UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA _t hÇ|äxÜá|wtw Vtà™Ä|vt wx _É}t ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION MENCION INGLES MODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS Research done in order to achieve the Bachelor´s Degree in Teaching English as a Foreign Language AUTHOR: PARRALES VALDEZ CARLOS ERNESTO DIRECTOR: MGS. PAOLA CABRERA SAN RAFAEL - ECUADOR 2010 CERTIFICATION MGS. PAOLA CABRERA CERTIFIES THAT: This research work has been thoroughly revised by the graduation committee. Therefore, authorizes the presentation of this thesis, which complies with all the norms and internal requirements of the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Loja, September 15 TH , 2010 ___________________________ MGS. PAOLA CABRERA i CONTRATO DE CESION DE DERECHOS DE TESIS DE GRADO “Yo, CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES VALDEZ declaro ser autor del presente trabajo y eximo expresamente a la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja y a sus representantes legales de posibles reclamos o acciones legales. Adicionalmente declaro conocer y aceptar la disposición del Art. 67 del Estatuto Orgánico de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja que en su parte pertinente textualmente dice: “formar parte del patrimonio de la Universidad la propiedad intelectual de investigaciones, trabajos científicos o técnicos y tesis de grado que se realicen a través, o que el apoyo financiero, académico o institucional (operativo) de la Universidad”. Sr. CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES V. ii AUTHORSHIP The thoughts, ideas, opinions and the information obtained through this research are the only responsibility of the author. Date: September 15 TH , 2010 ___________________________ Sr. CARLOS E. PARRALES iii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate the following thesis to my father (+) and my mother, for all the support they gave me when I was younger and I couldn´t take any advantage I will never forget the push that my two teen girls and my wife gave me to finish this important research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE PRELIMINARY PAGES ABSTRACT………………………………. 1 INTRODUCTION……………….. ……… 2 METHODOLOGY………………………. 6 RESULTS………………………... ……… 9 CHARTS…………………………. ……… 10 DISCUSSION…………………….……… 22 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND…….. 22 LANGUAGE……………………………… 23 LINGUISTICS…………………… ……… 25 BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS……… 26 MORPHOLOGICAL PROCEDURES.. 30 HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS…. ……… 31 LANGUAGE CHANGE…………………. 32 LANGUAGE VICE………………………. 33 NEOLOGISMS………………….. ……… 36 BARBARISMS:ANGLICISMS………… 36 FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE 37 NEWSPAPER AND TABLOID………… 41 PREVIOUS STUDIES………………….. 42 DESC RIPTION AND ANALYSIS RESULT 44 LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS……………….. 45 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS…………… 69 SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS……………….. 72 CONCLUSIONS………………… ……… 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………… 77 ANNEXES………………………………… 79 ABSTRACT The title of this research is “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS”; it was done in the Republic of Ecuador. It was done, taking into consideration the variation in language usage in newspapers, and some expressions that contain anglicisms. There are also social factors taken from foreign languages that influence the Spanish. The city of Quito was the place selected for this research, where we could find a great number of people who like to read newspapers specially tabloids which are very popular, not expensive and very easy to read and understand. It was used the qualitative and quantitative methods, in which the most common anglicisms where collected and counted in order to identify which are the most used by the population and match them with the obtained results. Moreover, it was easy to understand how the English language advances in comparison to the Spanish language for the use of many expressions which come from north-American countries and they affect and improve the way we write and talk. This work can be very interesting for people who like to identify and understand the different expressions that people use. Furthermore, expressions which are used by some newspapers and how these are not well used by editorialists. On the other hand, these kind of expressions are found very fashionable by readers; who use them as they prefer. - 1 - INTRODUCTION At the beginning of this research, I would like to introduce the use of anglicisms in the Spanish written language in our country as a topic that is worth being investigated since it will provide us information about the way English is influencing our native language in terms of anglicisms. The most important motivation for having this research and all the investigation that was carried out, was to obtain clear information about the different ways people talk and write in everyday life and also to carry out a descriptive, linguistic and social analysis of written language in national, local and tabloid Ecuadorian newspapers where we will focus on the lexical terms regarded as anglicisms and in the form they are used in newspapers. It is also necessary to center this research from a descriptive point of view which will allow us to get linguistic and social data in order to identify and analyze the anglicisms currently used in newspapers. With this research, it will be important to include and give some extra information about anglicisms which have been introduced before by prominent linguistics, one of them is Mrs. Esmeralda de la Vega, who is a sociolinguistic teacher in “Escuela de Ciencias, Lenguaje y Literatura” from “Universidad Central del Ecuador”. Unfortunately, this topic hasn´t been taken with such a great importance because people think that the way they talk or write is not important, but the way they understand and get some correct - 2 - selected information and this is one of the reasons people don´t find it as an interesting topic to study. This would be a great opportunity to give some personal ideas, and to put in consideration different ways of thinking about this great topic. There are people around the world who have done researches and investigations about anglicisms, but not only about them but also about other phenomenon in expressions as spanglish; for instance, in our country this topic has not been studied or put into a lot of consideration. One of the reasons for not giving all the attention to this could be that it is not so important to investigate, or another reason might be, how people use anglicisms and they might sometimes use them without knowing that they are using words which don´t belong to their own language. In order to know about anglicisms and investigate how people have adapted their expressions and ways of talking, it would be a great advantage to understand the development of languages, in special our own language and because of the evolution of languages that come from many years in the past will allow us to know and analyze what will happen in the future with our own ways of speaking and the dynamic evolution of it. At the end of this introduction I would like to say that most of the specific objectives were met and I obtained important information for future researchers. - 3 - The first objective was to determine the level of influence of the English language on the linguistic expressions used in Ecuadorian newspapers. In this research it was found that there is a great number of anglicisms that are commonly used into our language and take part of our natural way of talking, it means that the level of influence of other languages specially English, are high and people can find these expressions around their own environment and on information technologies. Another objective was to identify syntactic and lexical anglicisms more commonly used in newspaper material in Ecuador. People think that anglicisms are a way of improving their use of polite or informal expressions. This is the principal reason why people write or read anglicisms without taking care if they have mistakes or errors on their expressions. Therefore, it wasn’t difficult to obtain information to reach this important objective. Another objective was to determine the written sections of Ecuadorian newspapers in which anglicisms are mostly used. Most of the newspapers that are printed in Ecuador contain anglicisms but with this research it was established that the most popular are the ones that use anglicisms. At the end, the main objective was to know the grade of acceptance that Ecuadorians have about anglicisms they find in - 4 - newspapers or any written material and the reason how they got them and how they use them. This research demonstrated that there is a high level of acceptance of anglicisms in Ecuadorian people and is because of the globalized atmosphere that is part of the information technologies specially newspapers. - 5 - METHODOLOGY At the beginning of this investigation, some national, local and tabloid newspapers were collected for seven days; then, the different newspapers were divided, taking into consideration the following sub- variables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports; the acquired information was very huge, but the most important was to know that anglicisms exist and the idea was to identify which ones were the most used by Ecuadorians. Therefore, it was very simple to identify which anglicisms were the most used by people, because this information was collected in quantitative charts, which show the most frequently used anglicisms. The investigation was held in Quito in a local region, where the participants have a medium social status and medium-high level of knowledge and the level of language used in the newspapers comes from informal to formal