postable bags (semi-permeable to water vapour) for the selective 97210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=648b0ac collection of OFMSW. This system ensures the waste is naturally b0f597210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default ventilated so that a good part of the water content in the organ - ic fraction can evaporate. Monitoring indicators: • Number of community composters in service. Using these bins and bags together can lead to a significant reduc - • Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste tion, around 30%, in the weight of the organic material collected composted. (depending on the composition of the fraction, how often the bin is page 85

emptied and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity > Monitoring indicators: and air currents). This water loss helps the compostable bag to last • Number of bins distributed. longer, as it stays in better condition while reducing the quantity and • Number of bags distributed and sold. volume of the waste generated. The bag needs changing less fre - • Number of agreements with local shops. quently and the number of bags used is therefore reduced. Aeration • Number of vending machines. also helps reduce the smells produced by anaerobic fermentation • Number of points of sale. processes and makes the OFMSW more pleasant to collect. • Estimate of quantities of organic fraction removed from the management process. > Resources needed: The quantity of waste saved can be estimated from the amounts Aerated bins and compostable bags. Vending machines selling of OFMSW collected per household, assuming a reduction of 30% compostable bags located in municipal spaces. from evaporation.

> Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign on the use of the aerated bin (together with the compostable bags). EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of bins and bags (covering all or part of the cost to encourage their use). OI. Agreements with local businesses to distribute compostable bags.

> Timeline: Once the bins have been distributed by the local authority, their use is continuous. The compostable bags, on the other hand, must be acquired on an on-going basis and must therefore be easy to buy (reasonably priced and available in local shops or vending machines).

> Other related measures: • Implementing the selective collection/management of OFMSW.

> Examples: • Municipalities that have introduced the aerated bin: El Masnou, Argentona, Sant Fruitós del Bages, etc.

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> Aimed at: 4 Prevention of the organic fraction Citizens, food retailers and food-related commercial activities, facilities with canteen services, restaurants and caterers

A4. Promoting measures to combat food > Description of measures: wastage. Responsible purchasing and • To compile and issue guidelines to ensure that: consumption of foodstuffs • Retailers minimise the quantities of foodstuffs whose use-by date expires before they are sold. • Consumers do not buy more foodstuffs than they can con - > Aim: sume before they go off. Avoiding food wastage and encouraging responsible purchasing • The general public, restaurants and caterers and facilities with and consumption. canteen services (schools, care homes, hospitals, etc.) are pro - vided with guidelines on using the food scraps generated > Background: during preparation and leftovers from meals. The aim is to avoid the accumulation of surplus food which • The preparation of meals for festivals and public events is cor - goes off before it can be consumed, and to find alternative rectly managed. uses for those surpluses which do occur. This involves meas - • Channels are created through social initiatives to make use of ures to prevent the generation of the organic fraction which surplus foodstuffs which are in good condition but unsold for are feasible and often very simple to implement and which, various reasons. furthermore, can produce economic and social benefits. These • Food banks are one of these channels. They take foodstuffs measures should also include measures to make use of surplus which are no longer saleable but are still consumable and dis - foodstuffs generated during the preparation of meals. tribute them to the needy via charitable organisations.

A recent study by WRAP 16 concluded that one third of all food pur - This work is done in Catalonia by the Banc dels Aliments and chased by households in the UK goes directly to waste. other NGOs. Local governments can support such initiatives by promoting them and helping them access donors and can even This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - be involved in setting up and managing them in the initial GREMIC 2007-2012 stages or in the long term.

> Promoter: > Resources needed: Local council Creation of a food bank or service to foster contacts between charitable institutions and donors (optional). 16 See http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com page 87

> Instruments for implementation: > Monitoring indicators: E/CI. Communication campaign to foster measures to combat • Number of guides distributed to the public. food wastage and responsible purchasing and consumption. • Number of agreements signed. E/CI. Guide to measures to combat food wastage and responsible • Number of restaurants and facilities with canteen services purchasing and consumption. implementing waste prevention measures. OI. Agreements with retailers to implement measures to pre - • Number of food-related businesses implementing waste vent food wastage and to donate to food banks. prevention measures. • Number of companies donating food. > Timeline: • Quantity of foodstuffs used by food banks. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to remind the target audience of the benefits of this practice. A food bank requires initial involvement in its creation and on- going involvement, if it is managed by the local authority. The most practical mechanism for local organisations to get involved is in fostering contacts between donors and the managers of food banks.

> Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 21

> Examples: • Fundació Banc dels Aliments http://www.bancdelsaliments.org • European Federation of Food Banks http://www.eurofoodbank.org/ • Website providing advice and experience on reducing food waste http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/ • Fareshare, Community Food Network www.fareshare.org.uk

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> Description of measures: 5 Prevention of the paper Regulations on the distribution of different types of advertising material and free newspapers to introduce the following waste and cardboard fraction prevention measures:

• The materials used must be controlled, requiring producers to use a certain percentage of recycled material. A5. Regulations on advertising materials • The use of packaging should be minimised. and/or free newspapers • Distributors must respect notices placed on letterboxes by residents requesting that no advertising materials be posted in > Aim: them. The local authority can also run campaigns encouraging To regulate and control the distribution of advertising materials the public to use ‘No advertising, thank you’ stickers. and free newspapers in the municipality. • When advertising materials and free newspapers are handed out in the street, waste collection systems and systems for > Background: cleaning up the area within a certain radius of the distribution The quantities of paper generated in recent years have points must be provided. increased. The increase in advertising materials and especially • A list can be set up allowing residents to request advertising the spread of free newspapers are among the main causes of material not be addressed to them. The companies that this problem. produce advertising materials and the main distributors thereof can voluntarily subscribe to this list. The activity of this sector must be controlled within the munic - ipality in order to reduce the impact of distributing advertising > Resources needed: materials and free newspapers in the street and to homes (mak - Distribution of ‘No advertising, thank you’ stickers. Service to over - ing the city scruffy, annoying the public, generating waste, etc.). see adherence to the regulations.

This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - > Instruments for implementation: GREMIC 2007-2012. E/CI . Communication campaign to encourage the public to refuse unaddressed advertising material and distribution > Promoter: of ‘No advertising, thank you’ stickers, which residents can Local council voluntarily place on their letterboxes or in the entrance to buildings. > Aimed at: EI. Charges for licences to distribute advertising and free Distributors, citizens newspapers and deposits for carrying out these activities. page 89

OI. Agreements with the distributors of advertising materials and free newspapers and with the businesses related to this 6 distribution. Prevention of the paper RI. Municipal ordinances regulating the distribution of advertis - ing materials (handed out in the street or unaddressed mate - and cardboard fraction rials delivered to letterboxes) and free newspapers.

> Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. A6. Promoting the responsible use of paper Once implemented, the application of the ordinance and the dis - and the dematerialisation of information tribution activities taking place in the municipality must be con - tinuously monitored. > Aim: To establish habits that lead to the responsible use of paper and > Examples: the dematerialisation of information. • Bústies Netes [Clean Letterboxes] campaign, Girona City Council http://www.progremic.cat/index.php/ca/2011-10-28-08-48- > Background: 50?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage2.tpl&product The quantities of paper generated in recent years have increased. _id=28&category_id=3 There are methods for correctly managing information and the • Stop Pub, French Environment and Energy Management use of paper in both private and government offices in order to Agency (ADEME) http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/KBaseShow?sort=- save paper. 1&cid=96&m=3&catid=23833 • Stop Unwanted Mail, Zero Waste Scotland This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - http://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/stopthedrop GREMIC 2007-2012.

> Monitoring indicators: > Promoter: • Number of ‘No advertising, thank you’ stickers distributed. Local council • Number of agreements signed. • Number of operating licences issued for the distribution of > Aimed at: advertising materials and free newspapers. Private and government offices • Quantity of advertising materials no longer received by households. To estimate the waste prevented, the materials received by a > Description of measures: typical household participating in the ‘No advertising, thank Introduction of habits that lead to the responsible use of paper you’ campaign over a period of time can be compared with and dematerialisation of information based on the application of that received in a non-participating household. the following best practices:

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• Using an intranet for internal circulars, press, news items, • Circulating a single draft document to be corrected by several documents, staff information, etc. If there is no intranet, ensure people. that documents and reports are circulated rather than • Accepting internal documents with hand-written corrections. distributing individual copies. • Implementing digital signature systems for certain procedures • Setting up a good system for consulting printed documents, and notifications. publications, newspapers, etc., with a single person responsible • Training and online courses for employees. for filing them correctly, so they can be consulted by everyone in the office or department. > Instruments for implementation: • Storage of documents on CD/DVD or hard disks rather than making E/CI. Communication campaign to foster the responsible use of paper copies and using central filing systems for paper copies. paper and the dematerialisation of information. • Correcting documents on the screen before printing them. E/CI. Guide to best practices in the responsible use of paper and • Subscribing to electronic versions of newspapers, magazines the dematerialisation of information. and other publications. Avoid subscribing to catalogues and EI. Rebates on waste management fee for offices that intro - magazines that are not of interest. duce best practices in the responsible use of paper and the • Using e-mail to exchange documentation, news and for dematerialisation of information. external communications. OI. Agreements with offices in the municipality to implement • Sending faxes from the computer (without having to print them). these practices. • Ordering supplies by telephone or e-mail. • Reusing paper printed on only one side (for making notes, > Timeline: drafts, internal documents, etc.). Once the habits and mechanisms that enable the responsible use • Printing non-important documents as drafts to save ink. of paper and the dematerialisation of information have been • Using double-sided photocopying and printing. established, these practices are on-going. It is important to begin • Shrinking originals to reduce the number of pages to photocopy. with the easiest practices and progressively introduce more com - • Consider issues such as the size of fonts and margins before plex practices. printing. • Reviewing the weight of paper used for printing letters, envelopes and publications, and encourage the use of After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to lightweight paper. remind the target audience of the benefits of this practice. • Reusing envelopes or using double-use envelopes. • Reviewing and updating contact lists to ensure that repeated, > Other related measures: old or non-useful addresses are removed. • Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21 • Sending only one copy per address and asking recipients to • Implementation of selective collection systems for paper and request additional copies if they are interested. cardboard in offices. page 91

> Examples: • Ajuntament + Sostenible campaign, Barcelona City Council 7 Prevention of the paper http://www.bcn.cat/agenda21/ajuntamentsostenible/paper.htm • A paperless school day, Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) and cardboard fraction http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/arc/Home/Ambits%20dactuaci o/Prevencio/Setmana%20europea%20prevencio%20de%20resi dus/documents/Fitxa%2023.pdf A7. Encouraging the reuse of textbooks • A paperless day at government offices, Waste Agency of and other books Catalonia (ARC) http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/arc/Home/Ambits%20dactuaci > Aim: o/Prevencio/Setmana%20europea%20prevencio%20de%20resi Introduction of a programme to reuse textbooks and other books dus/documents/Fitxa%2021.pdf in schools.

> Monitoring indicators: > Background: • Number of guides distributed. The quantities of paper generated in recent years have • Number of agreements signed. increased. It is therefore necessary to examine all means of • Number and types of measures implemented. reducing consumption. Textbooks are generally used for one • Number of municipal offices following best practices. year, and their useful life can be extended to at least four years. • Number of offices implementing best practices. This will reduce the consumption of paper and introduce con - • Number of machines with paper-saving options (double-sided cepts of environmental awareness and responsible consump - photocopiers, faxes which can be sent directly from the tion in schools. This measure will also help to significantly reduce computer, etc.). the cost to families of buying textbooks and supplementary • Reduction in the quantity of paper purchased and consumed. educational material. This saving can be estimated by comparing the paper currently purchased with that purchased in financial periods prior to > Promoter: implementing the measures. The savings should be monitored Local council (and the Government of Catalonia) when new measures are introduced. > Aimed at: Schools

> Description of measures: To create a stock of books and educational material owned by the school that can be lent to students and reused where possible.

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The schools buy the textbooks and complementary educational > Timeline: materials using financial contributions from the families who join The programme to reuse textbooks covers a single academic year, as the scheme and grants from the Government of Catalonia it will be necessary to adjust the demand for books each year awarded through the Department of Education's Cooperation depending on the number of students joining the scheme. It is advis - Programme to Promote the Reuse of Textbooks and able to launch the project in a way that is easy to organise and man - Supplementary Teaching Materials 17 . These books are loaned to age, i.e. starting with a specific cycle (e.g. pre-school or primary). The the students, who are required to take care of them and return scope of the scheme can be extended in subsequent academic years. them in good condition at the end of the course. Under the terms of the aforementioned Cooperation Programme, text - > Other related measures: books are considered to have a minimum useful life of at least • Implementation of selective collection systems for paper and four years. The centre must prepare an implementation plan and cardboard at schools. a programme development report in order to apply for a grant and to identify potential for improvements. > Examples : • Public acquisition of textbooks and educational materials, CEIP This measure can be furthered by donations of reading books to La Sedeta non-profit organisations or, in some cases, to municipal libraries. http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Educacio/Documents/ARXIUS/ doc_51136386_1.pdf > Resources needed: • Public acquisition process for textbooks, CEIP Ramon Masip- Books and supplementary teaching materials. Service for man - Dolors Granés aging book stocks. http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Educacio/Documents/ARXIUS/ doc_18163771_1.pdf > Instruments for implementation: • Llibre Verd [Green Book], CEIP Maria Borès de la Pobla de Claramunt E/CI. Information campaign aimed at schools to foster the devel - http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Educacio/Documents/ARXIUS/ opment of schemes to reuse books. doc_51937415_1.pdf • Service to collect children's books and send them to Latin America, Interlibros http://www.interlibros.org/ • Book reuse experiences at schools, Government of Catalonia (GENCAT) http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/mediambient/menuitem.8 f64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=648b0acb0f5 17 The regulatory basis for the Cooperation Programme to Promote the Reuse of 97210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=648b0ac Textbooks and Supplementary Teaching Materials was approved by ORDER EDU/277/2008, of 2 June. b0f597210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default page 93

> Monitoring indicators: • Number of schools participating in programmes to reuse 8 Prevention of the packaging textbooks. • Number of students participating in programmes to reuse fraction textbooks. • Number of books reused each year. A8. Encouraging the public to drink tap water • Number of books saved based on the number of students participating in the programme and the number of books it was not necessary to buy as a result of implementing the > Aim: programme. To encourage people to drink tap water instead of bottled water. • Cost savings on textbooks. > Background: In some municipalities, the majority of the population do not like the taste of the tap water and therefore there are high levels of consumption of bottled water. This is because the organolep - tic properties, which affect the public's perceptions of the qual - ity of the water, are not ideal.

Buying, transporting and storing large quantities of bottled water is a nuisance for households as well as being significantly more costly than using tap water. There are also environmental issues associated with the widespread use of bottled water, which the public rarely consider, including the energy consumed in trans - porting it and in the manufacture of bottles, and the waste gen - erated, some of which is difficult to manage (PVC).

The large number of waste water bottles and jugs generated has a major impact on municipal collection services. Light pack - aging is usually voluminous (bins fill up quickly as the public rarely squeeze the air out of the bottles), resulting in a high col - lection cost per tonne. Furthermore, the opening on the recy - cling bins for plastics is not always big enough for the largest water bottles.

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This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - > Timeline: GREMIC 2007-2012. The use of purification systems is on-going. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. > Promoter: Local council > Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21 > Aimed at: Citizens > Examples: • Sale of water in large bottles and reusable bottles, > Description of measures: Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) Encouraging the general public to use tap water instead of buy - http://www.uab.es/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=10902264341 ing bottled water by promoting the use of devices to improve its 00¬iciaid=1197012884941&pagename=UAB%2FPage%2FTe quality (where it is not possible to improve the organoleptic prop - mplatePlanaDivsNoticiesdetall erties of the local water supply). • Aigua embotellada, ampolla llençada [Bottled water, bottle Purification systems eliminate contaminants in water for human discarded], University of Barcelona (UB) consumption (drinking, cooking, etc.) and improve the taste. The http://www.ub.edu/ossma/mediambient/documents/40- different technologies produce water of varying levels of purity. AiguaEnvas.pdf There are three main systems : • Take Back The Tap, Food and Water Watch • Distillation http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/pubs/reports/take- • Reverse osmosis back-the-tap • Carbon filters • Société Anonyme de Gestion des Eaux de Paris http://www.eaudeparis.fr/ > Resources needed: Distribution of purification systems (subsidised sale or otherwise). Monitoring indicators • Number of purification systems distributed. > Instruments for implementation: • Number of homes with water purification systems. E/CI. Communication campaign to encourage the public to drink • Estimated quantity of water bottles saved. tap water instead of bottled water. Based on consumption of 2-4 litres of water per day per person EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the consumption of for drinking and cooking, the size of the population and the tap water using purification systems. number of homes using purification systems, the number of EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of purification bottles saved can be estimated. This figure may require systems. adjustment as part of an individual's water consumption may occur outside the home, depending on their lifestyle. page 95

rial collected from each point being small (an igloo recycling bin 9 Prevention of the packaging can hold about 50 kg of packaging waste). Because of these fac - tors, the collection of packaging waste is one of the least energy- fraction efficient collection processes.

It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC A9. Promoting the supply of and demand 2007-2012. for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk Promoter: Local council Aim: Aimed at: To increase the supply of products with less packaging and prod - Citizens, commercial activities and retailers ucts sold in bulk and encourage consumers to buy them. Description of measures: Background: To promote the availability in local shops of the following types of In recent decades there has been a great increase in the use of dis - product, which reduce the amount of packaging waste generat - posable containers and packaging, leading to the progressive dis - ed, and encourage the public to buy them, thus bringing about a appearance from the market of returnable and reusable containers. change in consumer habits: These products have a very short working life and are responsible • Loose products: eggs, cold meats, meat, vegetables, frozen for the increase in the volume of container and packaging waste. food, nuts, olives, bread, pens, pencils, etc. This phenomenon is emphasised by the use of marketing strate - • Cleaning and personal hygiene products sold in bulk: soap, gies based on greater use of containers and packaging, increasing detergent, etc. the quantity and variety of material used to a point where it plays • Products sold in large-capacity containers: water, yoghurt, no useful role in containing or protecting the product. cleaning products, cocoa, biscuits, drinks, oil, etc. • Concentrated products: dishwasher detergent, soap for To date, the selective collection of packaging in recycling bins has washing clothes, cleaning products, fabric softener, etc. generally proved inefficient in relation to the financial cost and • Products which do not have individual or superfluous expenditure of energy required to collect a tonne of waste, packaging, e.g. polystyrene trays, cardboard boxes which cover because of limited participation by the public and the low densi - strong containers (toothpaste, eau de cologne, tuna, etc.). ty of this type of waste. Collecting this type of waste involves a • Products in returnable glass containers. Cans and aseptic great deal of work because of its high volume and low density. In cartons for drinks should be replaced wherever possible by many cases it has to be collected at frequent intervals from bins reusable containers. which are located at widely scattered points, the amount of mate -

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Participation by businesses involves: Examples: • Making the listed products available to the public. • Manlleu redueix els seus residus [Manlleu reduces its waste], • Indicating products with less packaging and placing them in a Manlleu Town Council. prominent position on shelves, in cold cabinets, etc. http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/d14 • Designating areas for food items sold loose and cleaning or _ajmanlleu.pdf personal hygiene products sold in dispensers. • A Palafrugell reduïm residus [In Palafrugell, we reduce waste], • Eliminating padding in the packaging of bags, backpacks, Palafrugell Town Council. purses, shoes, etc. http://ajpalafrugell.org/content/view/97/127/ • Reducing the use of cling film and sealing material. • Study on the present and future outlook for food products sold • Where possible, giving discounts on these products or offering in bulk. Organisation of Consumers and Users of Catalonia discount vouchers or similar incentives. (OCUC). http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/050 Instruments for implementation: 27.pdf E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for • Project for preventing municipal waste at Bonpreu group products with less packaging and products sold in bulk. stores in Catalonia, Bon Preu S.A. E/CI. Advisory group on making products with less packaging http://www.bonpreu.cat/pag1.php?idSubF=145&idF=5 and products sold in bulk available in shops. • Caprabo, a model of sustainable commerce, Caprabo. E/CI. Guide to buying and selling products with less http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/ packaging and products sold in bulk. caprabo.pdf EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling and pro- • Network of Environmentally Friendly Shops. moting products with less packaging and products sold in bulk. http://www.residusiconsum.org/index.php?Itemid=33&id=16& OI. Agreements with the retail sector for its participation in option=com_content&view=article this initiative. Monitoring indicators: Timeline: • Number of guides distributed. Once mechanisms for promoting the availability of products with • Number of businesses promoting products with less less packaging and products sold in bulk have been introduced in packaging. shops, this practice can continue indefinitely. • Number of businesses promoting products sold in bulk. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to • Number of products available with less packaging. reinforce the change in consumer habits. • Volume of products with less packaging purchased. • Number of products available sold in bulk. Other related measures: • Volume of products sold in bulk purchased. • Measures for waste prevention: 10, 11, 17, 20, 21, 22 page 97

agreements with the groups involved with a view to achieving a 10 Prevention of the packaging 30% reduction in the number of disposable plastic bags per capi - ta given out by shops by 2009, and a 50% reduction by 2012. If fraction these targets are not met, sanctions are to be introduced (a tax with a compulsory charge for the user).

A10. Promoting the replacement of disposable Promoter: bags with reusable bags Local council

Aim: Aimed at: To encourage a change of habit in the distribution and use of dis - Citizens, commercial activities and retailers posable bags and their replacement by reusable bags. Description of measures: Background: Bringing about a change in people's habits regarding the use of Although the weight generated by disposable bags (carrier bags reusable containers for carrying purchases, instead of the and the plastic bags used to weigh fruit, vegetables, fish, meat, disposable bags and other packaging provided by shops. The etc.) is not great, and even bearing in mind that they are often following are to be encouraged: reused for household waste, the number of bags of this type used in Catalonia is enormous (estimated to be over 14 million per Shopping in general: week). 18 • Shopping bags, baskets and shopping trolleys. The distribution of these bags also has an impact on the environ - • Reusable shopping bags (plastic, cotton, etc.). ment, as they are often left in public areas and may block drains, • Reusable boxes (cardboard boxes, folding plastic boxes). among other problems. They also cause disruption in the man - • Compostable bags (although they may not be suitable for agement of selective waste at treatment plants. reuse, they can have a second use for OFMSW collection, with Changing consumer habits regarding disposable bags involves a the corresponding benefits). major effort to raise people's awareness of how wasteful they are Other items (replacement of other packaging used by shops): and of the possibilities of preventing waste, as they are a clearly • Fabric bags for bread. identifiable everyday item that symbolises our current lifestyle • Reusable egg boxes and food boxes. and habits of consumption. • Reusable bags for frozen food. This is one of the preventive measures envisaged in the PRO - GREMIC 2007-2012. To regulate their use, it proposes voluntary Shops should take the following measures to penalise the distri - bution of disposable bags and promote reusable bags and other 18 Estimate provided by the Foundation for Preventing Waste and Responsible Consumption reusable containers:

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• Charging for disposable bags or giving customers a discount Other related measures: for not requiring them. • Measures for waste prevention: 9, 22 • Promoting and distributing disposable bags or lending bags (a loan system has to be set up). Examples: • Promoting and distributing other reusable containers such as • Millor que una bossa de plàstic [Better than a plastic bag], Bon cardboard boxes and folding plastic boxes which can be lent Preu S.A. to customers (a loan system has to be set up). http://www.bonpreu.cat/pag1.php?idSubF=145&idF=5 • Offering a delivery service without excessive packaging. • A Terrassa reduïm els residus! [In Terrassa, we reduce waste!] The experience of bakers in Terrassa, Terrassa Town Council. Instruments for implementation: http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/5j_prevenciorm/b E/CI. Campaign to publicise the replacement of disposable 3_d.pdf bags with reusable containers and encouraging the • I per comprar... millor el cabàs [When going shopping... take your replacement of other additional packaging in shops. bag along], Prats de Lluçanès Town Council. E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of mechanisms to http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/0 promote the replacement of disposable bags with reusable 5055.pdf containers. • Catalunya lliure de bosses [Catalonia, bag-free], Catalan EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops promoting Foundation for Waste Prevention and Responsible the replacement of disposable bags with reusable Consumption. containers. http://www.residusiconsum.org/catlliurebosses/ EI. Loan system for returnable bags or boxes. • Agreement with the XarxaFarma Association to reduce the use OI. Agreements with shops to promote the replacement of of plastic bags, Waste Agency of Catalonia disposable bags with reusable containers. http://www.arc.cat/ca/noticies/noticies_detall.asp?oid=1084 RI. Regulations governing disposable bags and reusable alternatives. Monitoring indicators: • Number of guides distributed. Timeline: • Number of reusable containers distributed by the local Once mechanisms for promoting the replacement of disposable council. bags with reusable alternatives have been introduced in shops, • Number of businesses promoting reusable containers. this practice can continue indefinitely. • Number of reusable containers distributed by businesses. • Estimate of the number of disposable bags saved. Calculation After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to of the difference in the number of bags distributed by shops reinforce the change in consumer habits. before and after the introduction of these measures. page 99

Promoter: 11 Prevention of the packaging Local council fraction Aimed at: Commercial activity and retailers

A11. Promoting the use of less packaging Description of measures: (secondary and tertiary) Enabling the shops in the municipality to reduce the amount of secondary and tertiary packaging in order to reduce the gener - Aim: ation of packaging waste by requiring suppliers to do the fol - To limit the use of large amounts of secondary and tertiary pack - lowing: aging by shops and distributors, thus eliminating unnecessary • Adapt containers and packaging to the volume and weight of packaging. goods. • Pack a number of items together in light packaging and avoid Background: packing items individually. In recent decades there has been a great increase in the use of sin - • Minimise the space between items without endangering their gle-use packaging in general and this has affected the use of sec - condition. ondary packaging (that used to transport goods in primary packag - • Use reusable cardboard or plastic boxes for distribution ing or in their own containers) in particular and tertiary packaging (replacing containers made of polystyrene). (used to transport a number of items in secondary packaging), • Use reusable packaging. leading to an increase in the generation of this type of waste. • Reduce the number of wooden cases. • Reduce the use of plastic film and sealing material. When commercial undertakings do not have approved waste • Use reusable pallets. managers, or an internal system in the case of commercial chains, • Use standardised pallets to facilitate reuse. secondary packaging from commercial sources often ends up • Verify whether empty packaging can be used in the shop for being deposited in selective municipal waste collection systems other purposes (for publicity, to replace bags for carrying or in those for the non-segregated fraction, if it is not correctly purchases, etc.). managed. The presence of this packaging constitutes a problem for selective waste disposal, as the size and design of bins and Instruments for implementation: dumpsters is often unsuitable for this type of waste. E/CI. Campaign to promote a reduction in the use of secondary and tertiary packaging in shops. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of measures to reduce 2007-2012. packaging.

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EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops applying measures to reduce packaging. 12 Prevention of the glass fraction OI. Agreements with the retail sector for its participation in this initiative. A12. Promotion of reusable glass containers Timeline: Once mechanisms for reducing packaging have been introduced, Aim: this practice can continue indefinitely. Promoting the introduction of reusable glass containers, especial - ly in HORECA businesses. Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 9, 20 Background: In recent years there has been a significant fall in the use of Examples: reusable containers. The old, widespread system of deposits, • Project for preventing municipal waste at Bonpreu group which was applied to many containers for decades, has been stores in Catalonia, Bon Preu S.A. gradually disappearing, largely because of changing patterns of http://www.bonpreu.cat/pag1.php?idSubF=145&idF=5 consumption and new systems of distribution. • Caprabo, a model of sustainable commerce, Caprabo http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/cap Most life-cycle analyses (LCA) carried out to date show that the rabo.pdf environmental impact of returnable containers is much less • Project for preventing municipal waste at the Corte Inglés and than that caused by disposable containers (especially if return - Hipercor stores in Catalonia, El Corte Inglés able containers are compared with cartons, tins and non- http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/cort returnable glass). These results bear out the sense of the poli - eingles.pdf cies and management structure established in European regu - http://prensa.elcorteinglescorporativo.es/view_object.html?obj lations. =21,c,1067 The reuse of glass containers is thus preferable to recycling in Monitoring indicators: ecological terms when the distance over which the containers • Number of guides distributed. are transported is not more than 200-300 km (for products con - • Number of businesses applying measures to reduce packaging. sumed within this radius from the packaging point). Various studies indicate that the use of reusable glass containers is jus - tified if the container has a working life of 10 to 20 cycles (reusable containers that will withstand a minimum of 10 cycles). page 101

There is broad agreement that drinks and certain liquid food To encourage the introduction of this type of container, it is nec - products are the most suitable items for packing in reusable con - essary to inform businesses of the full range of products in return - tainers. Indeed, it is in this sector that the highest percentages of able containers available on the market and the names of the container reuse are recorded in all countries. companies and distributors supplying them.

It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Consumers must also be encouraged to demand this type of con - 2007-2012. The aim is to encourage the reuse of containers tainer in local shops and businesses. through existing deposit-refund systems (DRS) and, for certain single-use containers, promote deposit-refund systems to Instruments for implementation: increase selective waste collection at source (DRS mr). 19 E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for products in reusable glass containers. Promoter: E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of products in reusable Local council glass containers. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling Aimed at: products in reusable glass containers. Hotels, restaurants and catering, retail food outlets EI. Deposit system for returnable glass containers sold in shops. Description of measures: OI. Agreements with hotels, restaurants, caterers and shops Encouraging the reuse of reusable glass containers in hotels, selling food products for the introduction of products in restaurants and catering establishments, by developing agree - reusable glass containers. ments with these sectors. They will be promoted especially for drinks and liquid products. Timeline: Once products in reusable glass containers have been intro - The scheme could also be extended to other shops in the munic - duced, the practice can continue indefinitely. ipality selling food products, where the sale of reusable glass con - After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to tainers could be encouraged. This involves the return of the encourage demand for reusable glass containers. empty container to the shop and the payment of a deposit by the consumer. Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21, 22

19 In the second case the aim is to ensure that the containers in the scheme are returned to the point of sale by charging a deposit. This leads to a high rate of selective waste collec - tion and subsequent recycling.

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Examples: • Residus: com menys, millor [Waste, the less the better], Reus 13 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Town Council http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/reus fraction .pdf • Project to prevent municipal waste in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Sant Andreu de Llavaneres Town Council A13. Fostering the reuse of clothing http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/llav aneres.pdf Aim: To encourage the reuse of clothing and footwear, giving it a second Monitoring indicators: useful life. • Number of agreements signed. • Number of businesses offering products in reusable glass Background: containers. It has been calculated that each individual consumes nearly 10 kg of • Quantity and types of product sold in reusable glass containers textile products each year and the renewal of people's clothing in the municipality. gen erates a large amount of waste which goes to landfill sites. A • Estimate of the volume of products sold in reusable glass considerable proportion of the clothes thrown away (and some of containers in the municipality (based on information on sales the footwear) can be reused when they have been conditioned in shops and other outlets). (washed, mended, etc.), thus reducing the amount of textile waste and saving water and energy equivalent to the amounts that would have been consumed in the manufacture of these goods.

The reuse of clothing is thus beneficial for the environment and, if it is managed by businesses which help to create jobs, there is an added social benefit.

This is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC 2007-2012 .

Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations

Aimed at: Citizens page 103

Description of measures: OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to introduce Encouraging the recovery and subsequent reuse of clothing and systems for collecting textiles and promote sales outlets for footwear, providing collection points where the public can leave second-hand clothing and footwear. these used items. Clothing and footwear which are no longer used can thus be taken to various places: Timeline: • Bins located on the street and at strategic points in the After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. municipality where large numbers of people congregate: markets, social centres, schools, civic centres, etc. Other related measures: • Municipal waste collection facilities. • Measures for waste prevention: 15 • Parish churches working with organisations collecting these items. • Non-profit organisations which carry out door-to-door collections. Examples: • Roba Amiga, Caixa Catalunya Obra Social Processing of the items collected is usually by social integration www.robaamiga.cat enterprises, although the local authorities may participate • Humana Spain through the management of their waste collection facilities or by http://www.humana-spain.org/catalan/ providing collection boxes in the street. • Slow Fashion http://www.faircompanies.com/main.aspx?uc=notampl&id=36 After collection, the clothing is sorted, classified and conditioned 0&sec=1 according to its quality so that it can be disposed of appropriate - • Oldberri, Cáritas Gipuzkoa Foundation ly: donated, sent to shops or markets, or sold in bulk. Clothes http://www.sarea.com/cas/oldberri.php which are not of sufficiently good quality to be reused can be used as raw material for the manufacture of blankets, soundproof - Monitoring indicators: ing material, etc., or recycled as cloths for use in industry. The • Number of agreements signed. remainder is disposed of in incinerators or landfills. • Number of collection points set up for clothing and footwear. The reuse of clothing can also be promoted in schools, where • Number of sales points for second-hand clothing and overalls, uniforms and sportswear can be reused. footwear. • Amounts of clothing and footwear collected per year. Instruments for implementation: • Amounts of clothing and footwear reused. E/CI. Campaign to encourage the public to donate and reuse second-hand clothing and footwear. E/CI. Guide to the network of sales outlets for second-hand clothing and footwear and the collection systems available in the municipality.

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Description of measures: 14 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Promoting the use of reusable nappies by nursery schools, geri - atric centres and members of the public who use nappies. fraction In Catalonia, experiments in the use of cloth nappies have been carried out in municipal nursery schools in Sant Cugat del Vallès and some nursing homes in the Barcelona metropolitan area. A14. Promoting the use of reusable nappies To experiment with their use, it is necessary to do the following: Aim: • Reach an agreement with teachers and carers and ensure that To introduce the use of reusable nappies in nursery schools, nurs - parents or the users themselves accept their use. ing homes and private homes. • Select the type of nappy according to criteria such as: Background: • Comfort and how well it adapts to the baby's body Nappies need to be considered when formulating measures to • Good absorption prevent municipal waste both because of their weight (they • Can withstand repeated washing account for 2%-4% of all waste by weight) and because they • No significant leakage cannot be recycled. They can only be sent to facilities for final • Texture and fabric suitable for babies' skins, disposal. not causing irritation or allergies

It should be remembered that nappies are used not only by chil - There are two types of reusable nappy: dren, who may use 6,000 nappies in their early years, but also by • Fully reusable nappies: the elderly , some of whom may need six per day. These must be washed after every use. It has been estimated that they generate 60 times less solid waste than This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - conventional disposable nappies. They call for a significant GREMIC 2007-2012. initial investment but after this the only cost is that of washing. The main limitation is the additional work for Promoter: parents, who have to wash the used nappies. Local council • Partially reusable nappies: They consist of a reusable wrap and a disposable Aimed at: compostable insert. They are more convenient for users than Citizens, nursery schools, nursing homes the previous type, although they do not lead to such a substantial reduction in this waste fraction. The main limitation is their high cost. page 105

• Determine the need for nappies and how they are used. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of • In nursery schools, the number of reusable nappies must reusable nappies. be calculated according to each child's needs. The EI. Subsidies for the purchase of reusable nappies and for calculation must include nappies changed in the school the use of the collection and laundry service if this is and those changed by the parents at home. introduced by the local council. • In nursing homes, the number of reusable nappies has to be calculated according to the needs of each user. In this Timeline: case the system is simpler, as nappies are not changed After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organ - outside the centre. ised.

• Establish the system for distributing, washing and drying Other related measures: nappies. • Measures for waste prevention: 15 Soiled nappies are usually placed in sealed containers. Washing may be carried out by an internal laundry service. Otherwise, Examples: there may be an external system for collecting, washing and • Introduction of reusable nappies in homes in Sant Cugat del distributing them. Current experience suggests that soiled Vallès, Sant Cugat del Vallès Town Council nappies will need to be collected approximately every two http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/5j_prevenciorm/b2_b.pdf days (they are transported in plastic bags in 120-litre • Reuse of sanitary material. Entitat del Medi Ambient containers). http://www.amb.cat/web/emma/residus/prevencio/reutilitzaci o/material_sanitari Promoting the domestic use of reusable nappies is positive, as it • The Real Nappy Campaign will increase demand for the product, which can thus become http://www.realnappies-wales.org.uk more competitive in the market. For their part, local authorities http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Real%20Nappies%20U can consider setting up a centralised public system for buying sing%20Guide%2018022011%20Doc01.pdf reusable nappies more economically or subsidise their purchase by private individuals. Monitoring indicators: • Nombre Number of nursery schools and children using Resources needed: reusable nappies. Design and logistics of the service. Regular laboratory analysis to • Number of nursing homes and elderly people using reusable assess the service's standards of hygiene. nappies. • Numbers of families, children and elderly people using Instruments for implementation: reusable nappies. E/CI. Campaign to promote the use of reusable nappies. • Number of reusable nappies subsidised by local authorities.

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• Number of families using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. 15 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ • Number of nursery schools using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. fraction • Number of nursing homes using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. • Number of disposable nappies saved. A15. Fostering the reuse of goods and products Estimate based on the number of users of reusable nappies according to type (babies by age and the elderly) and standard Aim: consumption for each type of user. To encourage the reuse of goods and products in the municipality.

Background: Many goods and products no longer needed by their owners are still in good working order (or can be used for other purposes) and can thus be reused.

By reuse we understand using a product in its original form more than once, either for its original purpose or a different one, with or without a process of preparation for its reuse.

Thus, by promoting the operations needed to prepare products for reuse (a definition of this new term, introduced by the PRO - GREMIC 2007-2012, is given in Section 4.2) and the practice of reuse itself, we can extend the useful life of many consumer goods and products.

This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - GREMIC 2007-2012.

Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations page 107

Aimed at: Through non-profit organisations: Citizens • Encouraging the collection of bulky objects by non-profit organisations. Normally they collect these items from the Description of measures: user's home when requested, dismantling them if Encouraging the reuse of goods and products via the following necessary. channels: • Encouraging the sale or donation of second-hand items by non-profit organisations. Local council services: • The creation of reuse centres linked to waste collection Through the sale and purchase of second-hand goods: points and other municipal facilities. These centres can offer • Encouraging users to take goods directly to second-hand reusable items such as bulky objects collected by the shops where they can be sold. municipal waste collection services and products contributed directly by the public. The second-hand items Through direct reuse at home: can be collected free by users or they may be asked to pay a • Encouraging people to reuse products for other purposes in small charge. Reuse centres can be associated with centres the home (containers used to hold other products, newspaper for repairs and a website set up to publicise the items and gift wrapping paper used to wrap other items, textiles available. used for cleaning cloths, etc.). • Fostering municipal second-hand and exchange markets. • Encouraging the purchase of products designed to be These markets can have an associated website where products reused. offered and wanted can be shown and they can be linked to reuse centres. Through activities for reusing products creatively: • Encouraging municipal donations of reusable goods. • Promoting the use of waste as raw material for art or craft • Encouraging the specific collection of bulky waste work: furniture, lamps, corporate gifts, fashion, crafts and (furniture, WEEE, etc.) for future reuse. With a view to decoration in general. facilitating the possible preparation of products for reuse in the future, priority should be given to collecting Resources needed: material from the users' homes when they request this Reuse centres associated with waste collection centres and service, so that goods remain in good condition. other second-hand and exchange markets and facilities. Website Alternative systems may also be used. Bulky objects or for the reuse of products, publicising offers and requests and other products may be taken by users to municipal waste facilitating the exchange of goods. Specific municipal waste col - collection centres, they may be left at specific collection lection services for bulky objects. points in the street, and they can be collected when users have abandoned them.

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Instruments for implementation: Monitoring indicators: E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote systems for reuse and the • Number of guides distributed. use of reusable products. • Number of agreements signed. E/CI. Guide to the network of points where reusable products • Number of collection points and systems for used goods. are sold or donated, systems for collecting or contributing • Number of second-hand goods sales, exchange or donation used items, and advice on reuse. points. E/CI. Website dealing with the reuse of goods and products. • Number of people using the reuse centre. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of reuse centres • Number of people using second-hand markets. and an on-request service for the collection of bulky objects. • Number of people using the reuse website. EI. Municipal subsidies for businesses and non-profit • Type and quantity of goods reused at the reuse centre. organisations engaged in activities for the reuse of products. • Type and quantity of goods reused at second-hand markets. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to provide • Quantity of goods offered on the reuse website. collection services for used goods and the sale or donation • Quantity of goods requested on the reuse website. of second-hand items. • Quantity of goods exchanged on the reuse website.

Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised to promote reuse.

Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22

Examples: • Tools to encourage reuse, Girona City Council http://www.deixalleriadegirona.org/ • The Freecycle Network, an international network for reuse http://www.freecycle.org/ • Second-hand markets, Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona database http://www.amb.cat/web/emma/residus/prevencio/ reutilitzacio/mercat_segona_ma • Reciclem Reutilitzant [We Recycle by Reusing] http://www.reutil.net/ page 109

Promoter: 16 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Local council, non-profit organisations fraction Aimed at: Citizens

A16. Fostering the repair of goods and products Description of measures: Encouraging the creation of programmes and activities to pre - Aim: pare products for reuse as a measure for prevention before they To encourage reuse through the repair of goods and products. become waste, via the following measures: • Setting up a municipal repair programme through the creation Background: of a central, municipally operated point for repairs and Activities to prepare items for reuse are defined in the PRO - restoration. This could be located at any of the mini collection GREMIC 2007-2012 as operations to overhaul, clean or repair centres to be established in the municipality or at any of the them, so that a product or its components, which had become existing fixed waste collection points. At these centres, apart waste, are prepared for reuse without the need for any other pre - from the repair work carried out by staff, repair workshops vious transformation. could be organised, encouraging users to repair their own products and providing space, tools and expert advice for The increase in the cost of services compared to the cost of goods them to do this. This activity would be associated with reuse and the growth of the throw-away culture has led to the massive centres (measure 15). production of goods. It has become impossible for the cost of • Encouraging new businesses devoted to the repair and reuse repairing these products to keep pace with the ever lower cost of of electric and electronic equipment, furniture, etc., and producing them. Consequently, repairing a product is now as supporting those which already exist, especially when they are costly as throwing it away and buying a new one, especially in the part of the social economy. case of items like electrical appliances and furniture. • Encouraging the organisation by municipal bodies of occupational workshops dealing with the repair of electric and Consequently, many waste products which could continue to be electronic devices and the restoration of furniture. used after appropriate maintenance, restoration or repairs do not • Encouraging users to repair products at home through extend their working life because it is not feasible to carry out or workshops on home repairs and do-it-yourself. contract work to prepare them for reuse. Resources needed: This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - Municipally owned repair centre. Website publicising businesses, GREMIC 2007-2012. other entities and municipal services which repair goods and

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products (this could be associated with the website for reuse • EkoCenter, Emaús referred to in measure 15). http://www.emaus.com/index.php • Ekorrepara project Instruments for implementation: http://www.ekorrepara.com E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote activities preparing goods for reuse. Monitoring indicators: E/CI. Repair workshops. • Number of businesses offering services to prepare goods for E/CI. Guide to publicise businesses, other entities and reuse. municipal services repairing goods and products. • Number of occupational workshops held and number of E/CI. Website dealing with activities to prepare items for participants. reuse. • Number of household repair and do-it-yourself workshops held EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of repair and number of participants. centres. • Quantity and type of goods prepared for reuse at the EI. Municipal subsidies for businesses and non-profit municipal repair centre. organisations engaged in activities for the repair of • Quantity and type of goods prepared for reuse by other products. businesses in the municipality engaged in repair work. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to repair goods • Quantity and type of goods repaired and finally reused. and run repair workshops.

Timeline: Once the repair centre has been set up, work is on-going and per - manent management is needed. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be or ga - nised .

Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 15, 20, 22

Examples: • Millor que nou, 100% vell [Better than new, 100% old], Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona http://millorquenou.blogspot.com/ http://www.amb.cat/web/emma/residus/prevencio/reutilitzacio page 111

Aimed at: 17 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Citizens, businesses, local government fraction Description of measures: Promoting the availability, purchase and use of products in gen - eral, machinery and facilities which generate less waste, focusing A17. Promoting the supply of and demand for on the types of product listed below. goods and products which generate less waste For products in general: Aim: • Reusable or rechargeable items: towels, serviettes, crockery, To encourage the supply, purchase and use of goods and prod - glasses, cutlery, pencils, marker pens, lighters, solar calculators, ucts which generate less waste during their use and/or mainte - etc. nance. • Products whose packaging is not excessive and which generate less packaging (see measure 9). Background: • Products which can be repaired and updated, with an after- The diversification of the materials and products available on the sales repair service. market and changing patterns of consumption have brought • Modular and extendable products. about an increase in the generation of very varied types of waste • Products which do not contain hazardous or toxic substances and, in particular, an increase in the generation of hazardous or which reduce the toxicity of waste. waste. • Environmentally friendly products bearing the Emblem of Guarantee of Environmental Quality. The consumption of products and the use of machinery and facil - • Products with the ecolabel, which identifies those with lower ities lead to the generation of different types of waste. In many environmental impact. cases, the range of products on the market allows us to choose • Products made with ecologically certified unbleached, dye-free those which, after their consumption and during their use and recycled paper and cardboard. maintenance, generate less waste, generate less hazardous types • Buy Recycled Network products. of waste, or generate waste which is easier to recycle or treat. For machinery and premises: It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC • Good quality, long-lasting furniture which is easy to repair and 2007-2012. has an after-sales repair service. • Good quality, long-lasting electrical and electronic Promoter: equipment which is easy to repair and has an after-sales Local council repair service.

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• Electronic equipment without batteries which is solar powered Timeline: or can be charged from the mains. Once mechanisms for promoting the availability of products gen - • Dosing systems. erating less waste in shops have been introduced, this practice • Electric hand driers and/or machines issuing a cotton towel. can continue indefinitely. • Machines providing cold drinks in glass containers with an After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to automated return system. reinforce the change in consumer habits. • Hot drink machines which dispense without the need for plastic cups, allowing users to use their own cup or glass. Other related measures: Some models have a two-tier price system (with or without a • Measures for waste prevention: 9, 15, 20, 21, 22 cup) benefiting responsible consumers. • Cooled water fountains instead of bottles in refrigerators. Examples: • Recycled toner, ink cartridges and tapes for printing. • Buy Recycled Network, Waste Agency of Catalonia • Reusable filters for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. http://xcr.arc.cat • Long-lasting, low-consumption fluorescent bulbs. • Database of environmentally friendly electronic products http://www.mygreenelectronics.org/ Resources needed: • Procura + Campaign, ICLEI A website to promote products which generate less waste and to http://www.procuraplus.org/ publicise the businesses supplying them. This website, the munic - • CARPE Guide to Responsible Procurement , EUROCITIES ipal website and the local council intranet could have a link to the http://www.cqgp.sp.gov.br/grupos_tecnicos/gt_licitacoes/ Buy Recycled Network. publicacoes/CARPE_guia_de_compra_responsable.pdf

Instruments for implementation: Monitoring indicators: E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for • Number of guides distributed. products generating less waste. • Number of visits and queries submitted to the website on E/CI. Advisory group on making products generating less products generating less waste. waste available. • Number of accesses to the Buy Recycled Network via the links E/CI. Guide to the purchase and sale of products generating less in other websites. waste. • Number of businesses promoting products generating less E/CI. Website dealing with products generating less waste. waste. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling and • Number and type of products available generating less waste. promoting products generating less waste. • Number and type of products generating less waste OI. Agreements with the commercial sector to promote purchased. products generating less waste. page 113

Aimed at: 18 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Citizens fraction Description of measures: To encourage the consumption of non-material goods and services, non-profit organisations and local entities should offer A18. Fostering the consumption of non-material alternative proposals which are creative and environmentally goods and services friendly. The following non-material goods and services may be promoted: Aim: • Tickets for shows, concerts, theatres, cinemas, etc. To reduce the consumption of material objects through the intro - • Cultural visits: museums, parks, exhibitions, etc. duction of non-material goods and services. • Health and wellbeing sessions: massages, beauty centres, etc. • Personal development courses: photography, cooking, Background: dancing, etc. Consumption habits have changed, leading to an increase in the • Solidarity gifts (the cost of the gift provides a donation to a acquisition of non-essential products, for consumers' own use or non-profit organisation). for them to give as gifts. There has also been an increase in com - • Networks for exchanging services. pulsive shopping and shopping for pleasure. It should be remem - bered that most of the goods people consume become waste in These non-material goods and services must be available close to one or two years. the user for the system to be effective.

To avoid this situation, it is desirable for the general trend to move Resources needed: towards services and intangible consumption, when suitable Website to publicise the consumption of non-material goods and products are available on the market. services.

This will lead to a reduction in the generation of urban waste and Instruments for implementation: is a way of stimulating creativity. E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote the consumption of non- material goods and services. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - E/CI. Guide to alternative forms of consumption of non- GREMIC 2007-2012. material goods and services and how to access them. E/CI. Website dealing with the consumption of non-material Promoter: goods and services. Local council, non-profit organisations

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Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. 19 Prevention of the ‘other waste’ Other related measures: fraction • Measures for waste prevention: 22

Examples: A19. Promoting networks and rental points • Idees amb a/efecte [Effective ideas with affection], Àrea for shared items Metropolitana de Barcelona http://www.amb.cat/web/emma/campanyes/idees Aim: • Algo más que un regalo [More than a gift], Intermon OXFAM To encourage the creation and use of networks and rental points http://www.intermonoxfam.org/algomasqueunregalo/ for shared items.

Monitoring indicators: Background: • Number of guides distributed. Products are often bought and then used once or infrequently, • Number of visits and queries submitted to the website dealing leading to an increase in waste and a cost which could be avoid - with non-material goods and services. ed. Before buying a product of this type, it is therefore interest - • Number of non-material goods and services available and ing to consider whether there are alternatives that allow con - promoted. sumers to share these objects by renting or borrowing them. • Number of non-material goods and services purchased. This scheme encourages reuse.

Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations

Aimed at: Citizens

Description of measures: Establishment of mechanisms which allow consumers not to buy products individually, but to share them or rent them for a period. This measure can be considered to complement activi - ties to encourage reuse (measure 15). page 115

These networks and points for the rental of shared objects will Resources needed: function as follows: A website via which the shared product rental network can be • The objects are purchased by an entity such as a residents' managed. association or local council, or are lent on a temporary basis by a private individual (either free of charge or in exchange Instruments for implementation: for a small fee). E/CI. A publicity campaign to promote the use of the network • In some cases, the users of these services have to pay a or points for renting items. charge or fee to help cover the cost of buying the items E/CI. A guide to existing networks or points for renting items. which are shared. Items can be lent freely or on condition E/CI. Website for the shared product rental network. that the borrower contributes a product to the collection of EI. Establishment of a deposit system for the rented or shared shared items. In either case, a deposit system may be product scheme. established to ensure that items are returned on time and in OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations for the good condition. management of this activity. • The loan network can be managed via the Internet to publicise the products available and match supply and Timeline: demand. A centre managed by an entity can be used to store After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. the products available and users can go there when they need a particular item. Other related measures: • Measures for waste prevention: 15, 16, 20, 21, 22 A wide range of products can be shared, and for some of these there are already a number of loan schemes specialising in spe - Examples: cific items. • Tool Lending Library, Phinney Neighborhood Association • Tools for do-it-yourself projects and garden http://www.phinneycenter.org/tools/index.shtml maintenance (saws, lawn mowers, etc.). These schemes • Bag Borrow or Steal for renting tools could be linked to municipal repair http://www.bagborroworsteal.com/ centres. • Neighborrow • Clothes and accessories (fancy dress, evening wear, luxury http://neighborrow.com/ accessories, etc.). • Bicing, Barcelona City Council • Sports equipment. http://www.bicing.com/ • IT equipment and accessories. • Time bank, Terrassa City Council • Books, CDs, DVDs, etc. http://www.terrassa.cat/Front/final/_YJxQFCkYh8wnNxx4vm5jb • Shared vehicles, such as bicycles and cars. Z9pcX7NmtcFDYdLCNcrgoQaICHjxjJX7w

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Monitoring indicators: • Number of networks or rental points. • Number of users of networks or rental points. • Number of products available at networks or rental points. • Number of items borrowed from networks or rental points. page 117

It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC 20 General waste prevention 2007-2012. measures Promoter: Local council

A20. Greening government and environmentally Aimed at: Government personnel (and, indirectly, their associates and sup - friendly public procurement pliers of goods and services)

Description of measures: Aim: To introduce good environmental practices in government bodies Promoting measures to ensure that the activity of government bod - and apply waste prevention criteria in public procurement. ies conforms to environmental criteria and the principles of sustain - ability. Normally the introduction of good environmental practices Background: calls for an internal programme for their application in the day-to- The application of good environmental practices in government day work of government offices and other municipal facilities bodies means an improvement in the environment and quality (schools, libraries, etc.). of life in the workplace. In municipal buildings and facilities there are many opportunities for preventing waste. The internal application of good environmental practices involves Moreover, the public image of the municipal authorities can be various government agents, all of whom have an important part to enhanced, so that they become a model of coherence and play: employees, those responsible for procurement or contracting responsibility regarding environmental challenges. services, politicians, manufacturers and suppliers, municipal infra - structure managers, etc. Applying good environmental practices in government is linked to environmentally correct public procurement. When environ - To apply good environmental practices in government bodies, mental criteria are introduced in procurement, a number of especially in the area of waste prevention, the following steps are environmental benefits accrue, including reductions in the con - necessary: sumption of materials and energy and reductions in waste pro - duction. Because of the volume of public procurement (in a) To define and approve appropriate policies and regulations. Europe it accounts for approximately 15% of GDP), government b) To analyse the starting point by means of an internal bodies can influence market trends, supporting the growth of producers of environmentally friendly goods and services and environmental assessment, including a detailed analysis of setting an example to the public of the government's commit - waste streams in order to identify those which should be ment to the environment. Moreover, the introduction of green reduced. procurement can lead to financial savings. c) To publicise the results of this analysis.

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d) To establish the mechanisms and instruments needed to Waste prevention criteria should be a part of the policy for pro - apply good environmental practices, especially in the area of curement, in line with best practices in this area, taking account waste prevention. of factors such as durability, the possibility of reuse and repair, the e) To consolidate and extend best practices in waste prevention generation of less and less toxic waste, etc. and other environmental and social areas. Preference should also be given to products with an ecolabel ver - The best practices in waste prevention that should be part of the ified by an official organisation (Emblem of Guarantee of Environ - application of good environmental practices include the following: mental Quality, European Ecolabel, etc.) and manufacturers and • The responsible use of paper and dematerialisation of service providers with ISO 14001 or EMAS certification. information (see specific measures in information sheet 6). • The consumption of products with less packaging and those Specifications for the award of public works and services con - sold in bulk (see specific measures in information sheet 9). tracts should incorporate the requirements for waste prevention • The consumption of products generating less waste (see referred to above. Environmental criteria and measures to pre - specific measures in information sheet 17). vent building waste should also be taken into account in proce - • The consumption of reusable glass containers (see specific dures to contract building and maintenance work for municipal measures in information sheet 12). facilities. • The use of services for leasing or renting services and shared The government can also promote the introduction of green pro - curement in other bodies, such as associations, private compa - products (see specific measures in information sheet 19). nies, etc. • The reuse of goods and products (see specific measures in information sheet 15). Instruments for implementation: • The repair of goods and products (see specific measures in E/CI. Internal awareness-raising campaign publicising the information sheet 16). measures taken by the government to introduce good • The consumption of tap water (see specific measures in environmental practices and its green procurement policy. information sheet 8). E/CI. Programme to train government staff in good • The use of less packaging in the government's own activities environmental practices. Training for staff responsible for and the purchase of products with less packaging (see specific procurement and contracting services. measures in information sheet 11). E/CI. Guide to best practices in waste prevention for different municipal facilities. Database of products complying with Good environmental practices by government bodies should be environmental requirements. linked to an environmentally correct (green) public procurement RI. Issue of decrees by the Mayor's office, institutional policy. This should take environmental criteria into account when statements and government measures aimed at regulating awarding contracts and in public procurement. waste prevention practices internally.

Green procurement can be implemented in many areas of pro - Timeline: curement and contracting, including: consultancy services, sup - The process of applying good environmental practices and plies, services, building work, concessions, etc. introducing green procurement is complex. It is thus advisable page 119

to begin with one specific area of government activity or in • Una experiència municipal: La compra verda a l'Ajuntament de one location and then gradually extend the policy throughout Badalona [A Municipal Experience: Green Procurement in the the organisation. Green procurement implies a change in gov - Badalona City Council], Badalona City ernment procedures for purchases and contracts and it is http://www.diba.cat/documents/63814/63872/xarxasost-pdf- therefore recommended that the system be introduced with expcompraverdabadalona-pdf.pdf one type of product and then progressively extended to all • Eines per a la compra verda municipal [Tools for Municipal Green goods and services. In addition to the initial publicity campaign, refresher cam - Procurement], Barcelona Provincial Council paigns can be organised to remind staff of the benefits of this http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat/sites/xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat/files/Guia_ approach. recursos_Descripcio_CPV_Ecoinst_marc2010_per_assemble....pdf

Other related measures: Monitoring indicators: • Measures for waste prevention: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21 • Number of best practices guides distributed to staff. • Introduction of selective waste collection in municipal • Hours of training (courses, workshops, etc.) for government buildings and facilities. staff concerning good environmental practices. • Number of measures implemented for waste prevention. (The Examples: specific indicators for relevant measures listed in the section on • Guia de l'oficina verda [Green Office Guide], Barcelona City Council best practices may be used. See individual information sheets). http://www.bcn.es/agenda21/A21_text/guies/guiaverda.pdf • Number and type of products purchased applying • Programme to introduce environmentally correct procurement environmental and waste prevention criteria. and prevent waste in the School of International Business, • Number and type of products entered in procurement School of International Business (ESCI) database. http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/ • Number of service contract specifications with environmental 05028.pdf and waste prevention clauses. • Ajuntament Sostenible campaign, Santa Coloma de Gramenet • Hours of training for staff responsible for procurement and Town Council contracting services. http://www.gramenet.cat/ca/principal/lajuntament/serveis/medi- • Number of decrees from the Mayor's office, institutional ambient-2/ajuntament-sostenible/que-es-la-compra-verda.html • Brief guide to ecolabels, Government of Catalonia declarations and government measures imposing internal http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/mediambient/menuitem.8f regulations on procurement and contracting, taking waste 64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=0487af6492b39 prevention criteria into account. 210VgnVCM2000009b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=0487af6492 b39210VgnVCM2000009b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default

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Aimed at: 21 General waste prevention Event organisers (local council, associations, etc.) measures Description of measures: Application of sustainability criteria such as waste prevention to festive events. A21. Promoting good environmental practices Waste prevention measures play an important role in the prepa - during public events and festivities ration and design of festive events, as this is the time to decide what steps can be taken to prevent waste and how their imple - Aim: mentation can be monitored. After the event, an assessment To introduce waste prevention measures when public events and should be made of the effectiveness of the waste prevention festivities are taking place. measures adopted and the results publicised.

Background: Some of the measures related to municipal waste prevention that The organisation of festive events is an ideal opportunity to incor - could be included when public and festive events are being porate strategies for preventing and recycling waste. These may organised are listed below: be voluntary or governed by local by-laws. It is important to bear • Introduce the rental of returnable glasses. in mind that this type of event generates large amounts of waste This is a waste prevention measure which is easy to apply and in a small space and in a short time, and waste prevention meas - which gives very good results. It consists of a deposit-refund ures can lead to a substantial reduction in its impact. These pro - system (DRS) for borrowing the glasses in which drinks are posals can be applied to any festive event or only to those served during the event. Users pay a small deposit when they beyond a certain size. receive the glass and it is refunded when they return it. In this way most glasses are returned and can be used again once Respect for environmental criteria is important not only for the they have been washed. direct environmental benefits but also because it sets a valuable • Incorporate the use of reusable or compostable crockery. example. • Ban the use of disposable containers when the same products are available in reusable containers (glass containers, barrels, etc.). It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC • Serve food on edible supports whenever possible (slices of 2007-2012. bread, pasties, pies, pita bread, etc.). • Agree to donate food which is not eaten at the event to a Promoter: charitable organisation. Local council • Encourage the sale of local, second-hand, ecological and ecodesign products. page 121

• Encourage the sale of products with less packaging and E/CI. Organise leisure activities, exhibitions, etc., related to products sold in bulk, those which generate less waste and waste prevention as part of the event. those with less secondary and tertiary packaging. EI. Taxes for the issue of licences, supervision and the special • Print all publicity material on recycled chlorine-free paper, use of public spaces, applied to businesses operating using ink which is not harmful for the environment. during the event. • Ensure that merchandising is environmentally friendly (fair trade, RI. Municipal ordinance regulating good environmental ecolabelled, without blister packs or superfluous packaging, etc.). practices at public events. • Depending on the type and scale of event, the public can be Timeline: informed of the environmental and sustainability measures This measure will be applied at the time the event takes place. adopted, at general or specially designated information points. Once the relevant ordinances have been introduced, their appli - cation will need to be continually monitored. For these measures to be successful, they require the cooperation of all the agents involved (organisers, companies supplying and Other related measures: distributing drinks, sponsors, bodies supervising public events, • Measures for waste prevention: 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20 government bodies, etc.). • Facilitating infrastructures for correct selective waste collection: a sufficient number of appropriate types of bin in suitable To implement these measures it is advisable for a ‘green team’ to locations for the event to proceed satisfactorily, with be formed, consisting of members of the organisation who are appropriate waste collection services. responsible for the environmental aspects of the event at the • Contracting the services of social economy enterprises to planning stage and for monitoring and evaluating the measures manage waste and the cleaning service. taken (in some cases the municipality may offer an advisory serv - • Encouraging the introduction of fair trade products. ice for such events). Examples: Resources needed: • Bones pràctiques ambientals en esdeveniments [Good Environ - System for renting or borrowing reusable crockery. Suppliers of mental Practices at Events], Barcelona Autonomous University products which are reusable and which generate less waste. http://www.uab.cat/Document/bonesp_festes.pdf • Les festes més sostenibles [More Sustainable Festivities], Instruments for implementation: Barcelona City Council E/CI. Campaign publicising the environmental measures to be http://www.bcn.es/agenda21/A21_text/guies/Les_festes.pdf applied during the event and the ways in which those • A Sant Just fem festes sostenibles [In Sant Just, we celebrate attending can cooperate. sustainably], Sant Just Desvern Town Council E/CI. Organisation's technical advisory group (green team). http://www.santjust.cat/residus/accions/arxius/ E/CI. Guide to good environmental practices at festive events. festes_sostenibles.pdf

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Monitoring indicators: • Number of festive events at which good environmental 22 General waste prevention practices have been implemented. • Number of people participating in events. measures • Number of points informing the public about the event's good environmental practices. • Number of reusable glasses distributed (and collected). A22. Awards for waste prevention initiatives • Number of products (drinks, food, items sold, etc.) complying with waste prevention criteria. Aim: • Number of sales and exchange points for second-hand To encourage waste prevention measures through prizes and products. awards. • Number of measures implemented for waste prevention. • Estimate of reduction in waste. Background: The reduction may be estimated by comparing present waste Awards allow us to value, distinguish and promote the most signif - generation figures with those for other periods when the event icant and innovative projects in the field of waste prevention. On was not subject to measures to ensure good environmental another level this type of recognition can be directed at the public practices. Changes in waste generation can also be tracked to reward the implementation of best waste prevention practices. according to the new measures introduced in successive editions of the event. These awards act as a stimulus for technical advances in the field and are a good tool for dissemination and awareness raising, as they involve social recognition and help to set a good example.

Promoter: Local councils and social organisations

Aimed at: Trading establishments and service providers; social entities, asso - ciations and public initiatives; educational centres; local organisa - tions, citizens

Description of measures: Encouraging initiatives for waste prevention, using the following reward systems: page 123

1> Competitions for waste prevention projects Instruments for implementation: Competitions for waste prevention initiatives can be open to E/CI. Campaign publicising the call for competition entries. different groups, such as shops, associations or private indi - E/CI. Campaign informing people of the system of rewards for viduals. best practices in the area of waste prevention. The prizes awarded to participants may be monetary or consist E/CI. Publication or displays of winning projects. of gifts of intangible items or products that generate less waste. When evaluating entries, consideration can be given to differ - Timeline: ent aspects such as: The call for entries for waste prevention projects will take place • The content and originality of the activity. at specific times, possibly once a year. • How innovative it is and whether it sets a good example. The system of rewards for best practices in the area of waste • The involvement and participation of the public and the prevention can be implemented in stages, based on the differ - involvement of groups helping people to enter society. ent activities qualifying for points. An initial publicity campaign could be organised, with follow-up campaigns as the point sys - 2> Prizes for best practices in the area of waste prevention tem is extended. Mechanisms can be established rewarding good individual waste prevention practices. For example, a system of points Other related measures: which can be earned by doing the following: • Measures for waste prevention: 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 • Buying products and packaging which generate less waste and returnable glass containers. Examples: • Using networks for the loan or rental of goods, buying non- • The NU card, Rotterdam City Council material goods and services. http://qoin.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/NU-spaarpas- • Using systems which replace disposable bags with reusable English1.pdf alternatives. • European Waste Reduction Awards, European Commission • Using centres for the reuse and repair of goods. (EC) http://www.ewwr.eu/ca/premis The points could be exchanged for discounts on or gifts of • Environmental ideas competition, Polytechnic University of other environmentally friendly products and services, espe - Catalonia cially those related to waste prevention (reductions on repair http://is.upc.edu/seminaris-i- services, vouchers for the purchase of reusable products, jornades/convocatories/copy_of_15e-concurs-didees- etc.). In this way, public participation is increased and the ambientals-i-sostenibles-de-la-upc-rio-20-reforcem-el- introduction of municipal waste prevention measures is rein - compromis-amb-la-sostenibilitat forced.

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• Design for Recycling Awards, Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) 23 General waste prevention http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/arc/menuitem.0b722e5 5d906c87b624a1d25b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=44b7cfbe182d62 measures 10VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=44b7cfbe 182d6210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default A23. Taxes linked to the generation of waste Monitoring indicators: Aim: • Number of competitions related to waste prevention. To introduce pay-as-you-throw systems. • Number of participants in different editions. • Number of consumers using the point scheme for best Background: waste prevention practices. The tax base for local taxes to pay for services provided to resi - • Number of best waste prevention practices qualifying for dents is established by Law 230/1963, of 28 December, on gen - points under the scheme. eral taxation. Article 47 of the Law specifies the following • Number of prizes in the form of discount vouchers or gifts of options for determining the tax base: direct estimate, estima - products or services. tion by modules and indirect estimate, the third option only being admissible when the tax base cannot be determined by either of the others. According to the first method for calculat - ing the tax base referred to in this Law, waste management fees should depend on the amount of waste collected.

Pay-as-you-throw systems allow charges for waste collection and treatment to be set according to the amount and type of waste generated in each case. These systems are an effective way of preventing waste as they provide a financial incentive for reducing waste generation. They also encourage recycling if waste sent for final disposal is subject to a higher rate.

This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO - GREMIC 2007-2012.

Promoter: Local council page 125

Aimed at: > Measurement of waste generation Citizens, commercial activities and retailers The amount of waste generated can be measured in various ways. Description of measures: The formula most frequently used is based on determining the To introduce pay-as-you-throw systems, the technical instru - volume generated, which can be done in many ways, as opposed ments described below need to be put in place to determine the to the smaller number of options for measuring weight. However, amount and type of waste generated by each producer: it provides less accurate information about the amounts of waste really generated.

> Identifying the generator 1• Measurement based on weight: a) Waste is weighed when it is deposited in the bin or at the To assign waste to those generating it, an identification system is collection point (weighing individual deposits in a collective needed to ensure that the parties paying for waste collection are bin): the only ones benefiting from it. • Before being deposited in the waste bin, waste passes through a weighing compartment. Common methods of identification include the following: • The bin is weighed before and after waste is placed in it, the amount deposited being the difference between the initial 1• Identification of users: waste bin users must have a device and final weights. which identifies them, e.g. electronic keys, cards, transponders. b) The whole bin is weighed when it is emptied into the The waste collection point does not allow access to users who do dustcart (weighing systems installed on vehicles). Based on not identify themselves with one of these devices. the total weight of waste deposited, a proportional calculation can be made to assign an amount of waste to 2• Identification of receptacle: each waste generator. a) Each bin supplied has a code for its users (entered with a The weights recorded when waste is deposited in bins or when barcode or transponder chip). the latter are emptied are added to determine total waste gener - b) Waste generators have to buy standardised tags and stick ation. them on conventional bin liners or waste bins so that they will be accepted by the (pre-paid) collection system. 2• Measurement based on volume: c) Waste generators have to buy standardised bags (in specific a) A special mechanism only allows a certain volume to be colours or specially stamped) so that they will be accepted by deposited in the waste bin. It is recorded each time the the (pre-paid) collection system. mechanism is operated.

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b) Mechanisms to measure the volume of waste deposited in User identification the bin: • Individual waste deposits are compressed in a compartment, the resulting volume being recorded. • The level to which bins are filled is measured when they are Measurement based on volume Measurement based on weight emptied through the use of ultrasound or optical sensors (this indicates total deposits, and a proportional calculation is necessary to determine the volume for each producer). Compartment systems Compartment system In the first two cases, the volumes recorded each time waste is with volume measurement with weight measurement deposited in the bin or when the bin is emptied are added to determine total waste generation.

c) Bins identified as having a certain capacity are assigned to each generator/group of generators, and when they are collected, the number of bins emptied is recorded. d) Waste generators buy containers (disposable bags) with a specific capacity or standardised tags to stick on bin liners or waste bins (pre-paid system). The price of these items incorporates the cost of the waste collection and treatment service.

Based on these technical features, the systems shown in the fol - lowing diagram are those applied in practice: page 127

It must be borne in mind that the use of these systems involves Bin identification the following:

• The introduction, in most cases, of door-to-door waste collec - Individually assigned bins Collectively assigned bins tion, as each user/group of users needs to be identified and their waste collected separately before PAYT systems can be applied. Although door-to-door collection is easier to introduce in areas where homes are widely separated, it can also be imple - mented in densely populated areas with blocks of flats. This sys - Volume-based accounting Weight-based accounting tem also gives good results with selective waste collection. • Introducing pay-as-you-throw systems in differentiated com - mercial waste collection (in the case of fractions for which there is not a separate service from household waste collection, a Identification system Identification-weighing system conventional tax or public rate will be payable). The introduc - tion of these systems in businesses is simpler than in household waste collection if there is already separate commercial waste collection where waste generators are identified and constitute a smaller group. Pay-as-you-throw systems for commercial *individual scheme waste collection calls for the introduction of a certification sys - tem so that the results are legally valid. *routine scheme The existing system for collecting domestic waste can influence the pay-as-you-throw system chosen for commercial waste, as possible fraud through the use of the domestic system must be anticipated. Pre-paid system • The tax base may be determined according to total waste gen - erated (a formula encouraging waste reduction) or according to the amount not collected selectively (a formula encouraging waste reduction and selective waste collection). There are also other possibilities such as charging a higher rate for non-selec - *tag, sticker or token tive than for selective waste (a formula encouraging waste reduction and selective waste collection). The general charge *pre-paid sack Source: Handbook on the implementa - tion of pay-as-you-throw , PAYT project, can include a fixed component which does not depend on European Commission waste generation (to ensure revenue).

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• Monitoring of the functioning of the system and its use by the Examples: public. It is particularly important to monitor possible fraud by • Pay-as-you-throw system in Argentona, Argentona Town checking the amounts of waste collected and to introduce Council measures to prevent the forgery of officially certified items http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/ (standardised bags and tags). 06082.pdf • The mechanisms needed to prevent ‘waste tourism’, when users • Pay-as-you-throw, La Ribera d'Ebre, El Priorat and La Terra Alta transport waste to other areas where collection is from conven - Municipal Waste Management Consortium tional bins, and illegal dumping. http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/ 06095.pdf Resources needed: • Study of pay-as-you-throw systems and waste prevention Systems to identify users, systems to identify bins where waste is project (In Canet - is +), Canet de Mar Town Council deposited, systems to determine volume or weight. http://www.arc.cat/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/prevencio_rm/060 36.pdf Instruments for implementation: • PAYT project, European Commission E/CI. Campaign to introduce pay-as-you-throw systems. http://web.tu-dresden.de/intecuspayt/ EI. Household and/or commercial waste collection tax with a tax base related to waste generation, as determined by the Monitoring indicators: systems in place for measuring waste generation. • Number of users of the system. • Number of user identification systems and bins in place. Timeline: • Amount of non-segregated waste collected per inhabitant. The introduction of a PAYT system and the necessary technical • Percentage reduction in each fraction associated with the instruments is a long, complex process. Once the system has introduction of the system. been implemented, its operation will be on-going. • Estimate of system loopholes (waste tourism and illegal After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held and dumping). the functioning of the system and compliance with its rules can be monitored.

Other related measures: • Introduction of door-to-door waste collection (commercial and/or household) page 129

• Materials: the type of materials needed will depend on the 7.3. Information sheets measure to be promoted. They include: • Leaflets, posters, banners, lightboxes for instruments • Radio and TV advertising • Information on the Internet or sent by e-mail The main instruments needed to implement the prevention meas - • Direct telephone information ures described in the information sheets are defined below. • Organisation: the personnel required and the tasks to be carried out need to be determined. Progress in implementing E/CI. Educational and communication measures and their outcome must be monitored. instruments EC2. Training activities

Environmental information, communication and education are a Training includes activities such as the following: tool to encourage public involvement (understood in a broad • Courses, conferences, seminars, talks, etc. sense: participation by residents, business owners, manufacturers, • Advisory services for the implementation of certain measures. etc.) in the plan's waste prevention measures. By means of these • Workshops on different topics: responsible consumption, tools it must be possible to make the relevant information avail - composting, repairing and reusing products, etc. able to everyone so as to guarantee their participation and a change in habits regarding waste prevention. EC3. Publications

Publications complement publicity campaigns and training EC1. Campaigns for education and communication activities. They include: • Information leaflets The following elements must be considered when designing a • Guides campaign: • Manuals • The messages: the messages to be transmitted to the audience • Monographic reports must be defined in line with the measure. The design must take account of: • The content to be communicated • The tone of the message • The structure of the information • The use of images, logos, etc. • Strategy: define the activities involved and the timeline.

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EC4. Other activities for education act as an incentive for cooperation by different agents (house - and commu nication holds, businesses and other entities). The value of the rebate may be varied according to the nature Complementary education and communication activities can or importance of the measure involved or the frequency with be organised, including: which the relevant service is used. A mechanism is needed to • Exhibitions provide evidence of the user's participation or of the implemen - • Games tation of waste prevention measures so that the rebate can be • Advertisements granted. • Festivities and leisure events • Websites These rebates can be introduced in the charges applied by joint communities to the municipalities composing them, so as to pro - vide the same incentives and encourage the development of EI. Economic instruments waste prevention measures by local bodies.

A number of economic instruments are available to local bod - ies in order to achieve objectives, encouraging or discouraging E2. Municipal subsidies certain behaviour by means of incentives or deterrents. This way, changes in attitude do not come about in response to To implement the plan's waste prevention measures, local bodies rules which must be obeyed, but because the parties targeted need to devote part of the municipal budget for waste manage - by the incentive voluntarily adopt measures to pursue the ment, environmental education, the environment or other rele - objectives set by the authorities, as they have a financial inter - vant areas to financial assistance for traders, businesses, institu - est in doing so. tions and private individuals so that these agents will cooperate and help to apply waste prevention measures. E1. Rebates on waste management fee E3. Taxes for issuing licences and control of If waste management fees are not linked directly to pay-as-you- throw, rebates provide an incentive. and tax on the special use of public spaces

Rebates on the waste management fee, linked to user participa - Activities held in the municipality generate waste. In particular, tion or the application of certain measures to prevent waste, those taking place in public streets may not be subject to munic - favour the implementation of the measures in the plan, as they ipal waste collection taxes. As examples we may cite the distribu - page 131

tion of advertising or free newspapers and the organisation of OI. Organisational instruments public events.

It would thus be desirable, when licences for the activity or for the O1. Establishment of agreements: special use of public spaces are granted, for the tax payable to be cooperation and voluntary agreements determined by the following factors: • The type of advertising and the volume distributed. Many of the waste prevention measures in the plan call not only • The number of copies. for participation by the public, but also for the cooperation of • An estimate of the amount of waste generated. other social agents and institutions. Businesses may implement measures linked to the promotion of certain products and serv - This will encourage the use of measures to prevent waste and ices which generate less waste or to the introduction of best monitor the production of waste by the activity. waste prevention practices. Through social agents, certain waste prevention activities such as reuse or repair can be fostered. E4. Deposit systems In order to formalise the cooperation of businesses, associations Deposits are complementary financial instruments whose pur - and other entities and institutions in the municipality, voluntary pose is to guarantee compliance with certain obligations, as the agreements can be reached to involve them in promoting cer - user has a financial interest in recovering the amount deposited. tain waste prevention measures or formal cooperation agree - To ensure their effectiveness, the amount deposited must be high ments can be signed with them. These agreements also benefit enough for users to take care to comply with the obligation rather the agents involved, as they imply recognition for their cooper - than lose the deposit. ation and publicity for their activities by the local council, improving their image and bringing them new customers. Deposits are used to ensure the return of reusable products so Agents cooperating in waste prevention schemes can also ben - that deposit, refund and return systems function correctly efit from rebates on waste management fees , as proposed in the (reusable glass containers, reusable glasses and crockery, shared measures. products, etc.). They can also be applied when licences are grant - ed for activities or for the special use of public spaces (distribution This may take the form of an agreement between the local of advertising and press, public events, etc.) or the award of con - council and associations of traders in the municipality to create tracts, with a view to ensuring compliance with the obligations a network of shops committed to waste prevention. Individual and conditions related to the activity, service or use of the public shops can join the scheme by making a commitment to imple - highway (these may include the application of measures for ment certain best practices. waste reduction and reuse).

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RI. Regulatory instruments R2. Other regulatory instruments

R1. Municipal ordinances governing Local government bodies have other instruments for the internal or general regulation of certain activities related to waste preven - waste prevention tion. They include: • Decrees issued by the Mayor's office The establishment of general ordinances or ordinances concern - • Institutional declarations ing specific themes is a necessary instrument for the regulation of • Government measures waste prevention and the measures envisaged locally for waste • Edicts prevention.

General ordinances for waste prevention could include the regu - lation of all activities covered by the local waste prevention plan, so that the measures to be taken are required by law.

Another option is to establish specific ordinances for those waste prevention initiatives that, by their nature, need to be regulated to ensure compliance by those involved with certain conditions (dis - tribution of advertising, the organisation of festive events, etc.) . guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

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