Formen Der Wissenschaftlichen Erklärung in Den Geisteswissenschaften

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Formen Der Wissenschaftlichen Erklärung in Den Geisteswissenschaften Formen der wissenschaftlichen Erklärung in den Geisteswissenschaften Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz eingereicht von Mag.phil. Mag.phil. Mag.phil. Ivo Marinšek am Institut für Philosophie Erstbegutachter: Ao.UProf.i.R. Mag.theol. Dr.phil. Wofgang L. Gombócz Zweitbegutachter: O.Univ.Prof. Dr.phil. Bojan Borstner 2019 Danksagung und Motto Besonders danke ich meinem Mentor, Univ.Prof. Wolfgang Gombócz, der meine Begeisterung für philosophische Fragen geweckt und gefördert hat und mir bei dieser Arbeit mit Rat und wertvollen Anregungen zur Seite stand. Auch anderen Universitätsprofessoren aus Graz und Maribor, die mich auf eigenständiges Arbeiten vorbereitet haben, sei gedankt. „Die Falschheit besteht in einem Mangel an Erkenntnis, den die inadäquaten oder verstümmelten und verworrenen Ideen in sich schließen.“ (Spinozas Ethik, Teil 2, Lehrsatz 35) INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort.....................................................................................................................................11 Einleitung.................................................................................................................................19 a)Forschungsstand zum Thema Erklärung...........................................................19 b)Kausalität, Gesetz und Erklärung als miteinander zusammenhängende wissenschaftliche Begriffe.....................................................................................21 c)Implikationen der Erkenntnistheorie für humanwissenschaftliche Er- klärungen......................................................................................................................29 d)Implikationen der Wissenschaftstheorie für humanwissenschaftliche Erklärungen.................................................................................................................32 e)Hempels Verteidigung seines Schemas als auf die Geisteswissenschaf- ten anwendbar............................................................................................................34 Kapitel 1 - Implikationen der Wissenschaftsphilosophie für human- wissenschaftliche Erklärungen............................................................................41 1a)Erfahrung, Erklärung und Begrifflichkeiten.................................................41 1b)Theorieabhängigkeit, Kategorien und Erklärungsprinzipien...............49 1c)Erklärungen, Modelle und ihr Nutzen.............................................................54 Kapitel 2 - Programm einer speziellen Wissenschaftstheorie der Geis- teswissenschaften........................................................................................................57 Kapiteleinteilung...............................................................................................................57 2b)Klärung des Begriffs Geisteswissenschaft......................................................57 2c)Bemerkungen über individualisierende Erklärungen...............................63 2d)Handlungstheorie und Hermeneutik als paradigmenbildende Theo- rien geisteswissenschaftlicher Erklärung.......................................................67 2e)Spezielle Wissenschaftstheorie der Geisteswissenschaften...................71 Kapitel 3 – Einheitlichkeit der Wissenschaften.................................................83 3b)Gekonnte Erklärung als Gemeinsamkeit aller Disziplinen......................91 3c)Forschungsgeschichtlicher Exkurs - John Stuart Mills Lehre von den Humanwissenschaften als einem Sonderfall einer einheitlichen wis- senschaftlichen Erkenntnis...................................................................................98 Kapitel 4 - Der praktische Syllogismus................................................................103 4b)Kritik an von Wright, Fortführung seiner Position..................................117 Kapitel 5 - Hermeneutik………………..….................……………................................123 5b)Interpretative Erkenntnis……………….............................................................129 5c)Gadamer über Klassiker und Aktualität........................................................137 5d)Gadamer über historische Erfahrung............................................................143 7 Kapitel 6 - Methodologien……....................................................................................147 6b) Kausalanalyse und mögliche Zustände.............................….......................159 6c) Stegmüller über Teleologie................................................................................164 6d) Begriffe, logische Struktur und ontologische Implikationen geistes- wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen.......................................................................170 6e) Vorwegnahme von Motivkausalität in der Geschichte der Psycholo- gie……………….............................................................................................................172 Kapitel 7 – Die Rolle allgemeiner Gesetze in geisteswissenschaftlichen Erklärungen..................................................................................................................175 7b)Grenzen der ökonomischen Verallgemeinerung als Sonderfall.........191 7c)Spezialfälle gesetzesartiger (funktionstheoretischer) Aussagen in geisteswissenschaftlichen Erklärungen........................................................194 Kapitel 8 – Einzelfallerklärung.................................................................................199 8b)Gesetze in historischen Erklärungen.............................................................203 8c)Handlungstheoretischer Aspekt der Erklärung.........................................215 8d)Wie oder warum, zwei Zugänge zum Erklären..........................................222 8e)Die logische Vereinbarkeit logischer und rationaler Erklärungen....225 Kapitel 9 - Wahrscheinlichkeitsschlüsse und Enthymeme......................227 Kapitel 10 - Die Begründbarkeit von moralischen Urteilen im Zusam- menhang mit geisteswissenschaftlichen Erklärungen........................239 10b)Praktische Syllogismen im Vergleich mit anderen Argumenten.....241 10c)Mittel, Zwecke und Paradoxien des Egoismus.........................................242 10d)Handlungstheorie und Handlungsgründe.................................................244 10e)Präferenzentscheidungen und Einflüsse auf sie.....................................246 10f)Selbstverständliches Wissen von Handelnden über Kausalität........250 10g)Maximen und Moralbegründung als Gegenstand bzw Komponente der Wissenschaften vom Menschen................................................................251 Kapitel 11 - Das Wesen des Soziokulturellen und seiner Dynamik....259 11b)Überschneidung von Kausalfaktoren, Zufall und Singularität.........262 11c)Typus, Strukturen und Grenzen der Handlungsmöglichkeiten........266 11d)Willensakte und Motive als Kausalfaktoren.............................................268 11e)Darstellungen, Zugänge und Urteile............................................................270 Kapitel 12 - Klärung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Erzählung und Er- klärung.............................................................................................................................275 12b)Analytische Philosophie der Geschichte....................................................276 8 12c)Beweismaterial und Paradigma als Aspekte geisteswissenschaftli- cher Erklärung..........................................................................................................280 12d)Erzähltexte und Erklärungsskizzen.............................................................283 12e)Prognoseprobleme, Handlungsfreiheit und implizite Verallgemeine- rungen..........................................................................................................................285 12f)Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen Erzählungen und geis- teswissenschaftlichen Argumenten................................................................288 12g)Interaktionen zwischen Individuen und Kollektiven...........................289 Kapitel 13 - Popper als Vorläufer der Theorie der geisteswissenschaft- lichen H-O-Erklärung...............................................................................................291 13b)Grenzen der Sozialprognose und realistische Planungen..................292 13c)Soziale Strukturen in Wechselwirkung mit zwischenmenschlichen Interaktionen............................................................................................................296 13d)Soziale Trends im Unterschied zu Entwicklungsgesetzen.................297 13e)Erklärung von Trends durch singuläre Randbedingungen................299 13f)Methodischer Individualismus und soziokulturelle Möglichkei- ten..................................................................................................................................301 Ausblick, Zusammenfassung und Nutzanwendung......................................305 Abschließende Stellungnahme zu verwendeten Standardautoren........308 Nachwort...............................................................................................................................311 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................................315 9 10 Formen geisteswissenschaftlicher Erklärung Vorwort Obzwar bereits Berge von Literatur über die theoretischen Grundlagen der Wissen- schaften vom Menschen existieren, versucht
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