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Dissertacao Xaman Minillo UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS ENFRENTANDO O NORTE - DISCURSOS E IDEOLOGIA COMO FONTES DE PODER PARA O REGIME DE ROBERT MUGABE XAMAN KORAI PINHEIRO MINILLO BRASÍLIA 2011 XAMAN KORAI PINHEIRO MINILLO ENFRENTANDO O NORTE - DISCURSOS E IDEOLOGIA COMO FONTES DE PODER PARA O REGIME DE ROBERT MUGABE Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke BRASÍLIA 2011 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Minillo, Xaman Korai Pinheiro Enfrentando o norte - discursos e ideologia como fontes de poder para o regime de Robert Mugabe / Xaman Korai Pinheiro Minillo. Brasília: UNB, 2011. 224 f. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada ao Instituto de Relações Internacionais – Universidade de Brasília – UNB. 1. Relações Internacionais 2. Zimbábue 3. Poder 4. Discurso XAMAN KORAI PINHEIRO MINILLO ENFRENTANDO O NORTE - DISCURSOS E IDEOLOGIA COMO FONTES DE PODER PARA O REGIME DE ROBERT MUGABE BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Rafael Villa Departamento de Ciência Política – DCP-USP Instituto de Relações Internacionais – IRI-USP Prof. Dr. Pio Penna Filho Instituto de Relações Internacionais – UNB Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke Instituto de Relações Internacionais – UNB Brasília, 01 de Julho de 2011 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, amigos e orientador que sempre estiveram ao meu lado, acreditando no meu potencial; aos afro-brasileiros e ao povo do Zimbábue. AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho foi possível graças à colaboração direta ou indireta de muitas pessoas. Manifesto minha gratidão a todas elas e de forma particular: Ao Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke, meu orientador, por ter me recebido sob sua orientação e me guiado incansavelmente durante os dois anos de mestrado. Meus eternos agradecimentos! Obrigada pelas leituras, sugestões e pelos constantes comentários que, delicadamente, me permitiram chegar até onde estou. À minha mãe, que demonstrou infinita paciência, persistência e profissionalismo ao ler e comentar este trabalho para o exame de Qualificação. Agradeço também pelas sugestões e pelo constante apoio. A todos os professores do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, que me introduziram às Relações Internacionais, agradeço por todo o conhecimento que me passaram. Agradeço também aos funcionários do Instituto, pelo apoio que me ofereceram durante estes anos. A toda minha família, pela eterna alegria e companheirismo, que me ensinaram a nunca desistir. Aos amigos e companheiros, pelo auxílio e estímulo, que me proporcionaram oportunidades de debates e o prazer de estudar e pesquisar. A CAPES, pelo apoio financeiro durante 24 meses que me proporcionou condições para me dedicar à pesquisa e escrever este trabalho. Obrigada! “(…) while international forces are constructing various discourses of the state in Africa for their own interests, Africans are often exploiting such discourses for their own enrichment. (...) African political elites often use the dominant discourse to extract resources from the international 1 community in a ‘legitimate’ manner”. 1 DUNN, Kevin C. “Introduction: Africa and International Relations Theory”. In: DUNN, Kevin C.; SHAW, Timothy M. (eds.). Africa’s challenge to International Relations Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2001. pp. 60-61. RESUMO Em meados de 1990, Mugabe passou de um exemplo de líder político africano a um tirano para o Ocidente, que passou a criticar o líder em nome dos direitos humanos e da boa governança, culminando com o estabelecimento de sanções ocidentais e a suspensão do estado do Commonwealth. Reconhecendo o papel de discursos, ideologia e valores nas relações internacionais, que são aplicados segundo os interesses dos atores e podem ser uma fonte de poder para Estados com poucos recursos materiais, é possível entender como, mesmo sob pressão e sanções ocidentais, o regime de Mugabe continuou a existir, pois o líder político mobilizou estrategicamente, com seu discurso, a solidariedade dos Estados africanos e do Sul Global. A partir do estudo sobre o Zimbábue é possível compreender como Estados fracos, com poucos recursos materiais, podem agir e obter poder nas relações internacionais. Palavras-Chave: Relações Internacionais. Zimbábue. Poder. Discurso ABSTRACT In the 1980s Mugabe was an example of African political leader, but in the 1990s he became a tyrant to the West, which criticized and blamed him for Zimbabwe’s problems and demanded respect for human rights and good governance, actions which culminated in the establishment of Western sanctions and the suspension of Zimbabwe from the Commonwealth. Recognizing the role of speech, ideology and values in international relations, which are applied according to the interests of actors and can be a source of power to states with few material resources, it is possible to understand how, even under Western pressure and sanctions, Mugabe's regime continued to exist. The African political leader strategically deployed, with his speech, the solidarity of African States and members of the Global South. Thus, the Zimbabwean crisis can offer insights to the comprehension of how weak states can act and obtain power in international relations. Keywords: International Relations. Zimbabwe. Power. Discourse. LISTA DE ABREVIAÇÕES E SIGLAS Acordo Político Global GPA African National Congress ANC Brittish South African Company BSAC Comissão Africana de Direitos Humanos e dos Povos ACHPR Comissão de Supervisão Eleitoral do Zimbábue ESC Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings CHOGM Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group on the Harare Declaration CMAG Conferência do Zimbábue para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento ZIMCORD Estados da África, Caribe e Pacífico ACP Estados da Linha de Frente ELF Estados Unidos da América EUA Fórum de Comissões Eleitorais dos membros da SADC SADC-ECF Frente Patriótica FP Frente Rodesiana FR Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement IPPA Movement for Democratic Change MDC Movimento dos Não Alinhados NAM New Partnership for African Development NEPAD Organização da Unidade Africana OUA Organização das Nações Unidas ONU Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação FAO Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico OCDE Preferential Trade Agreement PTA República Democrática do Congo RDC Southern Africa Development Co-ordination Conference SADCC Southern African Development Comunity SADC South-West Africa People's Organisation SWAPO Tribunal Penal Internacional TPI União Africana UA União Européia UE United African National Council UANC United Nations Development Programme UNDP Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ZANLA Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZAPU Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation Television ZBC-TV Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act ZDERA Zimbabwe's Economic and Structural Adjustment Program ESAP SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................... 4 Questões centrais e hipóteses ........................................................................ 6 Pressupostos teóricos ..................................................................................... 8 Fontes de pesquisa ....................................................................................... 11 Estrutura do trabalho ..................................................................................... 13 CAPÍTULO 1 - A “LUA DE MEL” ENTRE O ZIMBÁBUE E A COMUNIDADE INTERNACIONAL ............................................................................................ 15 1.1 De Rodésia do Sul a Zimbábue .............................................................. 15 1.2 Os benefícios da conjuntura internacional da Guerra Fria para os Estados africanos ....................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Efeitos do regime de apartheid e suas tentativas de desestabilização ... 21 1.4 Zimbábue, um modelo de reconciliação racial na África Austral ............. 23 1.5 Conclusão ............................................................................................... 27 CAPÍTULO 2 - A EMERGÊNCIA DA CRISE ZIMBABUANA ENTRE 1997 E 2000 ................................................................................................................. 29 2.1 A questão da terra ................................................................................... 29 2.2 A intervenção militar na República Democrática do Congo .................... 40 2.3 Contestações políticas ao regime ........................................................... 43 2.4 Reações do regime ................................................................................. 48 2.5 Conclusão ............................................................................................... 52 CAPÍTULO 3 - A DETERIORAÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS DO ZIMBÁBUE COM O OCIDENTE ...................................................................... 54 3.1 Efeitos do final da Guerra Fria e do regime de apartheid para as relações internacionais do Zimbábue .......................................................................... 54 3.2 Os críticos de Mugabe ...........................................................................
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