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Altieri Nicholls.Vp Miguel Angel Altieri, PhD Clara Ines Nicholls, PhD Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems Second Edition Pre-publication tionships between insect pest man- REVIEWS, agement, diversified cropping systems, COMMENTARIES, and field boundary vegetation should EVALUATIONS... read this book.” Matt Liebman, PhD Professor of Agronomy, his book is an important contribu- Iowa State University “Ttion to the literature on ecologi- cally based pest management. In addi- tion to reviewing relevant aspects of ecological theory and the broader agro- ecological context of pest management, it presents numerous data sets and case his book is essential reading for studies from both temperate and tropical “Tanyone interested in develop- farming systems. Biodiversity and Pest ing truly logical pest management Management in Agroecosystems reflects the practices in any country. The authors authors’ many years of experience, par- go way beyond IPM and input substi- ticularly in the chapters on insect manage- tution approaches to show how a ment in multiple cropping systems, insect ecology in orchards containing cover crops, well-designed agroecosystem can ac- and non-crop vegetation effects on insect tually sponsor its own pest manage- populations in crop fields. Many new refer- ment.” ences have been added to this edition. This second edition also includes a new Peter Rosset, PhD chapter on insect dynamics in agroforest- Co-Director, Food First/Institute for Food ry systems. Anyone interested in rela- and Development Policy More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS . ltieri and Nicholls, in this com- case studies. The first three chapters “Apletely reworked and updated edi- provide a firm grounding for pest tion, make one of the best attempts to date management in ecological theory. to present pest management with the The next five chapters very effec- whole-systems approach—biodiversity and tively present examples that apply habitat management in an agroecosystems the theory in agroecosystems from framework. This is a book about how to use ecological knowledge to design agro- around the world, and in systems that ecosystems with built-in pest manage- range from multiple cropping, to or- ment processes and, as a result, reduce or chards with cover crops, to agro- eliminate the use of synthetic chemical forestry systems with the integration pesticides. The authors build on the grow- of trees. The review of the influence ing body of knowledge about the vital of surrounding habitats on pest man- importance of biodiversity for maintain- agement very appropriately places the ing balanced, long-term ecosystem func- process off the farm into the land- tion, and its important role in agriculture. scape level. The concluding two chap- This book will appeal to researchers de- ters of the book explore how biodiversity veloping agroecologically based pest and habitat management must be part management strategies and to practitio- of the transition to sustainability in ners looking for possible options to ap- ply on their own farms. agriculture, presenting exciting and The very extensive and current review challenging goals for the future.” of the literature makes this book a remark- ably useful contribution to agroecological Stephen R. Gliessman, PhD knowledge. Most chapters complement Alfred Heller Professor of Agroecology, this review with several very in-depth University of California, Santa Cruz Food Products Press® An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York • London • Oxford NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY USERS This is an original book title published by Food Products Press, an im- print of The Haworth Press, Inc. Unless otherwise noted in specific chapters with attribution, materials in this book have not been previ- ously published elsewhere in any format or language. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION NOTES All books published by The Haworth Press, Inc. and its imprints are printed on certified pH neutral, acid free book grade paper. This paper meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Material, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems Second Edition FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS® Crop Science Amarjit S. Basra, PhD Senior Editor Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications by Zdenko Rengel Conservation Tillage in U.S. Agriculture: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Issues by Noel D. Uri Cotton Fibers: Developmental Biology, Quality Improvement, and Textile Processing edited by Amarjit S. Basra Heterosis and Hybrid Seed Production in Agronomic Crops edited by Amarjit S. Basra Intensive Cropping: Efficient Use of Water, Nutrients, and Tillage by S. S. Prihar, P. R. Gajri, D. K. Benbi, and V. K. Arora Physiological Bases for Maize Improvement edited by María E. Otegui and Gustavo A. Slafer Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture: Their Role and Commercial Uses edited by Amarjit S. Basra Crop Responses and Adaptations to Temperature Stress edited by Amarjit S. Basra Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogens by Jawaid A. Khan and Jeanne Dijkstra In Vitro Plant Breeding by Acram Taji, Prakash P. Kumar, and Prakash Lakshmanan Crop Improvement: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century edited by Manjit S. Kang Barley Science: Recent Advances from Molecular Biology to Agronomy of Yield and Quality edited by Gustavo A. Slafer, José Luis Molina-Cano, Roxana Savin, José Luis Araus, and Ignacio Romagosa Tillage for Sustainable Cropping by P. R. Gajri, V. K. Arora, and S. S. Prihar Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants: Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications by P. Vidhyasekaran Handbook of Formulas and Software for Plant Geneticists and Breeders edited by Manjit S. Kang Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops edited by D. M. Hodges Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects by Rolf H. G. Schlegel Handbook of Processes and Modeling in the Soil-Plant System edited by D. K. Benbi and R. Nieder The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface edited by A. Gómez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. Fedick, and J. J. Jiménez-Osornio Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition by Miguel A. Altieri and Clara I. Nicholls Plant-Derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospects edited by Mahendra Rai and Donatella Mares Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit edited by Tara Auxt Baugher and Suman Singha Landscape Agroecology by Paul A. Wojtkowski Concise Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology by P. Vidhyasekaran Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems Second Edition Miguel Angel Altieri, PhD Clara Ines Nicholls, PhD Food Products Press® An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York • London • Oxford Published by Food Products Press®, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Cover design by Brooke R. Stiles. Cover photos of vineyards by Miguel Altieri. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Altieri, Miguel A. Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems / Miguel Angel Altieri, Clara I. Nicholls.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 1-56022-922-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-56022-923-3 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Insect pests—Biological control. 2. Insects—Ecology. 3. Biological diversity. 4. Agricultural ecology. I. Nicholls, Clara I. II. Title. SB933.3 .A38 2003 632'.7—dc21 2002014860 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Agriculture 3 Traditional Agroecosystems As Models of Biodiverse Farms 6 The Ecological Role of Biodiversity 9 The Nature of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 10 Chapter 2. Agroecology and Pest Management 17 The Nature of Agricultural Habitats and Its Relation to Pest Buildup 17 Crop Diversification and Biological Control 23 Chapter 3. Plant Diversity and Insect Stability in Agroecosystems 29 Ecological Theory 29 Theory Dilemmas 39 Chapter 4. Insect Manipulation Through Weed Management 47 Weeds As Sources of Insect Pests in Agroecosystems 48 The Role of Weeds in the Ecology of Natural Enemies 49 Insect Dynamics in Weed-Diversified Crop Systems 55 Isolating the Ecological Effects of Weed Diversity 67 Crop-Weed Management Considerations 68 Chapter 5. Insect Management in Multiple-Cropping Systems 77 Patterns of Insect Abundance in Polycultures 78 Herbivore Trends in Polycultures 85 Case Study 1: Maize Intercrops and Pest Attack 91 Case Study 2: Cassava Intercrops and Pest Incidence 93 Case Study 3: Reducing Stemborers in Africa 95 Living Mulches: A Special Type of Intercrop 96 Methodologies to Study Insect Dynamics in Polycultures 99 Management Considerations 107 Chapter 6. Insect Ecology in Orchards Under Cover-Crop Management 111 Selecting and Managing Cover Crops in Orchards 116 Case Study 1: Apple Orchards in California 118 Case Study 2: Pecan Orchards in Georgia 121 Case Study 3: Summer Cover Crops in Vineyards 123 Chapter 7. The Influence of Adjacent Habitats on Insect Populations in Crop Fields 127 Crop Edges and Insect Pests 129 Field Boundaries and Natural Enemies
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