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Mozambique República De Mozambique OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Mozambique República de Mozambique La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La informacion contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. MARZO 2013 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Mozambique 1.1. Características generales Nombre Oficial: República de Mozambique Superficie: 799.380 Km2. TANZANIA Límites: Limita con Sudáfrica y Suazilandia al sur, con Zimbabwe, Zambia y Malawi al oeste y con Tanzania al norte. Lago Malawi Población: 23´4 millones de habitantes. ZAMBIA Capital: Maputo. Idioma: El portugués es la lengua oficial del Estado. Existen diversas lenguas nativas, entre las que destacan el makonde, makua, suabo, shona, ronga y MALAWI changana. El swahili se habla en las zonas costeras del norte. Moneda: Nuevo Metical (MZN). Dependiendo de la cotización, alrededor de 36 meticais = 1 euro. Nampula Religión: Las confesiones religiosas más presentes son la católica, con cerca del 35% de creyentes, seguida de la musulmana (30%) y de ritos animistas. Las iglesias Evangélicas están creciendo con rapidez en los últimos tiempos, fundamentalmente en el sur del país. Forma de Estado: Con la Constitución de noviembre de 1990, Mozambique abandonó el sistema de partido único y economía centralizada para convertirse en una República presidencialista, con separación de poderes y elecciones periódicas multipartidistas. La actual Constitución data de 2004. El Presidente, elegido por Chimoio sufragio universal directo, secreto y personal, por un período de cinco años, es el ZIMBABWE Jefe de Gobierno y Comandante de las Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad. La Cons- titución contempla la figura de un Primer Ministro, nombrado por el Presidente de la República. El órgano legislativo (unicameral) es la Asamblea de la República. Sus 250 miembros son elegidos para un período de cinco años por sufragio universal directo. Existe un Tribunal Supremo, de corte europeo, y un Consejo Constitucional. División administrativa: La organización territorial se basa en la división en diez Provincias más la Ciudad de Maputo, al frente de cada cual hay un gober- nador, nombrado por el Presidente y al que representa en todas sus funciones. Paralelamente, al amparo de un proceso de descentralización, hay instituidos 43 Municipios, regidos por Consejos y Asambleas Municipales, que son reno- vados cada cinco años en elecciones locales. Por debajo de los municipios se SUDÁFRICA sitúan los Distritos. Asimismo, como parte del mencionado proceso de descen- tralización, se han creado Asambleas Provinciales elegidas por sufragio directo. Nº Residentes españoles: 536 en Maputo (marzo 2013) Maputo SUAZILANDIA 1.2. Geografía Mozambique está regado por 25 ríos importantes que vierten sus aguas en el © Ocina de Información Diplomática. 2012 Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Índico. El principal río es el histórico Zambeze, con un recorrido de unos 650 Km. en tierras mozambiqueñas, la gran mayoría navegables, que fluye desde el este de Angola hasta la costa oriental de África y facilita el acceso al interior del conti- nente. Además, son importantes también los ríos: Incomati, Limpopo, Save, Buzi, 2 FICHA PAÍS MOZAMBIQUE Fuentes: (1) FMI, Third Review Under the Policy Support Instrument and Request Pungue, Licungo, Ligonha, Molocue, Mocuburi, Lurio, Meluli, Montepuez, Messalo Diciembre 2011; y por último el Rovuma, que marca la frontera con Tanzania. Hay que destacar (2) FMI, WEO Regional Economic Outlook, Sept. 2011; también el Lago Niassa, cuyas aguas comparten Mozambique, Tanzania y Malawi. (3) I. N. de Estadística de Moçambique; (4). *: estimaciones del Country Report Mozambique “Economist Intelligence Salvo alguna sierra (como la de “Gorongosa” en Sofala o la de los “Pequenos Unit, febrero 2012” Libombos” al sur), o picos aislados, no atraviesa el país ninguna cordillera. La mayor elevación es el “Monte Binga”, en la provincia de Manica, que alcanza 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países y productos 2.436 metros. La mayor parte del país está cubierta de vegetación de sabana, que hacia el norte va derivando en un bosque más o menos cerrado. El país Origen de las importaciones en 2010: Sudáfrica 40%, China, Australia, India cuenta con unos 2700 Km. de costas. y Portugal. A continuación Japón y EEUU. 1.3. Indicadores sociales Principales productos importados: Maquinaria y bienes de capital, aluminio, automóviles, derivados del petróleo. Densidad de población: 25 habitantes/Km2. Renta per cápita: 635 USD (estimado 2012 FMI). Principales destinos de las exportaciones en 2010: Sudáfrica 18%, China, Coeficiente GINI: 45,6% (IDH del PNUD, 2011). Zimbabwe, India y Portugal. España ocupa el séptimo lugar. Esperanza de vida: 50 años (UNICEF). Crecimiento de la Población: 2,1% (UNICEF). Principales productos exportados: Aluminio (de la empresa Mozal, repre- IDH: 0,347 (185/187) en 2013 (PNUD) senta 55,6% del total de las exportaciones de Mozambique), electricidad, gas Tasa de natalidad: 38 en 2010 (UNICEF) natural, tabaco, langostinos, azúcar, madera, algodón, anacardos. Tasa de fertilidad: 4,9 en 2010 (UNICEF) Fuente: Fondo Monetario Interncional 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2011 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA PIB POR SECTORES % Agricultura, pesca y silvicultura 27 2.1 Política interior Industria 19 Servicios 54 Mozambique alcanzó su independencia en 1975, tras el período colonial portugués. Datos: Oficina Comercial Johannesburgo Pocos años después, el país se vio inmerso en una guerra civil entre el gobierno de FRELIMO (Frente de Liberación de Mozambique), que había abrazado el marxismo- 1.5. Coyuntura económica leninismo, y la guerrilla de RENAMO (Resistencia Nacional de Mozambique), creada y alentada por los regímenes de Rhodesia, primero, y Sudáfrica, después. PRINCIPALES INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2009 2010 2011 2012 PIB En 1992 se firmó el Acuerdo General de Paz de Roma y en diciembre se inició PIB (MUSD a precios corrientes) (2) 9.800 9.600 9.600 10.900 el despliegue de ONUMOZ, creando las condiciones para la celebración, en Tasa de variación real (%) (1) 6,4 7.2 7,2 8.0%* 1994, de las primeras elecciones multipartidistas de la historia de Mozambique, INFLACIÓN ganadas por FRELIMO y su candidato Joaquim Chissano, quien había accedido a Media anual (%) (3) 3,69 12.43 11.17 7.0%* la Presidencia de la República en 1986 tras la muerte del primer Presidente de Fin de período (%) (3) 1,97 17.44 6.14 9,16 Mozambique, Samora Machel, en un accidente de aviación. EMPLEO Y TASA DE PARO Población (x 1.000 habitantes) (2) 21.162 21.585 22.017 21.887* FRELIMO volvió a ganar, aunque por un margen más estrecho, en las elecciones Población activa (x 1.000 hab.) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. generales de 1999. La comunidad internacional consideró los comicios suficien- % Desempleo sobre población activa n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. temente libres y justos, pero RENAMO rechazó los resultados, dándose lugar a DÉFICIT PÚBLICO una fuerte tensión entre los dos principales partidos y creándose el caldo de % de PIB (2) -5,6 -3.9 -3.7 -3.6* cultivo para las movilizaciones y protestas de noviembre de 2000. SALDO B. CUENTA CORRIENTE en MUSD (1) -1.220 -1.113 -1.422 -1.720* En 2003 se celebraron elecciones municipales. Presididas por un alto índice en % de PIB (1) -12.2 -11.7 -12.0 -11.0* de abstención que rondó el 75%, la cita se saldó con una amplia victoria de TIPO DE CAMBIO FRENTE AL DÓLAR FRELIMO, que conquistó 28 de los entonces 33 municipios en juego, por 5 media anual (4) 27.00 32.91 28.89 29.50* de RENAMO. En noviembre de 2008 hubo nuevas elecciones municipales, que fin de período (4) 27.78 32.38 34.0 n.d. sirvieron para confirmar la hegemonía política de FRELIMO. 1.6. Comercio Exterior El presidente Chissano se atuvo a la literalidad de la Constitución y no buscó su reelección en las elecciones generales celebradas en diciembre de 2004. El EXPORTACIONES DE BIENES F.O.B. 2009 2010 2011 2012 candidato de FRELIMO, Armando Emilio Guebuza, fue el nuevo presidente electo en MUSD (1) 2.147 2.333 2.649 2.886* con más del 60% de los sufragios, tomando posesión del cargo en febrero de % variación con período anterior (1) -19.07 -8.66 13.54 8.28* 2005. El candidato de RENAMO fue de nuevo Afonso Dhlakama, quien obtuvo IMPORTACIONES DE BIENES F.O.B. alrededor del 30% de los sufragios. En MUSD (1) -3.422 -3.512 -4.029 -4.713* % variación con período anterior (1) -6.07 2.63 14.72 16.09* En octubre de 2009 se celebraron, por primera vez de manera simultánea, elec- SALDO B. COMERCIAL F.O.B. ciones presidenciales, legislativas y provinciales. De nuevo, FRELIMO y Guebuza en MUSD (1) -1.275 -1.179 -1.380 -1.432* obtuvieron una amplia victoria, con más del 75% de los sufragios y la mayoría en % de PIB (1) -12.7 -12,4 -11,4 -11,8* absoluta en el Parlamento (191 diputados sobre un total de 250 asientos en la Asamblea de la República). Tasa de Cobertura: 65,7% 3 FICHA PAÍS MOZAMBIQUE RENAMO confirmó su progresiva pérdida de peso político (consiguió 51 asientos Los cuadros dirigentes del gobernante FRELIMO están ocupados por las siguien- en la Asamblea), mientras que, por primera vez, surgió una nueva fuerza política tes personas, ambos reelegidos en el X Congreso del partido: de oposición, en gran medida escindida de RENAMO, que permitió romper el bipartidismo existente hasta la fecha. Se trata del Movimento Democratico de - Presidente: Armando Guebuza Moçambique (MDM), creado y dirigido por Daviz Simango, actual alcalde de Bei- - Secretario General: Filipe Chimoio Paúnde ra y ex-miembro de RENAMO.
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