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Coastal Resort Morphology As a Response to Transportation Technology

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Coastal Resort Morphology As a Response to Transportation Technology Coastal Resort Morphology as a Response to Transportation Technology by Haryann T. Brent A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1997 @ M.T. Brent 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Weliington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada YwfiYe votre réifërena Our irre Nam rdWrgnCe The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pemettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfoq vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la foxme de microfiche/fïlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The University of Waterloo requires the signatures of al1 persons using or photocopying this thesis. Pleaae sign below and give address and date. iii Coastal Resort Morphology as a Response to Transportation Technology Abstract The primary goal of the thesis has been a comparison of heyday at three coastal resorts of the eastern United States. Cape May, New Jersey, represents steamboat and stagecoach travel in 1860; Atlantic City, New Jersey, represents railroad travel in 1886; and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, the automobile in 1975. Land use maps generated for the resorts were later synthesized as diagrams representing each transportation case study . Generalisations illustrated in the diagrams and thesis framework components guided the comparison of heyday. Framework components included selected features of transportation, the resort, tourists, capital investment and goverment involvement. Questions raised from the review of contextual research contributed to the thesis conclusions: 1. What kinds of events influence progress in the evolution of resorts from one stage to another? 2. What kinds of data should be used to determine the evolution of resorts? 3. How does transportation technology influences resort morphology? This thesis has shown that the resorts exhibit distinctive land-use patterns reflecting the contemporary social and technological contexta, of which transportation is a major component. iv Acknowledgements Completion of this thesis provides an opportunity to thank those who influenced my work in the "journey to play". 1 wish to extend hearty thanks to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Geoffrey Wall, for his expert, tactful guidance and for the frequent loans from his persona1 library; to Dr. Jeanne Kay for her detailed, thoughtful editing; to Dr. Leonard Guelke and Dr. Ron Johnson for the excellent suggestions regarding content; to Dr. Charles Stansfield who generously provided me with copies of his work on coastal resorts. 1 am also grateful to Ralph Moir, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, for his unfailing wisdom; to Valene Smith, California State University, my inspiration; to Wendy Hatch, who kept me on track; to Alex Keuper and to Barry Levely for the production of superb maps; and to the excellent librarians. Among those 1 especially remember are Ione ~illiams,Cape May Historical Society; Marie Boyd (now retired), Atlantic City Free Public Library; Jack Thompson, Myrtle Beach photographer; Ashby Ward, Myrtle Beach Chamber of Commerce; Tempe Oehler, Myrtle Beach historian; Barbara Borner, librarian, Myrtle Beach Sun News; and New Jersey railroad historiane, Don Wentzel and Gera1.d MacDonald. Sincere thanks to the secretaries of the Geography Department, University of Waterloo; to Dr.Yifang Ban, Dr.Veronica Long, Christina Kerr and Heather Black for the gift of their friendship. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my children, Natalie and William Brent. Contents Author's Declaration ii Borrower's Page iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements v Dedication vi Table of Contents vii List of Illustrations xii CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION Statement of Research Problem- Morphology Heyday Transportation Technologies Significance of the Research The Transportation Theme American Destination Areas Cornparison of Land Use Morphology as a Contribution to Tourism Theory The Form and Function of Resort Towns The Distinctive Characteristics of Resorts The Basis for Morphological Comparisons Framework Transportation The Resort Town Tourists Capital ~nvestment/GovernmentInvolvement Conclusion CHAPTER 2- CONTEXT OF STUDY 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Transportation Research 2.2.1 Building Follows Infrastructure (And Infrastructure Influences Building) 2.2.2 Transportation Related to Automobile Tourism 2.3 Initial Morphological Research 2.4 Descriptive Reeearch 2 -5 Case StudLes 2.6 From Morphology to Modelling 2.6.1 The Recreational Business District (RBD)- Central Business District (CBD) Dilemma 2.6.2 Recreational Business Districts (RBDs) 2.7 From Spatial to Cyclical 2 -7.1 Touriat Types 2.7 -2 Ta, Distance and Cost 2.7 -3 The Resort Cycle 2-7-4Resort Evolution vii 2.8 Conclusion CHAPTER 3 . RES-CH METHODS Introduction Selection of Resorts Heyday midence Supporting Heyday Date Selection Map Production Conclusion CHAPTER 40 CAPE MAY CASE STUDY, 1860 Context Determination of Heyday TRANSPORTATION Transpoltation Corridors and Termini Interna1 Mobility RESORT tAND USE Tourist Accommodations Food and Beverage Services Tourist Amusements Public Space Commercial Functions Administration/~ublicServices Architectural Style TOüRISTS Motivation Patronage, Geographic Source, Length of Stay CAP1TAL Large Xnvestors Small Investors and Human Resources Role of Government A Happening: The Great Eastern Conclusion CHAPTER 5, ATLAEITIC CITY CASE STUDY, 1886 Context Detednation of Heyday TRANSPORTATION Transportation Corridors and enn ni ni Interna1 Mobility RESORT LAND USE Tourist Accommodations Food and Beverage Services Tourist Amusements Public Space viii 5.4.5 Commercial Rinctions 5.4.6 Admiaistration/Public Services 5.4.7 Architectural Style 5.5 TOURISTS 5.5.1 Motivation 129 5.5.2 Patronage, Geographic Source, Length of Stay 131 5.6 CAPITAL- 5.6.1 Large Inveators 5.6.2 Small Investors and Human Resources 5.6.3 Role of Government 5.7 Conclusions CHAPTER 6, MYRTfiE BEACH CASE STUDY, 1975 Context Determination of Heyday TRANSPORTATION Transportation Corridors and Termini Internal ~obility THE RESORT Tourist Accommodations Food and Beverage Services Tourist Amusements Public Space Commercial Functions Administration/Social Services Architectural Style TOURISTS Motivation 162 Patronage, Geographic Source, Length of Stay 163 CAPITAL Large Investors Small Investors and Hiiman Resources The Role of Government Conclusions CHAPTER 7, DISCUSSION 7.1 Introduction: Comparison of Resorts 7-2 TRANSPORTATION 7.2.1 Tranaportation Corridors and Termini 7.2.2 Internal Mobility 7 -3 THE RESORT 7.3.1 Tourist Accommiodations 7.3.2 Food and Beverage Services 7-3.3 Tourist Amusements 7.3.4 Public Space 7.3.5 Commercial Functions 7-3.6 Administration/Social Services 7.3.7 Architectural Style TOUIUSTS Pïotivation 183 Patronage, Geographic Source, Length of Stay 184 CAPITAJ; Large Investors 186 Small Investors and Human Resources 186 The Role of Government 187 Conclusions 187 CKAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Transportation 8.2.1 Morphological Reaponses to Transportation 8.2.2 Automobile Parking as a Significant Land Use 8.3 Resorts 8.3.1 RBDs 8.3.2 Beaches 8.4 Tourists 8.5 Large Investors and Government Involvement 8.5.1 Tourism and Sustainable Development 8.5.2 Understanding the Evolution of Resorts as a Requirement for Sustainable Development 8.6 Small Investors and Human Resources 8.6-1 fiesidence Locations 8.7 Questions from Contextual Research 8.7.1 What kinds of events influence progress in the evolution of resorts from one stage to the next? 8.7.2 What kinds of data should be used to determine the evolution of resorts? 8.7.3 How does transportation technology influence the morphology of resort tom land use? 8.8 Concluding Comments APPENDICES Appendix A: Cape Island Chronology Atlantic City Chronology Myrtle Beach Chronology Appendix B: 213 Cape Island Data for Tourism Growth 214 Atlantic City Data for Tourism Growth 215 Myrtle Beach Data for Tourism Growth 216 Appendix C: 217 Cape Island Land Use Morphology Maps 218 Atlantic City Land Use Morphology Maps 226 Myrtle Beach Land Use Morphology Naps 234 Appendix D: 242 Comparison of Framework Components 243 REFERENCES ~istof Illustrations 1. 1 Conceptualisation of Thesis Design 8 1. 2 Framework Dyndcs 11 1. 3 Map of Case Study Sites 16 2. 1 Barrett's Model 30 2. 2 Stansfield's RBD Model 37 2. 3 Ashworth and Tunbridge's CBD Tourism ~unctions 39 2. 4 Butler's Resort Cycle Model 47 3. 1 The Place of Heyday in Resort Evolution 54 3. 2 Sequence of Thesia Tasks 56 3. 3 Resort Chronologies and Heydays 60 4. 1 Shoreline Erosion at Cape Island 67 4.2-5 Graphs of Cumulative Tourism Growth and Growth Rate of Change on Cape Island 69-70 4. 6 Illustration of The Blue Pig 82 4. 7 Photograph of 1860 'bathing beauty' 86 4. 8 First Presbyterian Church 90 4. 9 Congress Hall 91 4.10 The Mount Vernon Hotel 92 4.11 Road Return Map of Cape Island, 1851 100 4.12 Schematic Diagram of Cape Island's Heyday in the Steamboat Era 105 5.1-2 Graphs of Cumulative Growth and Rate of Change, Atlantic City 110 5. 3 Sea Side Bouse 117 5. 4 The Epicycloidal Diversion 120 5. 5 Schaufler's Hotel 127 5. 6 Haddon House 127 5. 7 Albrecht's Hotel 128 5. 8 Romantic Couple from Harper 's Weekly, 18 60 130 5. 9 Schematic Diagram of Atlantic City's Heyday in the Railroad Era 142 6.1-2 Graphs of Cumulative Growth and Rate of Change, Myrtle Beach 147 6.
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