DOCSLIB.ORG

Forecasting Attacks by Pest Insects of Cruciferous Crops Rosemary H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forecasting Attacks by Pest Insects of Cruciferous Crops Rosemary H The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests Forecasting attacks by pest insects of cruciferous crops Rosemary H Collier and Stan Finch Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF UK Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The timing of pest insect attacks can vary greatly from region to region and from year to year. A simulation method, based on rates of insect development, has been developed for forecasting the timing of insect attacks on cruciferous crops. The method is based on using a fixed number of individuals from one generation to the next and simulates the timing of events in the life cycle of the pests rather than their population dynamics. Forecasts produced for the cabbage root fly, the bronzed-blossom beetle and various species of Lepidoptera have been validated using pest monitoring data. Forecasts can be generated on either a regional basis from standard meteorological data, or on a local basis from air and soil temperatures collected by participating growers. Introduction Pest insects of horticultural crops are often controlled by spraying insecticide onto established crops. Such sprays are used against root-feeding insects because the insecticides applied at drilling or planting have usually degraded by the time the later generations of the pest become active. Sprays are also the simplest way of controlling foliar pests such as aphids and caterpillars. As the majority of insecticides recommended currently are of relatively short persistence, treatments are most effective if they are targeted to coincide with periods of peak pest activity. Unfortunately, the timing of such peaks can vary considerably from region to region and from year to year. Although it is possible to monitor the activity of many pest species using insect traps, routine monitoring is laborious and often requires specialist knowledge. An alternative is to use weather data to forecast the timing of pest attacks. Forecasting systems have been developed for many insects. Many of these forecasts have been based on accumulated day-degrees (e.g. Eckenrode & Chapman 1972, Butts & McEwen 1981). However, day-degree forecasts have severe limitations, as their accuracy is based on the assumption that the relationship between the rate of insect development and temperature is strictly linear (Baker 1980). In addition, day-degree forecasts can be used only to predict the start and/or the peak of activity of the population. They cannot readily predict the spread of activity nor can they cope easily with insect populations that have polymodal patterns of activity. For example, the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) can occur as one of two developmental biotypes, that emerge either `early' (April-May) or `late' (June-July) in the season (Finch & Collier 1983; Finch et al. 1988). As a result, the population of cabbage root flies within a particular locality, may consist primarily of one biotype or be a mixture of the two. Further problems in using day-degree models occur when attempts are made to include periods of diapause or aestivation, the major phases of insect dormancy that are induced by changes in temperature or photoperiod. As it is usual for only a proportion of the insect population to respond at any one time to a particular environmental cue, there is always variation between individuals in their rates of development. This is true of cabbage root fly populations during both aestivation and diapause (Collier & Finch 1983, Finch & Collier 1985). At Horticulture Research International, a simulation method, based on rates of insect development and which allows for variation within the individuals in the insect population, has been produced for forecasting the timing of attack by a number of pest insects (Phelps et al. 1993). The simulation method has been used to develop forecasts for the cabbage root fly, bronzed-blossom beetles (Meligethes spp.) and more recently for some of the pest Lepidoptera of Brassica crops. The cabbage root fly and bronzed-blossom beetle forecasts are now used by growers. Similar forecasts for caterpillars are being validated currently. The biological basis, validation and practical uses of such forecasts are discussed in this paper. The model The forecasts were developed using a Monte Carlo simulation method (Phelps et al. 1993). The method uses a fixed number of individuals (usually 500, to obtain repeatable simulations) from one generation to the next and simulates the timing of events rather than the population dynamics of the insects. To develop each model, individuals at each stage of development (egg, larva, pupa, adult) were reared in cooling incubators Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Nov. 2001, Melbourne, Australia 163 The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests at a range of constant temperatures between 6 and 30oC. The data recorded were used to determine the relationship between the rate of insect development and temperature. Linear or non-linear (Gompertz) curves were fitted to these data to provide equations, which could be incorporated into the model. In addition, variability was incorporated using the 'same-shape property' (Sharpe et al. 1977, Shaffer 1983). This implies that the coefficient of variation of the rate of insect development is constant at all temperatures. Account was taken also of periods of dormancy (aestivation and diapause) and of activity thresholds which might affect the outcome of the forecasts. Ideally, the forecasts should be run using daily maximum and minimum air temperatures and maximum and minimum soil temperatures at a depth of 6-10 cm. However, maximum and minimum soil temperatures are not available from standard agro-meteorological stations in the UK. Therefore, the program uses several equations to estimate soil maximum and minimum temperatures from the air maximum, air minimum and 10 cm soil temperatures recorded daily at 09.00 h GMT (Phelps et al. 1993). If data for soil maximum and minimum temperatures are available, then the forecasts could be run equally well using these. In general, the forecasts are run using accumulated temperatures for which the accumulation is started usually on 1 February each year. This is because late January is the natural break in insect development as it is usually the period of the year when temperatures are at their lowest. When temperatures start to rise again in the spring most of the species that overwinter in diapause have completed their diapause development and are ready to start post-diapause development. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is an exception. This species does not appear to overwinter successfully in large numbers in the UK (R. Collier, unpublished data) and the majority of insects are migrants from Europe and North Africa. Thus the forecast model has to be triggered by the arrival of migrant moths. Forecast validation The forecasts are validated using insect monitoring data. Cabbage root flies are monitored using either yellow water traps (Finch & Skinner 1974) or by sampling for fly eggs (Finch et al. 1975); bronzed-blossom beetles by using yellow sticky traps (Finch et al. 1990) and pest Lepidoptera by using yellow water traps, pheromone traps (for moth species) and by sampling plants for eggs and larvae. Cabbage root fly The cabbage root fly forecast (Collier et al. 1991) was developed originally for timing the application of mid-season insecticide treatments to control the fly on long-season Brassica crops such as swedes. Other uses of the forecast include warnings of the likely onset of third generation attack to Brussels sprout buttons and to autumn-sown crops of oilseed rape. At present, most insecticide treatments to leafy brassicas are applied prophylactically, before or soon after transplanting, and treatment against subsequent generations of this fly is usually unnecessary. However, the forecast could be used to indicate 'windows' where treatments would not be required. Figure 1 shows a comparison of the observed and forecast cabbage root fly activity at Kirton, Lincolnshire in 1999. Local variations in cabbage root fly activity include the co-existence in certain regions of the two developmental biotypes, with diapause of different durations (Finch & Collier 1983; Collier et al. 1989). Late-emerging flies emerge several weeks later than early-emerging flies so that, in effect, the generations of the two biotypes alternate. Similar damage to brassicas is caused by the closely-related turnip fly (Delia floralis) in Scotland and in some areas of south-west Lancashire (Finch et al. 1986). The presence of the two cabbage root fly biotypes and turnip fly in areas of south-west Lancashire means that in that specific locality there is continuous root fly pressure to Brassica crops throughout the summer. The cabbage root fly model produces forecasts for populations that contain specified proportions of the two biotypes. A turnip fly forecast has not yet been developed. The cabbage root fly model has also been used to predict the changes that might occur as a result of global warming (Collier et al. 1990) and to predict cabbage root fly phenology in Spain, an EU member country in which calabrese production for the UK market can be affected severely by damage done to the crop florets by fly larvae. 164 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Nov. 2001, Melbourne, Australia The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests 3 3.5 3.0 2 2.5 2 2.0 1.5 1 1.0 No. eggs/plant/day 1 0.5 Forecast percentage eggs/day 0 0.0 y y g g pr pr a a un un ul ul ul u u ep ep -A -A M M J J -J -J -J A A S S 8 2 - - 3- 8- 1 5 9 - - 9- 2- 2 7 20 1 1 2 12 27 2 Observed Forecast Figure 1. Comparison of the numbers of cabbage root fly eggs laid at Kirton, Lincolnshire in 1999 with a forecast of egg hatch generated using data from the nearby weather station.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aravalli Range of Rajasthan and Special Thanks to Sh
    Occasional Paper No. 353 Studies on Odonata and Lepidoptera fauna of foothills of Aravalli Range, Rajasthan Gaurav Sharma ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 353 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Studies on Odonata and Lepidoptera fauna of foothills of Aravalli Range, Rajasthan GAURAV SHARMA Zoological Survey of India, Desert Regional Centre, Jodhpur-342 005, Rajasthan Present Address : Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053 Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Gaurav Sharma. 2014. Studies on Odonata and Lepidoptera fauna of foothills of Aravalli Range, Rajasthan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 353 : 1-104. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published : April, 2014 ISBN 978-81-8171-360-5 © Govt. of India, 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, resold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which, it is published. The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. PRICE Indian Rs. 800.00 Foreign : $ 40; £ 30 Published at the Publication Division by the Director Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700053 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata - 700 006.
    [Show full text]
  • Additions, Deletions and Corrections to An
    Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society No. 36 (2012) ADDITIONS, DELETIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE IRISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA) WITH A CONCISE CHECKLIST OF IRISH SPECIES AND ELACHISTA BIATOMELLA (STAINTON, 1848) NEW TO IRELAND K. G. M. Bond1 and J. P. O’Connor2 1Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, School of BEES, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland. e-mail: <[email protected]> 2Emeritus Entomologist, National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Abstract Additions, deletions and corrections are made to the Irish checklist of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). Elachista biatomella (Stainton, 1848) is added to the Irish list. The total number of confirmed Irish species of Lepidoptera now stands at 1480. Key words: Lepidoptera, additions, deletions, corrections, Irish list, Elachista biatomella Introduction Bond, Nash and O’Connor (2006) provided a checklist of the Irish Lepidoptera. Since its publication, many new discoveries have been made and are reported here. In addition, several deletions have been made. A concise and updated checklist is provided. The following abbreviations are used in the text: BM(NH) – The Natural History Museum, London; NMINH – National Museum of Ireland, Natural History, Dublin. The total number of confirmed Irish species now stands at 1480, an addition of 68 since Bond et al. (2006). Taxonomic arrangement As a result of recent systematic research, it has been necessary to replace the arrangement familiar to British and Irish Lepidopterists by the Fauna Europaea [FE] system used by Karsholt 60 Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society No. 36 (2012) and Razowski, which is widely used in continental Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 GAURAV.Pdf
    Biological Forum — An International Journal, 3(1): 21-26(2011) ISSN : 0975-1130 Studies on Lepidopterous Insects Associated with Vegetables in Aravali Range, Rajasthan, India Gaurav Sharma Zoological Survey of India, Desert Regional Centre, Jhalamand, Jodhpur, (RJ) (Received 23 March, 2011 Accepted 14 April, 2011) ABSTRACT : The extensive studies on Lepidopterous insects associated with vegetables were conducted in different localities of Aravalli Range of Rajasthan i.e. Mount Abu, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Puskar, Ajmer, Jaipur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Sariska, Alwar, Dausa and Bharatpur during 2008-11. During present study 38 species of lepidopterous insects associated with vegetables in Aravalli Range of Rajasthan were recorded, out of 152 species of lepidopterous insects recorded from India. The families Crambidae and Noctuidae were the dominant families each represented by 8 species followed by Arctiidae having 4 species; Lycaenidae 3 species; then Nolidae, Pieridae and Sphingidae each having 2 species and least by Cosmopterigidae, Gelechiidae, Geometridae, Hesperiidae, Lymantriidae, Nymphalidae, Plutellidae, Pterophoridae and Saturniidae each having 1 species. On the basis of nature of damage the lepidopterous insects were also categorized as leaf feeders, pod borers, fruit borers, defoliators and leaf rollers, bud borers and leaf webbers, cut worms, leaf miners and stem borers etc. The salient details of their hosts, pest status or otherwise and their updated classification are provided. Keywords : Lepidopterous insects, Vegetables, pest status, Aravalli Range, Rajasthan. INTRODUCTION consequences like destruction of natural enemies fauna, effect on non target organisms, residues in consumable India is the second largest producer of vegetables after products including packed pure and mineral water and China, about 75 million tons.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Nomenclature of the Box Tree Moth, Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) Comb
    Eur. J. Entomol. 107: 393–400, 2010 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1550 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) RICHARD MALLY and MATTHIAS NUSS Museum of Zoology, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Key words. Crambidae, Spilomelinae, box tree moth, generic placement, Diaphania, Glyphodes, Neoglyphodes, Palpita, Cydalima perspectalis, new combination, taxonomy, phylogeny, morphology, nomenclature Abstract. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., is native to India, China, Korea, Japan and the Rus- sian Far East. Its larvae are a serious pest of different species of Buxus. Recently, C. perspectalis was introduced into Europe and first recorded from Germany in 2006. This species has been placed in various spilomeline genera including Palpita Hübner, 1808, Diaphania Hübner, 1818, Glyphodes Guenée, 1854 and the monotypic Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008. In order to solve this nomen- clatural confusion and to find a reasonable and verifiable generic placement for the box tree moth, the morphology of the above mentioned and some additional spilomeline taxa was investigated and their phylogeny analysed. The results show that C. perspec- talis belongs to a monophylum that includes three of the genera in which it was previously placed: Glyphodes, Diaphania and Pal- pita. Within this monophylum, it is closely related to the Asian Cydalima Lederer, 1863. As a result of this analysis, Sisyrophora Lederer, 1863 syn. rev. and Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008 syn.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lepidoptera of Bucharest and Its Surroundings (Romania)
    Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle © 30 Décembre Vol. LIV (2) pp. 461–512 «Grigore Antipa» 2011 DOI: 10.2478/v10191-011-0028-9 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BUCHAREST AND ITS SURROUNDINGS (ROMANIA) LEVENTE SZÉKELY Abstract. This study presents a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding the Lepidoptera fauna of Bucharest and the surrounding areas within a distance up to 50 kilometers around the Romanian capital. Data about the fauna composition are presented: the results of the research work beginning with the end of the 19th century, as well the results of the research work carried out in the last 15 years. The research initiated and done by the author himself, led to the identification of 180 species which were unknown in the past. Even if the natural habitats from this region have undergone through radical changes in the 20th century, the area still preserves a quite rich and interesting Lepidoptera fauna. The forests provide shelter to rich populations of the hawk moth Dolbina elegans A. Bang-Haas, 1912, one of the rarest Sphingidae in Europe, and some other species with high faunistical and zoogeographical value as: Noctua haywardi (Tams, 1926) (it is new record for the Romanian fauna from this area), Catocala dilecta (Hübner, 1808), Tarachidia candefacta (Hübner, [1831]), Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, [1789]), Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758), and Hecatera cappa (Hübner, [1809]). We also present and discuss the current status of the protected Lepidoptera species from the surroundings of the Romanian capital for the first time. Résumé. Ce travail représente une synthèse des connaissances actuelles concernant la faune de lépidoptères de Bucarest et de ses zones limitrophes sur un rayon de 50 km autour de la capitale de la Roumanie.
    [Show full text]
  • BIODIVERSITY and ENVIRONMENT of NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON and NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1
    BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1. Summary. 2. A brief history. 3. Notable habitats alongside New Road and in the neighbouring countryside. 4. Protected and notable species found on New Road and in the surrounding countryside. Appendix 1 - Historical land use in Little London and its influence on biodiversity. Appendix 2 - Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) recorded on New Road, Little London 2004-2019 (generalised OS Grid Reference SU6159). Appendix 3 - Ageing Hedgerows. About the author : Paul Sterry has BSc and PhD in Zoology and Ecology from Imperial College, London. After 5 years as a Research Fellow at the University of Sussex working on freshwater ecology he embarked on a freelance career as a wildlife author and photographer. Over the last 35 years he has written and illustrated more than 50 books, concentrating mainly on British Wildlife, with the emphasis on photographic field guides. Best-selling titles include Collins Complete British Trees, Collins Complete British Wildlife and Collins Life-size Birds. Above: Barn Owl flying over grassland in the neighbourhood of New Road. 1. Summary Located in the Parish of Pamber, Little London is a Biodiversity hotspot with New Road at its environmental heart. Despite the name New Road is one of the oldest highways in the village and this is reflected in the range of wildlife found along its length, and in the countryside bordering it. New Road has significance for wildlife far beyond is narrow, single-track status. Its ancient hedgerows and adjacent meadows are rich in wildlife but of equal importance is its role as a corridor of wildlife connectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Desktop Biodiversity Report
    Desktop Biodiversity Report Southwater Parish SxBRC/16/548 Prepared for Jennifer Nagy (Southwater Parish Council) 11th November 2016 ADDENDUM TO SxBRC/16/548 Sussex Protected Species Register Report It has been brought the Steering Group’s attention that the following evidence of Door Mice has been found within the Parish which is not mentioned in this report: 2012 Nut Hunt – PTES confirmed Dormouse chewed nuts found at TQ16405 27394 2018 PTES confirmed summer Dormouse nest found in hedgerow at TQ16414 27333 Sussex Biodiversity Record Centre desktop report regarding Southwater Parish 11th November 2016 Prepared for Jennifer Nagy Southwater Parish Council SxBRC/16/548 The following information was requested: Information Available Requested Format Designated Sites, Habitats & Ownership Maps Yes PDF Sussex Protected Species Register Yes Excel Sussex Bat Inventory Yes Excel Sussex Notable Bird Report Yes Excel UK BAP Species Inventory Yes Excel Sussex Rare Species Inventory Yes Excel Sussex Invasive Alien Species Yes Excel Full Species List Yes Excel Environmental Survey Directory No The following designations are within the search area: Local Wildlife Sites H08 ‐ Sparrow Copse H33 ‐ The Downs Link, Nutham Wood & Greatsteeds Farm Meadow H50 ‐ Courtland Wood H70 ‐ Southwater Country Park Complex Sites of Special Scientific Interest None Other Designations/Ownership Country Park Environmental Stewardship Agreement Important information regarding this report It must not be assumed that this report contains the definitive species information for the site concerned. The species data held by the Sussex Biodiversity Record Centre (SxBRC) is collated from the biological recording community in Sussex. However, there are many areas of Sussex where the records held are limited, either spatially or taxonomically.
    [Show full text]
  • ^Ùcj\( Promotor: Dr
    Selection of Trichogramma for inundative biological control A study of behavioural variations among strains and species of an egg-parasite genus CENTRALE LANDBO UW CATALO GU B 0000 0262 5396 ^ùCj\( Promotor: dr. J. C. van Lenteren hoogleraar in de Entomologie, in het bijzonder de oecologie der insekten Gerrit Adriaan Pak Selection of Trichogramma for inundative biological control Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. C. Oosterlee, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 11me i 1988 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen BIBLIOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WAGENINGEN /S/V* 2J-$fé>< "The behaviour of insect parasites plays a great part in fixing theirvalu e aspes t controls;an d itfollow s that we must know their behaviour before we can use them efficiently." G. Salt,195 8 Copyright © 1988 by Gerrit A. Pak All rights reserved Omslag: P.J. Kostense Druk:Grafisc h bedrijf Ponsen enLooije n - Wageningen ISBN 90-9002176-0 /O^o^o', itZù Stellingen 1. Het mislukken van de toepassing van Trichogramma voor de bestrijding van insektenpla- gen is in de meeste gevallen het gevolg van onvoldoende kennis van inter- en intraspecifieke variatie in het zoek- en parasiteringsgedrag van vrouwelijke wespen binnen dit genus. F. D. Parker & R. E. Pinnell. Environmental Entomology 3: 935-938 (1974). Dit proefschrift. 2. Trichogramma vrouwtjes zijn, door beoordeling van de kwaliteit van potentiële gastheren, in staat hun eileggedrag op adaptieve wijze aan te passen aan hun gastheer. G. Salt. Proceedings of the Royal Society London (B) 122: 57-75 (1937).
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopaedia of Pests and Natural Enemies in Field Crops Contents Introduction
    Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Contents Introduction Contents Page Integrated pest management Managing pests while encouraging and supporting beneficial insects is an Introduction 2 essential part of an integrated pest management strategy and is a key component of sustainable crop production. Index 3 The number of available insecticides is declining, so it is increasingly important to use them only when absolutely necessary to safeguard their longevity and Identification of larvae 11 minimise the risk of the development of resistance. The Sustainable Use Directive (2009/128/EC) lists a number of provisions aimed at achieving the Pest thresholds: quick reference 12 sustainable use of pesticides, including the promotion of low input regimes, such as integrated pest management. Pests: Effective pest control: Beetles 16 Minimise Maximise the Only use Assess the Bugs and aphids 42 risk by effects of pesticides if risk of cultural natural economically infestation Flies, thrips and sawflies 80 means enemies justified Moths and butterflies 126 This publication Nematodes 150 Building on the success of the Encyclopaedia of arable weeds and the Encyclopaedia of cereal diseases, the three crop divisions (Cereals & Oilseeds, Other pests 162 Potatoes and Horticulture) of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board have worked together on this new encyclopaedia providing information Natural enemies: on the identification and management of pests and natural enemies. The latest information has been provided by experts from ADAS, Game and Wildlife Introduction 172 Conservation Trust, Warwick Crop Centre, PGRO and BBRO. Beetles 175 Bugs 181 Centipedes 184 Flies 185 Lacewings 191 Sawflies, wasps, ants and bees 192 Spiders and mites 197 1 Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops 2 Index Index A Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) 139 Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) 45 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 61 Boettgerilla spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Micro-Moth Families
    Identification of micro-moth families Introduction This guide is intended for use by Garden Moth Scheme (GMS) recorders and other British and Irish moth enthusiasts. It is aimed at those who already have some understanding of moth taxonomy and morphology but struggle to easily home-in on which moth family a micro- moth belongs to. For further information about how to start out moth- trapping see www.gardenmoths.org.uk. There are currently over 1600 British and Irish micro-moth species, compared to around 800 species of macro-moth and 60 species of butterfly, so species identification is particularly challenging. Narrowing down identification to species requires additional information from training courses, websites and field guides. This guide shows photographs of 45 micro-moth families at rest, together with identification tips, similar species, and the number of species in that family. Taxonomists disagree on the order and arrangement of families, but this guide follows the numbering system of Bradley and Fletcher (B&F) wherever possible. The guide is intended to be used with the excellent Field Guide to the Micromoths of Great Britain and Ireland by Sterling, Parsons and Lewington, British Wildlife Publishing (2012, SPL), which covers 1000+ micro-moth species. However, for the uninitiated, facing a light trap full of micro-moths starting from scratch with SPL can be both daunting and time-consuming. Family names are different and are shown in a different order in SPL and B&F, so in order to reduce confusion, after the B&F numbers are quoted for each family the page numbers for the plates in SPL are also given.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    FINAL REPORT VERSION NOVEMBER 2015 EIP-AGRI Focus Group IPM for Brassica FINAL REPORT JANUARY 2016 1 EIP-AGRI FOCUS GROUP ON IPM BRASSICA JANUARY 2016 Table of contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 5 Process ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Brassica species ................................................................................................................................... 7 Integrated pest management ................................................................................................................ 7 Diseases of oilseed rape and Brassica vegetables ..................................................................................... 8 Pests of oilseed rape and Brassica vegetables .........................................................................................17 Weeds in OSR and Brassica vegetables ..................................................................................................26 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................................................27 References .........................................................................................................................................29
    [Show full text]
  • Pests and Pathogens
    7 PESTS AND PATHOGENS INTRODUCTION Pests and pathogens of brassicas are considered in this chapter mainly from the perspective of their control. Details of host–pest and host–pathogen interactions, biology and epidemiology are widely available elsewhere in numerous textbooks. As with weeds (Chapter 6), the strategies underlying methods of control are shifting very substantially away from reliance on single ‘magic bullet chemicals’. Previous decades saw an explosion in the use of synthetic chemicals that frequently acted by disrupting specific sites in enzyme-guided metabolic pathways of both pests and pathogens. These chemicals had modes of action which broadly included eradicants, protectants, soil sterilants, seed dressings and systemic compounds. Many were used in Brassica crops destined for human consumption albeit following stringent evaluation and testing to determine the extent of their interaction with the environment, human health and other non-target organisms. Although such chemicals do provide remarkably effective pest and pathogen control, they have many disadvantages. These chemicals exert intense selection pressures on the populations of the target organisms, leading to the rapid appearance of tolerant strains in the well-established ‘boom and bust’ cycle (Dixon, 1981). They adversely affect surrounding populations of non- target organisms, diminishing forms of natural biological control, and may lead to undesirable residues and by-products reaching human and other food chains. Public recognition of these disadvantages has led to social pressures demanding the drastic limitation, and in many cases complete banning, of many pesticides. The use of synthetic chemicals in Brassica crop production is diminishing especially in Europe, and also increasingly elsewhere wherever the quality assurance processes demanded by Western supermarkets are made mandatory.
    [Show full text]