UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA _t hÇ|äxÜá|wtw Vtà™Ä|vt wx _É}t

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION MENCION INGLES

MODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS

Research done in order to achieve the Bachelor´s Degree in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

AUTHOR:

PARRALES VALDEZ CARLOS ERNESTO

DIRECTOR:

MGS. PAOLA CABRERA

SAN RAFAEL - ECUADOR

2010

CERTIFICATION

MGS. PAOLA CABRERA

CERTIFIES THAT:

This research work has been thoroughly revised by the graduation committee. Therefore, authorizes the presentation of this thesis, which complies with all the norms and internal requirements of the

Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja.

Loja, September 15 TH , 2010

______

MGS. PAOLA CABRERA

i

CONTRATO DE CESION DE DERECHOS DE TESIS DE GRADO

“Yo, CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES VALDEZ declaro ser autor del presente trabajo y eximo expresamente a la Universidad Técnica

Particular de Loja y a sus representantes legales de posibles reclamos o acciones legales.

Adicionalmente declaro conocer y aceptar la disposición del Art. 67 del Estatuto Orgánico de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja que en su parte pertinente textualmente dice: “formar parte del patrimonio de la Universidad la propiedad intelectual de investigaciones, trabajos científicos o técnicos y tesis de grado que se realicen a través, o que el apoyo financiero, académico o institucional

(operativo) de la Universidad”.

Sr. CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES V.

ii

AUTHORSHIP

The thoughts, ideas, opinions and the information obtained through this research are the only responsibility of the author.

Date: September 15 TH , 2010

______

Sr. CARLOS E. PARRALES

iii

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate the

following thesis to my father (+)

and my mother, for all the support

they gave me when I was younger

and I couldn´t take any advantage

I will never forget the push that my two teen girls and my wife gave me to finish this important research.

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

PRELIMINARY PAGES

ABSTRACT………………………………. 1

INTRODUCTION……………….. ……… 2

METHODOLOGY………………………. 6

RESULTS………………………... ……… 9

CHARTS…………………………. ……… 10

DISCUSSION…………………….……… 22

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND…….. 22

LANGUAGE……………………………… 23

LINGUISTICS…………………… ……… 25

BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS……… 26

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCEDURES.. 30

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS…. ……… 31

LANGUAGE CHANGE…………………. 32

LANGUAGE VICE………………………. 33

NEOLOGISMS………………….. ……… 36

BARBARISMS:ANGLICISMS………… 36

FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE 37

NEWSPAPER AND TABLOID………… 41

PREVIOUS STUDIES………………….. 42 DESC RIPTION AND ANALYSIS RESULT 44

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS……………….. 45

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS…………… 69

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS……………….. 72

CONCLUSIONS………………… ……… 75

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………… 77

ANNEXES………………………………… 79 ABSTRACT

The title of this research is “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF

ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS”; it was done in the Republic of Ecuador. It was done, taking into consideration the variation in language usage in newspapers, and some expressions that contain anglicisms. There are also social factors taken from foreign languages that influence the Spanish. The city of Quito was the place selected for this research, where we could find a great number of people who like to read newspapers specially tabloids which are very popular, not expensive and very easy to read and understand. It was used the qualitative and quantitative methods, in which the most common anglicisms where collected and counted in order to identify which are the most used by the population and match them with the obtained results.

Moreover, it was easy to understand how the English language advances in comparison to the Spanish language for the use of many expressions which come from north-American countries and they affect and improve the way we write and talk. This work can be very interesting for people who like to identify and understand the different expressions that people use. Furthermore, expressions which are used by some newspapers and how these are not well used by editorialists. On the other hand, these kind of expressions are found very fashionable by readers; who use them as they prefer.

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INTRODUCTION

At the beginning of this research, I would like to introduce the use of anglicisms in the Spanish written language in our country as a topic that is worth being investigated since it will provide us information about the way English is influencing our native language in terms of anglicisms. The most important motivation for having this research and all the investigation that was carried out, was to obtain clear information about the different ways people talk and write in everyday life and also to carry out a descriptive, linguistic and social analysis of written language in national, local and tabloid Ecuadorian newspapers where we will focus on the lexical terms regarded as anglicisms and in the form they are used in newspapers.

It is also necessary to center this research from a descriptive point of view which will allow us to get linguistic and social data in order to identify and analyze the anglicisms currently used in newspapers.

With this research, it will be important to include and give some extra information about anglicisms which have been introduced before by prominent linguistics, one of them is Mrs. Esmeralda de la

Vega, who is a sociolinguistic teacher in “Escuela de Ciencias,

Lenguaje y Literatura” from “Universidad Central del Ecuador”.

Unfortunately, this topic hasn´t been taken with such a great importance because people think that the way they talk or write is not important, but the way they understand and get some correct

- 2 - selected information and this is one of the reasons people don´t find it as an interesting topic to study.

This would be a great opportunity to give some personal ideas, and to put in consideration different ways of thinking about this great topic. There are people around the world who have done researches and investigations about anglicisms, but not only about them but also about other phenomenon in expressions as spanglish; for instance, in our country this topic has not been studied or put into a lot of consideration. One of the reasons for not giving all the attention to this could be that it is not so important to investigate, or another reason might be, how people use anglicisms and they might sometimes use them without knowing that they are using words which don´t belong to their own language.

In order to know about anglicisms and investigate how people have adapted their expressions and ways of talking, it would be a great advantage to understand the development of languages, in special our own language and because of the evolution of languages that come from many years in the past will allow us to know and analyze what will happen in the future with our own ways of speaking and the dynamic evolution of it.

At the end of this introduction I would like to say that most of the specific objectives were met and I obtained important information for future researchers.

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The first objective was to determine the level of influence of the

English language on the linguistic expressions used in Ecuadorian newspapers.

In this research it was found that there is a great number of anglicisms that are commonly used into our language and take part of our natural way of talking, it means that the level of influence of other languages specially English, are high and people can find these expressions around their own environment and on information technologies.

Another objective was to identify syntactic and lexical anglicisms more commonly used in newspaper material in Ecuador.

People think that anglicisms are a way of improving their use of polite or informal expressions. This is the principal reason why people write or read anglicisms without taking care if they have mistakes or errors on their expressions. Therefore, it wasn’t difficult to obtain information to reach this important objective.

Another objective was to determine the written sections of

Ecuadorian newspapers in which anglicisms are mostly used.

Most of the newspapers that are printed in Ecuador contain anglicisms but with this research it was established that the most popular are the ones that use anglicisms.

At the end, the main objective was to know the grade of acceptance that Ecuadorians have about anglicisms they find in

- 4 - newspapers or any written material and the reason how they got them and how they use them.

This research demonstrated that there is a high level of acceptance of anglicisms in Ecuadorian people and is because of the globalized atmosphere that is part of the information technologies specially newspapers.

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METHODOLOGY

At the beginning of this investigation, some national, local and tabloid newspapers were collected for seven days; then, the different newspapers were divided, taking into consideration the following sub- variables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports; the acquired information was very huge, but the most important was to know that anglicisms exist and the idea was to identify which ones were the most used by Ecuadorians. Therefore, it was very simple to identify which anglicisms were the most used by people, because this information was collected in quantitative charts, which show the most frequently used anglicisms.

The investigation was held in Quito in a local region, where the participants have a medium social status and medium-high level of knowledge and the level of language used in the newspapers comes from informal to formal expressions.

The applied methodology represents a description and analysis on the field of investigation and also a statistical analysis from the results. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used and some techniques such as a survey, questionnaires, these were asked to people who like reading newspapers and magazines and the material used for the investigation as national, local and tabloid newspapers which were divided into sub-variables.

There were some resources used for this research, all of them have been very important in order to obtain the most profitable

- 6 - results; an important tool I used was a laptop in which I got into the

Internet and I could find essential information in order to identify anglicisms properly. Some dictionaries were used, one of them was the “LONGMAN Active Study Dictionary”, which used some multimedia information to get clear meanings. Other resources as

THE MERRIAM-WEBSTER dictionary and THE ROYAL ACADEMY

SPANISH LANGUAGE dictionary were used to identify topics as the background to find anglicisms and their development. This research was possible due to the support provided and the interest shown by the university regarding the present program. Then, it was very important for me to work on this investigation to reach a better knowledge into this language field and therefore, later in the future I would spread the acquired knowledge to students from schools or universities and be able to answer all of their questions.

The information obtained was written in different charts, in which there were taken into consideration the anglicisms found in each newspaper as well as the number of times that a word was repeated, the title of the article, and the date.

At the end of this research three kinds of analysis: linguistic, comparative and social were done. The linguistic analysis was divided into: ethymologhy (evolution and origin of the words), syntactic- semantic (grammatical function and meaning of the words) and morphology (changes and adaptation of the words).

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Finally, the methodology that was used in this research was the most profitable to reach the objectives that were proposed at beginning of this investigation.

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RESULTS

The results of this research work were gathered from three different newspapers published in Ecuador; “El Comercio”, “La Hora” and “El Extra”. Also, I would like to consider that the information was taken during the second week of December.

There are nineteen charts contained in this research: fifteen charts for the qualitative section, three charts for the quantitative section and one chart for the most frequent anglicisms.

Each qualitative chart contains at the top, the chart number, the variable which are from national newspapers (El Comercio), local newspapers (La Hora) or tabloids (El Extra), and the different subvariables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports. Each chart contains 5 columns: a column for the studied anglicisms, a column for the different examples, a column for the number of times they are repeated, a column for the title of the article in which it was found, and a column for the date of the article. Each quantitative chart contains at the top, the chart number, the variables (national newspaper, local newspaper, tabloid). These charts contain four columns which are divided into: a column for the most frequent anglicism, a column for the section in which the anglicism was found, a column for the frequency of it, and a column for the percentage.

The last chart is about the most frequent anglicisms, it contains three columns, a column for the anglicisms, a column for the number of times the anglicisms are repeated and a column for the percentage.

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CHARTS

QUALITATIVE TABLE

CHART: ONE VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES DVD … Wikipedia será 3 WIKIPEDIA LLEGARÁ EN 12-12-09 compilada en DVD DVD A ESCUELAS para repartir a las ARGENTINAS SIN escuelas argentinas… INTERNET SUBWAY En realidad no hay 4 EL ‘SUBWAY’ DE NY ESTÁ 13-12-09 otra palabra que ACHACOSO PERO ÚTIL cobije mejor al ‘subway’ (metro) de Nueva York, Estados Unidos.

CHART: TWO VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: ADS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES UP GRADE Reciben un up grade a 1 3x2 EN ESTA NAVIDAD 07-12-09 habitación vista al mar BARCELÓ TE REGALA EN ESTA NAVIDAD SUITE BATAN, suite 1 BIENES RAICES 08-12-09 amoblada, $335. CHIP IMPORTADOR 1 COMUNICACIÓN, IMAGEN 11-12-09 celulares doble chip Y SONIDO televisión, WATTS GENERADORES 3 REPARACIONES Y 12-12-09 eléctricos nuevos MANTENIMIENTO gasolina 1.200 watts,… OVERLOKS CONFECCIONISTAS 1 REPARACIONES Y 13-12-09 vendo overloks rectas MANTENIMIENTO recubridora elasticadora tiradora 099686533

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CHART: THREE VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES FILMES ..supervisor musical 1 CURTIS HANSON SE 07-12-09 de filmes como PRESENTO EN EL “Titanic”… FESTIVAL DE LA HABANA FILME El filme es una 2 EL PUBLICO VIO 08-12-09 realización propuesta JUVENTUD, SEXO Y para público joven… DROGAS EN “MENTIRAS Y GORDAS” FILME También calificó el 2 UN DOCUMENTAL DE LA 10-12-09 filme como apreciable VIDA DE FITO PAEZ SE debido al contenido… MOSTRO EN LA HABANA FANS … y los fans deben 1 NUEVO ÁLBUM DE ALICIA 11-12-09 mantener el KEYS EN INTERNET equilibrio… MISS La gibraltareña 2 NUEVA MISS MUNDO ES 12-12-09 Kaiane Aldorino se DE GIBRALTAR Y convirtió hoy en la MEXICANA OCUPÓ EL nueva Miss Mundo SEGUNDO LUGAR 2009, MISS La modelo fue 2 KAIANE ALDORINO ES LA 13-12-09 coronada ayer Miss PRIMERA MISS MUNDO Mundo 2009,… NACIDA EN GIBRALTAR

CHART: FOUR VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS

ANGLICI EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES KIT Con la ayuda de un kit, el 1 LOS BANCOS DE CELULAS 07-12-09 médico pudo realizar el MADRE SON UNA exámen… INVERSION SEGURA A FUTURO REALITY …los participantes se 2 “HOY, MI MUSICA 10-12-09 encontraban listos para el CRISTIANA ES MI reality en Ecuavisa. MINISTERIO, NO LO HAGO POR FAMA” FACEBOOK …a los sitios virtuales 1 2 JÓVENES CREARON 11-12-09 más populares, como UNA RED SOCIAL Facebook, Hi5 y otros. CHAT. ,…gracias a su imaginación 1 2 JÓVENES CREARON 11-12-09 crearon un servicio de UNA RED SOCIAL chat. SOFTWARE …un proceso de utilización 2 2 JÓVENES CREARON 11-12-09 de software libre y UNA RED SOCIAL educación,… WEB … está dispuesto a colocar 1 WIKIPEDIA PIERDE 13-12-09 publicidad en este sitio COLABORADORES web. … Wikipedia tiene un jefe 1 WIKIPEDIA PIERDE 13-12-09 SOFTWARE de tecnología, COLABORADORES desarrolladores de ‘software’,… - 11 -

CHART: FIVE VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES GOL El gol fue de Joao 1 LIGA SIN CUPO PARA LA 08-12-09 Rojas,… LIBERTADORES CLUB …para que el club salga 3 EL TECNICO PINTO 10-12-09 adelante,… CONOCIO A SUS PUPILOS AYER CLUB ...el club estuvo en 2 LA ADVERSIDAD 11-12-09 quiebra durante el FORTALECIÓ AL DEP. primer semestre del año. QUITO

CLUB … una de las filiales del 1 EL FILIAL DE RIVER 12-12-09 club argentino River SUBIÓ EN DOS AÑOS Plate. CLUB El club cementero 2 WALTER AYOVÍ BUSCA 13-12-09 constató el poder HOY SU PRIMER TÍTULO ofensivo de su CON EL MONTERREY adversario… GOL En los cinco juegos de 2 WALTER AYOVÍ BUSCA 13-12-09 esta liguilla final han HOY SU PRIMER TÍTULO marcado, al menos, un CON EL MONTERREY gol.

CHART: SIX VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES CLUB ..ocurrió la noche del 7 INCENDIO MORTAL EN 06-12-09 viernes en un club CLUB NOCTURNO DE nocturno… RUSIA STAND BY Ley de Comunicación en 1 LEY DE COMUNICACIÓN 10-12-09 “Stand by” EN “STAND BY” CELULAR …recibió un llamada a 1 ESTRANGULADO EN EL 12-12-09 su celular para que CINTO prestara sus servicios…

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CHART: SEVEN VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: ADS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES CLOSETS ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con 1 OPORTUNIDAD 05-12-09 baño y closets… CLOSETS ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con 1 OPORTUNIDAD 06-12-09 baño y closets… ONLINE Reserva online en Hilton 1 HOTELES HILTON EN 07-12-09 con tarifa exclusiva QUITO FIRST CLASS …acompañantes first 1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 09-12-09 class, exclusivo servicio de modelos… FIRST CLASS …acompañantes first 1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 10-12-09 class, exclusivo servicio de modelos… TOP MODEL Top Model Dayana 1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 12-12-09 ofrece sus servicios…

CHART: EIGHT VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES SHOWS ..debió cancelar varios 1 GERARDO MORAN 05-12-09 shows que tenían SUFRE ACCIDENTE planificado… POP …si quería ser una 1 LADY GAGA. OBLIGADA A 06-12-09 superestrella sexy del SER SEXY pop tenía que vender más discos… REMAKE …los productores que 1 CAMERON PREPARARIA 07-12-09 planean el remake de UN REMAKE “Viaje alucinante… LOOK …estilista de la 2 EL CABELLO A LA MODA 09-12-09 peluquería “Tu look”. EN ELLOS GEL …utilizando mucho gel 1 EL CABELLO A LA MODA 09-12-09 para lograr una imagen EN ELLOS prolija… SEX …calificado como el 1 SERA PANCHO VILLA 10-12-09 SYMBOL hombre sex symbol del planeta … HORROR “Mirar el cuerpo dormido 1 EN BUSQUEDA DE LA 12-12-09 causa horror/allí la PERFECCION cabeza desprevenida…

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CHART: NINE VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE DATE OF TIMES ARTICLE SHOW ..El show artístico y 1 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL 05-12-09 científico… VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS ROBOTS …divertidos robots son 7 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL 05-12-09 la sensación… VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS CHIP … Doctor chip fue el 3 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL 05-12-09 encargado de hacer VALOR DE LAS lúdica… CIENCIAS SOFÁ …con camas de dos 1 “DECA MERON” 06-12-09 plazas y sofá cama… PALACIEGA MAJESTUOSIDAD SHOW …sitio especial que 2 “DECA MERON” 06-12-09 brindará shows PALACIEGA artísticos todos los MAJESTUOSIDAD días… MENU …pino y musgo son 1 NAVIDAD AMIGABLE 09-12-09 parte del menú CON EL AMBIENTE principal… BOUTIQUES Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. STORES Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. SHOPPING Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 CENTERS boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. BIG Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 DISCOUNTS boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a - 14 -

diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. DELICATESENS Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. HALLOWEEN Nos hemos llenado de 1 EN DEFENSA DEL 10-12-09 boutiques, stores, IDIOMA - MARCO shopping centers, CHIRIBOGA parkings, big discounts, VILLAQUIRAN delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.

CHART: TEN VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES GOL .. era la falta de gol , a 1 DIMOS MUCHAS 05-12-09 que se debía… VENTAJAS SET …en el 5-4 del segundo 2 BUSTAMANTE 06-12-09 set, no tuvo respuesta… CAMPEONA CLUB … llegó a un acuerdo 1 FLEITAS NO VA MAS EN 07-12-09 con la dirigencia del EMELEC Club Sport Emelec,… RÉCORD …un récord para asistir 2 SILVERSTONE ROMPE 09-12-09 al Gran Premio RECORD EN VENTAS Británico… COUNTRY …en las canchas de Liga 1 SE VIENE EL “FUTURO 10-12-09 CLUB Country Club de Quito. FEMENINO” SINGLES …los cuadros 3 SE VIENE EL “FUTURO 10-12-09 principales de singles y FEMENINO” dobles. CLUB …para vincularse a un 1 SE QUEDA SIN ASES 12-12-09 club de ese país…

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CHART: ELEVEN VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES DVD …,13 carcasas, cables, 1 CACHINERIAS FUERON 08-12-09 Dvd, 126 pantallas de DESBARATADAS radios de diferentes modelos y marcas,… MOTEL … serían atrapadas por 4 ¡GOLPIZA A 09-12-09 el hermano de la COLOMBIANAS QUE recepcionista y el ROBARON MERCADERIA! propietario de un almacén adjunto al motel. CELULAR … mientras filmaba el 2 ¡JORGE TOLEDO 11-12-09 acto con la cámara de ACUSADO DE su celular". VIOLACION! NIGHT CLUB … acribilló en el night 1 ¡POLICIA ACRIBILLADO 13-12-09 club Imperio a los CUANDO IBA A policías nacionales REUNIRSE CON AMIGAS! Juan Carlos Gómez Jaramillo y César Augusto Vistín Estrella.

CHART: TWELVE VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: ADS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES LAPTOP Comercio al por mayor 2 COMPUTADORAS 08-12-09 Restaurado Laptop Online Store,… USB … archivos privados en 2 EL USB QUE RESPALDA 09-12-09 el USB con tan sólo ARCHIVOS PRIVADOS oprimirlo.

BACKUP … el Ultra Backup, un 2 EL USB QUE RESPALDA 09-12-09 dispositivo capaz de ARCHIVOS PRIVADOS hacer una copia de respaldo de archivos… SPLIT INSTALACIÓN Eléctrica, 1 SERVICIOS 10-12-09 split, aire acondicionado. DISCJOCKEY CURSOS discjockey, 1 CAPACITACION 11-12-09 locución. FULL FIAT Premio 97 nuevo 1 AUTOMOVILES 12-12-09 full equipo $4.300 oportunidad. SOFTWARE INSTALAMOS 1 INSTALACION Y 13-12-09 programas de Pc, - 16 - MANTENIMIENTO canales de cable, actualizamos software,…

CHART: THIRTEEN VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE OF TIMES COVER “Yo te voy a amar", un 1 NEXO 4 CON BUENA 08-12-09 cover cantado a su MUSICA estilo que ya suena en las emisoras del país. VIDEOCLIP En enero harán el 1 NEXO 4 CON BUENA 08-12-09 lanzamiento oficial de MUSICA su nuevo videoclip… DIVAS … es un gusto que el 2 ¡TODAS UNAS DIVAS! 09-12-09 público me haya elegido como una diva”.

ROCK … mejor conocido como 3 “EL ABUELO DEL ROCK” 10-12-09 "El abuelo del rock" o REGRESA PARA "Negro Acosta",… MOSTRAR QUIEN MANDA FANS …aprovechará para 1 ¡MIRELLA CESA 11-12-09 ponerse al día con sus GANADORA DE LOS 40 fans y con varios medios PRINCIPALES! de comunicación. RECORD … establecer un récord 2 ¡ECUADOR BUSCA 12-12-09 Guinness por la ROMPER UN RECORD transmisión radial en GUINESS! vivo más larga del mundo. SHOW … niños disfrutaron de 1 ¡REINA DE GUAYAQUIL 13-12-09 la entrega de juguetes, AGASAJÓ A 500 NIÑOS! el show de la vaca desordeñada de Toni,…

CHART: FOURTEEN VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE DATE OF TIMES ARTICLE MARKETING Ellas reciben seminarios 1 ¡MUJERES COMUNERAS 11-12-09 de marketing, DE SANTA ELENA, contabilidad, derecho y MANTIENEN A SUS sobre todo del negocio MARIDOS que han emprendido. MALL Mariela Viteri llegó a las 1 ¡MARIELA VITERI 13-12-09 instalaciones del Mall del PRESENTÓ SU DISCO! Sur para firmar autógrafos…

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CHART: FIFTEEN VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS

ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER TITLE OF THE DATE OF TIMES ARTICLE GOL … Emelec salió con 4 ¡TORMENTA 08-12-09 otra consigna, Defender ELECTRICA! EMELEC el gol a como dé lugar. DEJA SIN COPA A LIGA GOL ..el gol ocurrió en el 1 EMELEC LE 09-12-09 minuto 25… “EMBARRO” LA CARA A LIGA RÉCORD … es un verdadero 1 ¡RIVER…LA TERCERA 10-12-09 récord, porque ni en FUERZA DE GUAYAS! primera B hay equipos que consiguieron eso. SPORT Manta Sport, campeón 2 MANTA SPORT, DE NEW 11-12-09 invicto del torneo de la YORK, PIENSA EN EL liga en Nueva York,… 2010 MADE IN Noboa recibe las 1 ¡NOBOA SENTIA QUE 12-12-09 primeras horas de calor TODOS LO MIRABAN! “made in” Guayaquil… JEANS Todo esto lo ha 1 ¡NOBOA SENTIA QUE 12-12-09 cambiado por las TODOS LO MIRABAN! camisetas, jeans y zapatos deportivos. VIDEO Jugar video games con 1 “COCACHO” ¡UN 13-12-09 GAMES mi hijo, descansar, … MANABITA QUE NO PUEDE VIVIR SIN LA SAL PRIETA!

AUTHOR: CARLOS PARRALES

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QUANTITATIVE TABLE

CHART: SIXTEEN VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO)

SECTION f % NEWS 0 0 ADS 0 0 CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0 SPORTS 8 100 REPORTS 0 0 TOTAL 8 100

CHART: SEVENTEEN VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA)

SECTION f % NEWS 7 77,8 ADS 0 0 CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0 SPORTS 2 22,2 REPORTS 0 0 TOTAL 9 100

CHART: EIGHTEEN VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA)

SECTION f % NEWS 0 0 ADS 0 0 GOL SOCIAL PAGES 0 0 SPORTS 5 100 REPORTS 0 0 TOTAL 5 100

AUTHOR: CARLOS PARRALES

- 19 -

THE MOST FREQUENT ANGLICISMS

CHART: NINETEEN

ANGLICISMS NUMBER OF TIMES A WORD % IS REPEATED CLUB 17 12.9 GOL 8 6.1 ROBOTS 7 5.3 FILME 5 3.8 SHOW 5 3.8 RECORD 5 3.8 SUBWAY 4 3 CHIP 4 3 MISS 4 3 SOFTWARE 4 3 MOTEL 4 3 WATTS 3 2.2 CELULAR 3 2.2 SINGLES 3 2.2 ROCK 3 2.2 FANS 2 1.5 REALITY 2 1.5 CLOSETS 2 1.5 LOOK 2 1.5 SET 2 1.5 LAPTOP 2 1.5 USB 2 1.5 BACKUP 2 1.5 DIVA 2 1.5 SPORT 2 1.5 UPGRADE 1 0.7 SUITE 1 0.7 OVERLOCKS 1 0.7 KIT 1 0.7 CHAT 1 0.7 WEB 1 0.7 STAND BY 1 0.7 ONLINE 1 0.7 FIRST CLASS 1 0.7 TOP MODEL 1 0.7 GEL 1 0.7 SOFA 1 0.7 MENU 1 0.7 BOUTIQUE 1 0.7 STORES 1 0.7 SHOPPING CENTERS 1 0.7

- 20 -

BIG DISCOUNTS 1 0.7 DELICATESSEN 1 0.7 HALLOWEEN 1 0.7 COUNTRY CLUB 1 0.7 DVD 1 0.7 NIGHT CLUB 1 0.7 SPLIT 1 0.7 DISCJOKEY 1 0.7 FULL 1 0.7 COVER 1 0.7 VIDEOCLIP 1 0.7 MARKETING 1 0.7 MALL 1 0.7 MADE IN 1 0.7 JEANS 1 0.7 VIDEO GAMES 1 0.7 TOTAL: (57) 131 100

AUTHOR: CARLOS PARRALES

- 21 -

DISCUSSION

In order to carry out this research, it was necessary to identify the scientific contents in an organized and sequential manner. This theoretical background contains important definitions about the human language; a section on linguistics and its definition which is connected to its branches of linguistics that also study the morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics and phonology of every anglicism; the morphological procedure which shows how new words are created; the historical linguistics with its historical and descriptive points of view; the language change and the language vice which shows how the language changes and uses different foreign expressions and how these are adopted into another language;

Neologisms, Barbarisms with their definitions and their differences; the foreign language interference and how anglicisms interfere in a positive o negative way into the new language; definitions of newspapers and tabloid and the most important conclusions about this research. All the information contained in this research was necessary to identify properly which anglicisms are used in our mother tongue and the reason about their existence.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Anglicisms have always been an interference in Spanish

Language. A number of people have discussed whether it is convenient or not to let students use this kind of language, because

- 22 - most of them have been taken from English as a Foreign Language and in many times they are used in our everyday life.

The first answer given by any English teacher would be “no way”. Everyone agrees that if you want to learn a language, they should practice in the target language rather than in their native one.

We can establish a comparison when we say that if you want to learn how to drive, you should get in a car and practice it. You will never learn to drive a car efficiently by using your computer or riding a bike. If you receive English classes with a person who speaks Italian all the time, it is very likely that you will learn some phrases in Italian and you will still have some problems in communicating in English.

Therefore, anglicisms will turn into a handicap or an obstacle that students will have to learn to get over in order to become efficient English speakers.

Before developing this topic, there are certain things that have to be taken into account as well as several definitions that have to be outlined in order to have a complete idea of the framework where it takes place.

LANGUAGE

Language is seen as a way of communication around the world, and it is used by more than 90% of people in order to express their ideas and their different ways of thinking. According to Wikipedia,

“Language is a particular kind of system for encoding and decoding information”. This kind of communication is understood in a very

- 23 - natural way because many people consider it as a way to establish a simple dialogue with another person or with people in general. It is only related to ask questions and receive answers or viceversa.

Moreover Wikipedia explains that “the term language has different manifestations considered as branches, which can be written or spoken and others as systems of visual symbols”.

Similarly, The Britannica Concise Encyclopedia holds on that

“language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols which are used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other”.

Because of everything mentioned before, people need this important tool to communicate their different thoughts and ideas, but most of the languages around the world vary according to their preferences and they can adopt words according to their needs, most of the time the stronger language can predominant against the weak one.

In addition, Even-Zohar Itamar, “Polysystem Theory” (1990) claims that “a certain culture may be interfered with by another culture, as a result of which repertories are transferred from one polysystem to another”. Even-Zohar expresses that one system tries to dominate the other beyond a certain point, but their exist some risks, because the second system can lose its autonomy and easily becomes a subsystem of the first word, and this is what Mr. Even-

Zohar calls “cultural diversity”. This phenomenon is called

- 24 -

“anglicism” and affects most areas of public discourse, and is especially prevalent in the semantic domains of management and information technology.

LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is defined as the “scientific study of the language”,

“Collins Essential English Dictionary 2nd Edition” (2006), and as The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000). Moreover, Nurnberg

(2003), says that “linguistics deals with the study of all aspects of human language regarding the way in which speakers use their language and what they must know in order to use it in a communicative manner”; explains clearly or tries to clarify the importance of linguistics in our everyday life.

Similarly, Richard Jack, “Dictionary of Language Teaching &

Applied Linguistics”, Third Edition, Longman; explains that “the complementary fields of linguistics include the language based disciplines such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics”. On the other hand, there are people around the world, who don´t know how to speak clearly or in a formal manner, and because of it, expressions and slangs modify our own language.

Most of the time the American language (English), introduce expressions that are adopted by teenagers in general, o by people who

- 25 - have continue relation and communication with partners from other countries. Thus, Gonzalez Martínez, Adolfo “ Anglicismos En El

Léxico Disponible De La Provincia De Cádiz” (España), speaks about

“extranjerismo”, and he considers it as “préstamo léxico” which is “la unidad léxica procedente del inglés que está adaptada formal y funcionalmente al español aunque haya entrado a nuestro idioma a través de otra lengua” “lexical unit that comes from English and it has been adopted in a functional and formal manner to Spanish, however, it has come to our language through another language”.

Also, Morales López (1999) calls the “extranjerismos” cited by

Gonzalez as “PRESTAMOS CRUDOS”. In other words, Morales López

(1999) says that “los anglicismos representan una escasa aportación dentro del léxico disponible”, “anglicisms represent a little contribution in the available lexical”.

BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

As all human activities, linguistics cover a broad subject focusing on different aspects of the language as sounds, word formation, structures, meaning and the relation between language and social context. The main branches of linguistics are: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Phonology .

If we know that linguistics is the scientific study of the language, we can deduce that Phonology is the study of the sound system of the language. Phonology is defined as “The study of speech

- 26 - sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation” (The

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Some people often confuse phonology with phonetics. The difference is very clear. Phonetics has to do with the production of sounds and phonology studies how these sounds combine and have meaning.

When we want to know how to pronounce a certain word, we look up these words in a dictionary. These dictionaries have the phonetic transcription of the word, which is a representation of each speech sound with a specific symbol. All these symbols make up the phonetic alphabet. For example the word “competency” is transcribed as (k m p -t n-s ).

In my opinion, students should know how to interpret the phonetic symbols in order to be able to pronounce the words correctly. Most people do not like to speak because they are not sure whether or not they pronounce correctly. In English there are 11 vowel sounds while in Spanish there are only 5. This is why sometimes it is difficult to distinguish some words or to pronounce them correctly.

Morphology

The term morphology has to do with form and structure, but in linguistics morphology is defined as “The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds” (The American Heritage

- 27 -

Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Each language differs in the level of morphology complexity. English has many words with multiple morphemes. For example in the word unhappiness we can distinguish three morphemes: un – happy – ness.

There are two types of morphology: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology. The first one deals with the relationships of different words, and with the ways in which vocabulary items can be built; while the inflectional morphology has to do with the forms of words that take up depending on its grammatical functions in a sentence. This branch of the linguistics helps us understand how words are formed and eventually it will help us to make new words by using affixes and creating compound verbs and nouns.

Semantics

It is ¨the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning¨ (Collins Essential English Dictionary, 2006). This meaning understood taking into account some three important elements: the words, the objects denoted or signs, and the interpreter. In other words semantics studies the signs, symbols and structures that have meaning in words, phrases, and sentences.

If we are talking about meanings, we are compelled to talk about Homonyms, homophones, and homographs. Homonyms are defined as “a word pronounced and spelt the same as another, but having a different meaning, such as novel (a book) and novel (new)”

- 28 -

(Collins Essential English Dictionary, 2006). Most people confuse the terms homonym and homophone. They are surely totally different.

Homophones are words with different meaning and spelling but same pronunciation as in flew (from fly) and flu (“influenza”). It is easy to deduce that homographs would be those words that have different meaning and pronunciation but same spelling as in wind (air movement or bend).

Pragmatics

It is defined as “a branch of linguistics that is concerned with the relationship of sentences to the environment in which they occur”

(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2009); in other words pragmatics studies the relations between language and its users.

Therefore this means it studies language use in communication. If we analyze it, we will agree that context plays an important role in this part. We can distinguish conversational and conventional implicatures. Conversational implicatures deal with what is implicated in a context; for example we may say that someone is always listening to romantic music to implicate that he/she is in love.

Thus it is a non-literal meaning.

Syntax

Syntax deals with the order of the words in a sentence. It is defined as “the grammatical rules of a language and the way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences” (Collins Essential

English Dictionary, 2006). The combinations of the elements of a

- 29 - sentence have to be logical and meaningful. If we misplace the words in a sentence we may change its meaning. In fact; it is mandatory to follow the rules that govern the language.

Syntax and morphology are the two only aspects of linguistics that have to be taught to elementary school students. Their ability to understand abstract concepts is not totally developed yet. That is why we should use grammar as the mean to acquire a communicative competence level rather than as the main goal of the class.

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

Many new words are created every day by Spanish speakers, because Spanish is not always consistent on how it adopts foreign words. Most often, from what we've seen, it can adopt the English plurals when adopting English words. In “About.com Why so many

English words on Spanish web sites” an article by Gerald Erichsen, the plural of módem (or modem ) is modems , not módemes . Verbs are usually put in Spanish form with the suffix of -ear . Thus the verb form of click (sometimes spelled clic ) is cliquear or clickear . Sometimes spelling changes, but not always. For example, both the terms shampoo and “ champú” are used in Spanish.

Similarly, pronunciation may vary. Most often, we've been able to hear the English pronunciation adopted, although sometimes with a change for letters that Spanish speakers can't easily pronounce.

Thus software is pronounced more or less as in English (although - 30 - perhaps with the first syllable sounding like the first syllable of

"sofa"), but jeans can end up sounding more like "yeens," since the

English "j" sound is difficult for some Spanish speakers to pronounce.

Guzmán (2002), claims the following, “la influencia ejercida por la lengua inglesa en el terreno del vocabulario (o componente léxico) de una lengua, con variadas manifestaciones (puede incorporar nuevos significados en la lengua receptora, matiza o añade otros ya existentes, calca expresiones en su forma ...” . “the influence shown by the English language on the vocabulary of a language, with some expressions (can incorporate new meanings on the receptive language, introduce and change some others already existed and copy expressions on their form”.

In other words, people can understand why so many expressions and words are adopted to our common sayings and explains how new words are created every day, or how new kind of expressions are created in order to find new ways of communication.

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS

According to Green (1997), “The utilization of Anglicisms and

Americanisms in Mexican Spanish reflects historical and social differences between Spain and Mexico”. He points out on the impact of the United States on language and identity of Mexican population; in his own studies, the author states that “The mass media has

- 31 - become a battleground in the struggle to define Latin American’s identity”. The simplification of Spanish language in Mexico reveals that various social changes modify language, and language shapes the identity of Mexican people.

Similarly, Mar-Molinero (2000) states, that “Not only does language have an instrumental role as a means of communication, it also has an extremely important symbolic role as marker of identity”.

Due to the fact that social identities of Mexican and Spanish people differ, Spanish language of Mexico and Spain is characterized by a rather diverse vocabulary. For instance, the word ‘Okay’ is translated as ‘Sale’ in Mexico, and as ‘Chungo’ – in Madrid; similarly, the word

‘work’ is rendered as ‘chambear’ in Mexico and as ‘currar’ – in Spain.

Also, according to Görlach (1994), “most languages of the world have been affected by the expansion of English in the course of the past

100 years.”; in which he tries to explain that anglicisms is just not a recent interference, but over the years they have influenced our vocabulary until the point to become natural.

LANGUAGE CHANGE

The origin of language is of great interest to philosophers because language is such an essential characteristic of human life. “A language is a system for encoding and decoding information” , said by wikipedia. Moreover, it refers to the term so-called “natural languages”, or the peculiar form of communication for humankind.

Moreover, in linguistics, it is extended to refer to the human cognitive

- 32 - facility of creating and using language; something important to both meanings is the systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols, in order to have expressive meanings. Also Even-Zohar (1978) considers that “a given culture is a 'polysystem', or system of systems”, in which he tries to explain that languages are considered systems and are part of different cultures, and there sometimes are expressions from one system which interfere on another polysystem.

Consequently, Even-Zohar (1978) declares, “If one system dominates the other beyond a certain point, the risk arises that the second system will lose its autonomy and become a subsystem of the first.” , in which he tries to explain, it is better not to adopt a language, because it can be risky for native languages.

LANGUAGE VICE

Miguel Duran Candia (2003), one of the well known language teachers from Spain said that language vices are “Las formas incorrectas de hablar: los vulgarismos y barbarismos, las redundancias, las ultracorrecciones.” “incorrect forms of talking: vulgarisms and barbarisms, redundances and ultracorrections”. It is very important to understand that all figurative language alters the normal meaning or arrangement of words to some degree. There are some figurative languages that are proper for given context and purpose, they are eloquent and effective but there are some other expressions that are not apt for a given context and purpose, they are

- 33 - ineloquent and ineffective creating different style of vices. According to “On Other Stylistic Vices I” an article by Bill Long (3-23-08) who created a list of different kind of vices and I would mention and recognize some of them :

• Battologia

Vain repetition.

• Tautologia

The repetition of the same idea in different words, but (often) in a

way that is wearisome or unnecessary.

• Perissologia

Superfluity of speech generally; the vice of wordiness.

• Macrologia

Longwindedness. Using more words than are necessary in an

attempt to appear eloquent.

• Parelcon

The addition of a superfluous word.

• Pleonasmus

Use of more words than is necessary semantically. Rhetorical

repetition that is grammatically superfluous.

• Homoeoprophoron

Repetition of the same consonant (especially the initial consonant)

in neighboring words.

- 34 -

• Paroemion

Alliteration taken to an extreme where nearly every word in a

sentence begins with the same consonant.

• Homiologia

Tedious and inane repetition.

• Epenthesis

The addition of a letter, sound, or syllable to the middle of a word.

A kind of metaplasm that can be a vice.

• Catachresis

The use of a word in a context that differs from its proper

application.

• Periergia

Overuse of words or figures of speech; over-labored.

• Acyrologia

An incorrect use of words, especially the use of words that sound

alike but are far in meaning from the speaker’s intentions.

• Hypallage

Shifting the application of words.

• Solecismus

An element of speech or writing that is incorrect grammatically.

• Barbarismus

The use of nonstandard or foreign speech (= cacozelia); the use of

a word awkwardly forced into a poem's meter; or unconventional

pronunciation.

- 35 -

NEOLOGISMS

According to Wikipedia, “Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes.” Similarly, “Neologisms also can be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds.” It means that they can be created by word of mouth or by the words used on the internet, including academic discourse in fields recognized by their use of distinctive jargon, and they often become accepted parts of the language.

BARBARISMS: ANGLICISMS

“An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from

English into another language.”, published by Wikipedia; but anglicisms are not only words but phrases or expressions that are used in different countries and change the way people get ideas from the rest of the speakers of the recipient language. Nowadays a growing number of anglicisms are being exported into the Spanish language. Their usage seems to be catching on in Spain, inundating language with new words and expressions, often unnecessary."Anglicism" also describes English syntax, grammar, meaning and structure used in another language with varying degrees of corruption. This kind of language is used by most of the children around the world, because it is considered very catchy and

- 36 - attractive for them. In addition, CEDRIAN, Juan Luis; explains that

“Cualquier adolescente de nuestros días sabe que un "pc" es un ordenador personal, y que esas letras son las iniciales de su nombre en inglés”. (Any adolescent from today knows that a PC is a personal computer, and those letters are the initials of its English name).

On the other hand, “ Barbarism is a language error where a non-standard or an incorrectly formed word or expression is used.”

This meaning was taken from Wikipedia, in which they are expressions or words, similar to anglicisms, but they have a little difference; a barbarism is an error of morphology. Barbarisms are considered errors of the language because they violate the rhetorical style of correct speech while anglicisms are considered borrowing words from English and adopted into our language. Anglicisms may not sound as a natural kind of speaking, but in certain ways, they are considered proper, instead of incorrect kind of expressions, which are written or spoken incorrectly.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE

The development of foreign language learning is not linear.

There have been two major branches in the field, empirical and theoretical, which have almost completely-separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one point in time or another.

Examples of researchers on the empiricist side are Jesperson,

Palmer, Leonard Bloomfield who promote mimicry and memorization with pattern drills. These methods follow from the basic empiricist

- 37 - position that language acquisition basically results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is basically the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species.

On the other hand, Francois Gouin, M.D. Berlitz, Elime de

Sauzé, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by Noam Chomsky and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods from grammar-translation, to Gouin's "series method" or the direct methods of Berlitz and de

Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar. This comes from the rationalist position that man is born to think and language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species.

Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a universal grammar which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before, but can still be immediately understood by anyone who understands the specific language being spoken. The rivalry of the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation between them.

Language interference (also known as linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or transfer) is the effect of language

- 38 - learners' first language on their production of the language they are learning. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary, accent, spelling and so on. It is most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer), although where the relevant feature of both languages is the same, it results in correct language production (positive transfer). The greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of interference are likely to be.

In addition, language interference produces distinctive forms of learner English depending on the speaker’s first language. Some well- known examples are:

Chinglish (Chinese)

Engrish or Japlish (Japanese)

Franglais (French)

Spanglish (Spanish)

Tinglish (Thai).

From “Language and culture:learning language”; “Children actually learn a language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they imitate the phonemes. Later they begin to learn grammar by imitation as well.” In general, people, in special children learn a new language just by listening to others. Children repeat what they hear from others.

- 39 -

On the other hand, Giles & Powesland (1975), Giles & Smith

(1979); “Teoría de la Acomodación”, said that

“El hablante varía su habla en relación a la del oyente, bien en sentido convergente (si se pretende ganar la aprobación de éste) o en sentido divergente (si se pretende expresar distancia, desacuerdo o antipatía).” “The speaker changes his way to speak related to his listener, in converging way (pretending to gain his approval) or in diverging way (pretending to express distance, disapproval or antipathy)”.

people can express themselves as the way they feel in order to explain their ideas.

For instance, many researchers agree on communicative competence, because on their studies they try to find possible solutions when learning a new language, they think that one of the basis for learning is to give learners all the tools in order to acquire some knowledge. To illustrate, Dell Hymes cited by S. Kathleen ;

“Kitao Doshisha Women`s College” (Kyoto, Japan) proposed the concept of communicative competence, and he argued that “a speaker can be able to produce grammatical sentences that are completely inappropriate, and included that not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use them at appropriate times.” Which means that people use grammar in different sentences, improving through this their abilities to express ideas or phrases.

- 40 -

NEWSPAPER AND TABLOID

When people hear about the word tabloid, they immediately try to establish a relation with things made of wood, but it is not correct.

For instance, wikipedia says that,

“A tabloid is an industry term for a smaller newspaper format per spread; to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest stories and entertainment, often distributed free of charge (often in a smaller, tabloid-sized newspaper format); or to a newspaper that tends to sensationalize and emphasize or exaggerate or sensational crime stories, gossip columns repeating scandalous and innuendos about the deeply personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and other so-called "junk food news" or junk mail (often in a smaller, tabloid-sized newspaper format).

Moreover, we have to consider when there are such a kind of sensationalist stories or news, they try to impress people`s audience, in which reporters use expressions or language that is exaggerated, or kind of words that gets our attention. The tabloids attempt to captivate or persuade the masses with their colors and headlines about wonderful, amazing, and even shocking stories. These stories are not confined to newsprint. Although many tabloids come in the form of a newspaper or a magazine, today we have tabloid television and even Internet tabloids.

- 41 -

PREVIOUS STUDIES

McArthur (1998) who thinks that expressions and words can be redundant or “tautologous”, subdivides the world's languages into a number of categories according to extent of use, but significantly places English in a category of its own, a set with a membership of one, distributed more or less equally worldwide, and serving as the primary vehicle of the world's commerce, science, technology, computer activity, electronics, media, popular culture and entertainment.

Also, McArthur (1998) declares, “It is clear that the Anglo-

Saxon economic supremacy together with its ever expanding market is also exporting an increasing number of linguistic terms into other languages.” This words allied with its economic consequences, globalization, also impacts on a cultural level, and the Spanish language is no exception. Language is a defining characteristic in the idiosyncrasy and identity of a country. This is a good reason we have preferred Spanish equivalents to avoid excessive English borrowings whose usage implies redundancy, as they coexist with native terms.

Next, this happens in the case of , “atachar”, “agenda”, brief, cash- flow,. etc.

On the other hand, in some cases the rapid growth of economic development makes borrowings necessary because there are no semantic equivalences in Spanish, as in, “bancarización”, commodity, joint-venture, leasing, management, swap,. etc.

- 42 -

Within the economic scope, although anglicisms are attested almost in every field, it is Marketing where they have the strongest influence. Examples of this are publicitar, merchandising, mailing,

DAFO, customizar, etc.

While this tendency is taking place in Iberian Peninsular

Spanish, its main effects are observed in South American Spanish, where language contact brings about continuous interference.

In the second place, the Spanish language is “officially” ten centuries old; the English language fifteen. Both have received floods of foreign loans throughout their respective histories. Both have rejected and abandoned a lot of them, have adapted many, and with them, have incorporated foreign phonological, morphological and syntactic resources. Consequently, languages do die – but there are “natural” and “unnatural” types of death; Moreno-Cabrera (2001) said “… and the only language death that truly worries me is the second one – when native speakers can no longer be found.” Which means that is important to preserve proper expressions and words from native languages, because if we not, native language will come into an end, giving their place to a new understandable or update language, that will be just use for new generations.

- 43 -

DESCRIPTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The purpose of this research was to obtain information on how people use anglicisms in order to express their ideas and the history of the words and expressions they use, the frequency of their use and the opinion of people.

This part of the research is divided in three different kinds of analysis. The first part is linguistic in which every selected anglicism is studied from its etymology, syntactic-semantic and morphology.

The second part is a comparative analysis taken from the subvariables (news, ads, social pages, sports and reports) and variables (national newspapers, local newspapers and tabloids), in which the frequency and percentage of anglicisms are mentioned.

The third and last part is a sociological analysis, in this part of the investigation we can find short opinions about the topic

(anglicisms in newspapers), given by 5 English teachers from “La

Salle” High School in Quito. They use to read different newspapers because they need to be informed with local or international information. There is also a Sociolinguistic Teacher from “Escuela de

Ciencias, Lenguaje y Literatura”, “Universidad Central del Ecuador” who gave her point of view.

- 44 -

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: CLUB

The word CLUB is considered in the Spanish Royal Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English “clubbe”, from Old Norse klubba and from Old High German kolbo club that has been dated from the 13 th century.

This word is considered as a noun and transitive or intransitive verb, example: ….el club estuvo en quiebra durante el primer semestre del año……. El club cementero constató el poder ofensivo de su adversario…. This word was found in the sports section and it is used as a noun in these two examples. The meaning refers to an association of people for some common object that are usually jointly supported and meet periodically. Another meaning refers to a place where people drink, dance and enjoy themselves.

This word has not suffered changes in Spanish and it is used as a noun. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. It is a useful word because people in general use it when they want to talk about association.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: CHIP

The word CHIP is considered in the Spanish Royal Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It

- 45 - comes from the Middle English and from the Old English -cippian that has been dated from the 14 th century.

This word is considered as a noun and transitive or intransitive verb, example: IMPORTADOR celulares doble chip , televisión,…..

This word was found in the ads section and it is used as a noun. The meaning refers to a small wafer of semiconductor material that forms the base for an integrated circuit. Another meaning refers to cut or break (a small piece) from something.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language because it is used as when it appeared. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. This is a very important word, people use it when they want to talk about an electrical device or a part that is necessary to use in a cellular for example.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: MISS

The word MISS is considered in the Spanish Royal Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English from Old English missan and from the

Old High German missan to miss from the 12 th century.

This word is considered as a noun or as a transitive or intransitive verb, example: La gibraltareña Kaiane Aldorino se convirtió hoy en la nueva Miss Mundo 2009,….. La modelo fue coronada ayer Miss Mundo 2009,…This word was found in the social section and it is used as a noun. It has two different meanings, as a

- 46 - verb the meaning is to fail, escape, avoid something or to leave out, which can be understood as omit; as a noun it is used as a title prefixed to the name of an unmarried woman or girl.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language and has existed in our language for a long time. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. It is a very important word that is used just as a noun in beauty contests.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: FILM

The word film is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but it exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.

It comes from the Middle English from Old English filmen; from Greek pelma sole of the foot from Old English fell skin before the 12 th century.

This word is considered as a noun and as a transitive or intransitive verb, example: El filme es una realización propuesta para público joven… También calificó el filme como apreciable debido al contenido… This word was found in the social section and it is used as a noun. It has two different meanings, as a noun its meaning refers to a thin sheet of cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose coated with a radiation-sensitive emulsion for taking photographs. As a verb, it is used as a transitive or intransitive verb and it refers to make a motion picture.

- 47 -

In the Spanish language this word has suffered the change from “film” that is the original word to “filme” or “filmes”. This word is very well used in special by people from movies or people who like to watch movies. This word is written this way in Spanish because of its pronunciation.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: SOFTWARE

The word SOFTWARE is considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year 1958.

This word is used as a noun, example: …un proceso de utilización de software libre y educación,… This word was found in the report section and it is used as a noun. The meaning refers to something used or associated with and usually contrasted with the word hardware, and also related to an entire set of programs, procedures, and related documentation which is associated with a system and especially a computer system.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. This word is very useful in special for people from the informatic´s field; people use it when they want to talk about computer programs or things related to it.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: GOL

- 48 -

The word GOL is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but not in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English and it appeared in the year 1531.

This word is used as a noun, example: El gol fue de Joao

Rojas,… En los cinco juegos de esta liguilla final han marcado, al menos, un gol . This word is used as a noun and it was found in the sports section. The meaning refers to a terminal point of a race or an area that is supposed to be reached safely, and it also refers to an area or object toward which players in various games attempt to advance a ball or puck and usually through or into which it must go to score points, the act or action of causing a ball or puck to go through or into is a goal.

The real word that exists in English is “goal” and it has changed until the word “gol” because of its pronunciation in Spanish.

This word has replaced the word “anotación” in Spanish. It is a useful word and it is used most by people who like to play or watch sports in special soccer.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: WEB

The word WEB is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and it also exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English, from the Old English wefan, from Old Norse vefr web before the 12 th century.

- 49 -

It has two different uses, one as a verb and another as a noun, example: …el usuario quien está dispuesto a colocar publicidad en este sitio web . This word is used as a noun in this sentence and it was found in the report section. The meaning as a noun, refers to a network of silken thread spun especially by the larvae of various insects (as a tent caterpillar) and usually serving as a nest or shelter and an intricate pattern or structure suggestive of something woven.

As a verb the word can be intransitive whose meaning indicates the construction or form of a web, and transitive refers to be covered with a web or network.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. In Spanish this word is used as an informatics term whose meaning is “red informática”. This is a useful word in special for people who like to be in the advance with new technology.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: SUITE

The word SUITE is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and it also exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Old French siute, dated in the year 1673.

This word is considered a noun, an adjective or an adverb, example: BATAN, suite amoblada, $335. This word is used as a noun in this sentence and it was found in the ad section. As a noun it refers to a group of things forming a unit or constituting a

- 50 - collection or as a group of rooms occupied as a unit. As an adverb or an adjective, it refers as to make a matching set.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. This is a very useful word because people use it to talk about an elegant place that is considered comfortable and very elegant with some luxuries for important people.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: CHAT

The word CHAT is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but it appears in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English chatten, short for chatteren and appeared in the 15th century.

This word is considered as a noun and as a transitive or intransitive verb, example: ,…..gracias a su imaginación crearon un servicio de chat . This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. The meaning as a verb refers to take part in an online discussion in a chat room, or to talk lightly, glibly, or flirtatiously. As a noun it refers to a small talk, a light informal or familiar talk.

This word changes from chat to chat room in the Spanish language it has suffered the change to “chatear”. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. This is a globalize word because many people who

- 51 - have computers around the world use it to communicate themselves with relatives or friends.

VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: FANS

The word FANS is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary because the word that appears is in singular FAN, but it exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English, from Old English fann, from Latin vannus and appeared before the 12th century.

This word is considered as a noun or as a verb, example: ….y los FANS deben mantener el equilibrio …. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the social section. It has two different meanings, as a noun it refers to an enthusiastic devotee usually as a spectator or an ardent admirer or enthusiast. As a verb it is transitive or intransitive whose meaning is to drive away the chaff of (grain) by means of a current of air, another meaning is to stir up to activity as if by fanning or to fire a series of shots from (a single-action revolver) by holding the trigger back and successively striking the hammer to the rear with the free hand.

This word has changed from fanatic that is the real word to just

FAN. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. This word is very useful for people who feel an special attraction for someone (a singer, an artist, etc) or something (cars, sports, etc).

- 52 -

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: CELULAR

The word CELULAR is considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but not in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word comes from new New Latin cellularis, from cellula living cell, from Latin, diminutive of cella small room dated around the year 1739.

This word is considered a noun or as a verb, example: …recibió una llamada a su celular para que prestara sus servicios… This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the news section. It has two different meanings. As an adjective it can refer to cells containing cavities or having a porous texture, nowadays, as a noun it is related to a radiotelephone system in which a geographical area (as a city) is divided into small sections each served by a transmitter of limited range (cellular phones).

In the English Language the word that appears is cellphone but in Spanish this word changes to expressions as : “celu”, “mobil”. The real word is “CELLULAR” with a double “l”, but it has changed to

“celular” in Spanish. This word is used by most of the people around the world because this is a globalize word when they want to talk about communication. Teenagers and people in general use this kind of products because they need to be communicated.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: CLOSET

- 53 -

The word CLOSET is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, because the word that appears in the dictionary is “clóset” with punctuation on the letter “o”, on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word comes from Middle English from Anglo-French closett , diminutive of clos and appears around the 14 th century.

This word is considered a noun, a transitive verb and an adjective, example: ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con baño y closets … This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the ad section.

It has three different meanings as a noun, as an adjective or as a transitive verb. As a noun, it refers to an apartment or small room for privacy or a cabinet or recess for especially china, household utensils, or clothing. As a transitive verb it refers to take into a closet for a secret interview. And as an adjective the meaning is closely private or a working in or suited to the closet as the place of seclusion or study.

In the Spanish language exists the word “clóset” with an accent on the letter “o”. In the past people used to talk about “armario empotrado”. but they use the word closet nowadays. This word is very useful because people find it easy to say when they want to talk about clothes that are in a certain part of the house.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: ONLINE

- 54 -

The word ONLINE is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but on the other side this exists in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared around the year

1950.

This word is considered an adjective, example: Reserva online en Hilton con tarifa exclusiva. This word is used as an adjective in this example and it was found in the ad section. It refers to a connection or something available through a system and especially a computer or telecommunications system (as the Internet).

In Spanish is understood as “encendido en línea”, but instead of that people use the word online. It doesn’t have any other change.

This word is very useful because people use it when they want to talk about a connection or to be connected in order to obtain information.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: GEL

The word GEL is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, because that appears in the dictionary as

“gelatina”, being “gel” a derivation of it, but on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1899.

This word is considered a noun or an intransitive verb, example: …utilizando mucho gel para lograr una imagen prolija…

This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the social section. The meaning refers to a thin colored transparent sheet

- 55 - used over a stage light to color it, or a gelatinous preparation used in styling hair. On the other side it is used as an intransitive verb, whose meaning is to change into or take on the form of a gel.

This word has not suffered changes, because it is used with the same meaning in Spanish, but there exist another word related to it that is “gelatina”, whose meaning in the Spanish language is different because people use it when they talk about something to eat or drink.

This is a very useful word in special for hairdressers because they use it when they talk about cosmetic products.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: REMAKE

The word REMAKE is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but on the other side this exists in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1635.

This word is considered as a transitive verb and as a noun, example: …los productores que planean el remake de “Viaje alucinante… This word is used as a noun and it was found in the social section. Its definition refers to something that is remade or to make something in a new different form, another meaning refers to something that is or will be new in order to have appeared before.

In the English language there are some inflected forms as

“remade” or “remaking”, but in Spanish it hasn’t suffered changes.

This word is not commonly used but people can find it when they want to talk about movies or things in order to be done again.

- 56 -

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: BOUTIQUES

The word BOUTIQUES is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary because the word that exists in the dictionary is related to the singular expression as “boutique”, at the same time we can find this word in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.

It comes from French language probably from Old Occitan botica, ultimately from Greek apoth ēkē storehouse and it is appeared in the year 1767.

This word is considered a noun, example: Nos hemos llenado de boutiques , stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. This word is used as a noun and it was found in the report section. Its meaning refers to a fashionable shop or a small shop within a large department store.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It is a very useful word because people use it when they want to talk about one that specializes in elite and fashionable items such as clothing and jewellery.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: DELICATESENS

The word DELICATESENS is not considered in the Royal

Spanish Academy language dictionary, nor the Merriam-Webster dictionary; because it is not well written. The word that exists in

- 57 - both dictionaries is the word “DELICATESSEN”, and it comes from the German, where we can find the word “DELIKATESSEN” plural of

Delicatesse delicacy, from French délicatesse, probably from Old

Italian delicatezza, from delicato delicate, from Latin delicates . It appeared in the year 1885.

This word is considered a noun, example: Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens , sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. Its meaning refers to ready-to-eat food products (as cooked meats and prepared salads) and also as a store where food is sold.

By the time it has gotten some changes from “delicatesen” to

DELLY , because of speaking in a fashionable way. This word hasn’t suffered changes in the Spanish language. This is a very useful word because people use it when they want to talk about a place where food is sold in a suitable environment.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: HALLOWEEN

The word HALLOWEEN is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but it exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1700.

This word is considered a noun, example: Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts,

- 58 - delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween . This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. It comes from “All Hallow Even” whose meaning refers to “all saints day”. It is an European tradition that is celebrated on the last day of October when people is observed especially with dressing up and disguise, trick-or-treating, and displaying jack-ó-lanterns during the evening.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It is not commonly used by speakers because they use it when they have parties in which they have to use costumes or in October when the European tradition is celebrated.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: SINGLES

The word SINGLES is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, the word that appears in it, is in singular corresponding to “single”, and the same word exists in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1604

This word is considered as a noun or as a verb, example:

…quienes se encontraban en los cuadros principales de singles y dobles. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the sports section. As a noun it refers to a separate individual person or thing, or an unmarried person and especially one young and socially active. Meanwhile, in the field of music camp it can refer to a music recording having two or more tracks; and this word is

- 59 - also used in the field of sport in special on tennis, or when people requires service from a hotel, where the question could be for asking about a room for one person. This word is also used as a verb where it can be transitive or intransitive; as a transitive verb, it is used with the pronoun or when we want to select or distinguish from a number or group.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in Spanish. This word is commonly used by people who are in the field of sports, in special with tennis players.

VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER

WORD: RÉCORD

The word RÉCORD is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, and not even in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. The word that we can find in both dictionaries is

“RECORD” without the stress on the word “e”. This word comes from the Middle English literally, to recall, from Anglo-French recorder, from Latin recordari, from re- + cord-, cor heart, and appeared in the

14 th century.

This word is considered a verb, a noun or an adjective, example: …un récord para asistir al Gran Premio Británico… This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the sports section. The meaning of the transitive verb is to deposit an authentic official copy of record a deed or to register permanently by

- 60 - mechanical means, and to cause (as sound, visual images, or data) to be registered on something (as a disc or magnetic tape) in reproducible form. As a noun, it refers to something that recalls or relates past events, an official document that records the acts of a public body or a body of known or recorded facts about something or someone especially with reference to a particular sphere of activity that often forms a discernible pattern . As an adjective it relates to, or being one that is extraordinary among or surpasses others of its kind.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It is not commonly which in Spanish it is understood as “mejor resultado en el ejercicio de un deporte”. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in Spanish. This is a very important word and many people used it in the field of sport.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: DVD

The word DVD is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and it also exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year 1993.

This word is considered a noun, example: …,13 carcasas, cables, DVD , 126 pantallas de radios de diferentes modelos y marcas,… This word is used as a noun and it was found in the news section. The meaning refers to a digital video disc, a high-capacity

- 61 - optical disk format, an optical disk using such a format and containing especially a video recording (as a movie) or computer data.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. This is a globalize word because many people around the world use it. Many years ago the word that was used to explain about a “reproductor de video” was betamax, or

VCR, but nowadays the word DVD is used on every store where electronic devices are sold.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: NIGHT CLUB

The word NIGHT CLUB is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but it is found in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It is a compound noun which is constructed by the words night whose meaning in Spanish is “noche” and “club”. This word appeared in the year 1894.

This word is considered a noun, example: … quien acribilló en el night club Imperio a los policías nacionales Juan Carlos Gómez

Jaramillo y César Augusto Vistín Estrella. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the news section. It can be used as a noun or as an intransitive verb. As a noun, it refers to a place of entertainment open at night usually serving food and liquor and providing music and space for dancing and often having a floor show.

- 62 -

This word has suffered changes in the Spanish language, because the word that people can find in a dictionary is night (noche) or club in separate position but these two words together are understood as a place where people meet together at night. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. These words are used by people who go out at night to enjoy themselves.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: LAPTOP

The word LAPTOP is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy Spanish language dictionary, but it is found in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1984.

This word is considered an adjective or a noun, example:

Comercio al por mayor Restaurado Laptop Online Store,… This word is used as an adjective and it was found in the ad section. As an adjective refers to a size and design that makes operation and use on one's lap convenient; and as a noun represents a portable microcomputer having its main components (as processor, keyboard, and display screen) integrated into a single unit capable of battery- powered operation, this word has a close relation with the word

DESKTOP, because both words refer to informatics or computers in general.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language.

Another equivalence that people can find is “netbook”. This is a globalize word because many people around the world use it. It is a

- 63 - useful word in special by people who work in the field of informatics or technology. In the Spanish it refers to small computers that can be carried from one place to another.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: BACKUP

The word BACKUP is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but it is found in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1951.

This word is considered a noun or a verb, example: … el Ultra

Backup , un dispositivo capaz de hacer una copia de respaldo de archivos… This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the ad section. It has two different uses, one as a noun and another as a verb. As a noun, it refers to one thing that serves as a substitute or support and also as a copy of computer data (as a file or the contents of a hard drive, the instance of making a backup. As a verb, it has been used since the year 1837, like an intransitive or transitive whose meaning refers to make a copy

(a computer file or data) to protect against accidental loss and also to make copies of all the files on (a hard drive).

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language.

There is another equivalence that people use instead of backup that is “respaldo”. This word is used by people who work with computers, because they use it to store information in the same computer or they use an ODS (data operational store).

- 64 -

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: DISCJOCKEY

The word DISCJOCKEY is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but the word that is found in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary, is written in a different way as

“DISKJOCKEY” where the letter “c” is changed for the letter “k”. This word is used as a noun and it appeared in the year 1941.

This word is considered a noun, example: CURSOS discjockey , locución. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the ad section. The meaning refers to an announcer of a radio show of popular recorded music and also to one who plays recorded music for dancing at a nightclub or party.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in Spanish. This is a useful word because people related to music use it when they want to talk about the person who mixes music in a party or at a disco.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: MARKETING

The word MARKETING is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, because the word that appears is

“mercadotecnia”, but on the other side it is considered in the

Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year 1561.

- 65 -

This word is considered a noun, example: Ellas reciben seminarios de marketing , contabilidad, derecho y sobre todo del negocio que han emprendido. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. It is used as a noun and it refers to the act or process of selling or purchasing in a market, it is also understood as an aggregate of functions involved in moving goods from producer to consumer.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language.

Another equivalence in Spanish is “mercadotecnia”. This word is very useful for people who deal with national or international business, and it is also used as a subject that is studied in universities.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: MALL

The word MALL is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but on the other side it is considered in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year 1644.

This word is considered a noun, example: Mariela Viteri llegó a las instalaciones del Mall del Sur para firmar autógrafos… This Word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. It is used as a noun for pall-mall, or a usually public area often set with shade trees and designed as a promenade or as a pedestrian walk, it can be understood also as an urban shopping

- 66 - area featuring a variety of shops surrounding a usually open-air or a large suburban building or group of buildings containing various shops with associated passageways. There exists another word that many people use that is “shopping mall” whose meaning is identical to the one above.

This word has suffered changes from Shopping Mall to just Mall in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in

Spanish. This is a very useful word because people use it when they want to talk about an area where you can buy, walk or relax.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: JEANS

The word JEANS is not considered in the Royal Spanish

Academy language dictionary, but on the other side it is considered in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Its name comes from Sir James

Hopwood who lived between the years 1877–1946, who was an astronomer and the person who created some suitable canvas to wear. It appeared in the year 1901.

This word is considered a noun, example: Todo esto lo ha cambiado por las camisetas, jeans y zapatos deportivos. This Word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the sports section. It refers to pants usually made of blue denim.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in Spanish. This is a very useful

- 67 - word because when people want to talk about pants that are blue and comfortable to wear for men or women, they just say jeans or they use another combination with blue jeans.

VARIABLE: TABLOID

WORD: VIDEO GAMES

The word VIDEO GAMES is not considered in the Royal

Spanish Academy language dictionary, but on the other side it is considered in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year

1973.

This word is considered a noun, example: Jugar video games con mi hijo, descansar, … This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the sports section. It refers to an electronic game played by means of images on a video screen and often emphasizing fast action.

This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence in Spanish. This is a very useful word for children or adults who use electronic equipment to play some kind of game which is played through a screen, or a display.

- 68 -

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

One of the most important things that I found interesting for doing this research was how important these words can be for people in order to express their ideas and feelings. People use these words with a lot of frequency, specially some words more than others.

Sometimes, people think that because of the means of communication that are the newspapers or magazines, words like anglicisms cannot appear in them, but there exist some other reality, because many editorialist and newspapers use them to send the proper meaning to people who are interested on getting information.

In this research, I divided the information that I obtained in different sub-variables, in which I can differentiate between news, ads, social pages, sports and reports. In most of them I could find some common words that are related, used in the same way, but they appear with a lot of frequency, because people use them to send different kind of information, in order to send the proper idea, a national newspaper called “El Comercio”, a local newspaper “La

Hora”, and a tabloid “El Extra”, in which I found a lot of different anglicisms that these newspapers use.

One of the words that appears with a lot of frequency, is the word “club”, because, this word is commonly used in the national newspaper in the section of sports, with a frequency of 8 times that corresponds to a 100%. One of the reasons could be, because editorialists like to talk about our different soccer teams that exist in

- 69 - our country and they may not find another word which can express the information they would like to send or communicate.

This same word appears very often in the local newspaper, in the sub-variable news where it is often used, with a frequency of 7 times that corresponds to a 77.8% and also in the sub-variable sports with a frequency of 2 times that corresponds to a 22.2%. One of the ideas that I could say, it is because most of the time, people like to talk not only about sports but also about different new places that are new for them in order to have fun or some kind of entertainment.

Another word that has a very high frequency is the word “gol” which appeared in the tabloid newspaper in the sports section and it has a frequency of 5 times that corresponds to a 100%. In my opinion this is a globalize word and every time that people may hear about it, they will relate it with soccer, and that is one of the reasons why this word is commonly used in Ecuadorian newspapers.

Additionally there exists one more word that has a very high frequency it is the word “robots” which has a frequency of 7 times in total this word is found in the national, local and tabloid newspapers.

In my opinion this word appears with a high frequency because people like to write about the new technology that exists around the world and about the different improvements that scientist are inventing every day.

On the other side, there exist many different words that are not frequently used, but are considered as anglicisms nowadays. One of

- 70 - them is the word “upgrade”, because not many people understand what is the proper meaning of it, it has a very low frequency because it just appears once in the different newspapers that I chose for the research.

Other words that are considered as anglicisms are the words

“suite, overlocks, kit, chat, web, stand by, online and others which have a frequency of one (1) that corresponds to a 0.7% because they are not very well understood by the people who read newspapers and one of the reasons can be that editorialist try to use some other expressions or words in order to send the proper idea.

- 71 -

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Many people around the world are sure about the idea that anglicisms are words borrowed from English into another language.

In this case when we talk about Spanish; they may be considered by speakers as a form of language infection because they affect the way people express their feelings and emotions. Mrs. Tania Rojas an

English teacher from “La Salle” High School considers that

“anglicisms have destroyed the sense of communication and its real meaning”.

There is not a great number of linguistics who are against anglicisms, because they think that origins where languages come from are changing and for them it is important to preserve a proper identity that is important if people want to keep their customs, or if they want to be remembered for Mrs. Janeth Freire an English teacher from “La Salle” High School explains that “anglicisms are a transgression to the cultural identity of a country, inserting words that are not from the native language”.

On the other hand there is a bigger number of linguistics, who think that languages, instead of being damaged are being improved.

As we live in a globalized moment, they consider that it is extremely important to be up-to-date with new expressions of words that people in general start using. Mr. Marcelo Ortega an English teacher from

“La Salle” High School thinks that “any word that comes from another

- 72 - culture is welcome to enrich our tools of communication and we must be ready to live in a multicultural world ”.

Meanwhile, in other circles anglicisms may be considered affluent or very useful for their kinds of uncommonly expressions.

Mr. Eduardo Miñaca concluded saying that “There is no reason to be disappointed with uncommon expressions unless we want to forget our mother tongue….. Spanish!!!!!!” .

Something that is considered very important is the thing that people creates new expressions every moment they need to use new words or slangs. In our society and nowadays, there are many anglicisms used in everyday life; they use them at school, at work, in their houses, when they dialogue or talk about sports, etc. Why is it commonly used? No one is completely sure about it, but linguistics from our country think that they appear because of globalization, immigration. It seems that they have acquired accent like people who travel to Spain, or expressions (slangs, anglicisms) from people who travel to north American countries, when they return, family, relatives, friends, etc, try to imitate their expressions, and this spreads out and is not a long time a new anglicism is created.

This kind of words have a tremendous impact in our lives, because they have changed the way people understand life, they seem to be very useful, but Indians from different regions and not only them, have started to lose their identity and forms to communicate, this can be a great problem, but if someone is not

- 73 - globalized, train will run and you will stay in the same place forever.

Because of that, let`s get used to anglicisms.

- 74 -

CONCLUSIONS

• This research demonstrates that English has a great influence

on the expressions used by Ecuadorian people who may think

about it as a new way of communication that can be acceptable

by everyone or trying to get the attention from others in order

to be popular in the group.

• Many people think that newspapers are a way of

communication in which none of the anglicisms would appear,

but from the previous analysis, people may realize that the

truth is on the other way; because people use them, no matter

how, but in different ways, even in newspapers.

• This research implies that most of Ecuadorians have a great

acceptance on using anglicisms because they use them when

talking or writing something. It is part of our language and

expressions because they come naturally on every moment we

want to say something; we have already got used to it.

• Most of the anglicisms were found in the tabloid section, it

means that people like to read information that uses informal

expressions, anglicisms, or slangs. People like anglicisms and it

is one of the reasons why this newspaper is very popular with

informal kind of people.

• This research demonstrates that anglicisms have been used for

many years in the Spanish language and also in other

- 75 -

languages as French or German, being one of the reasons that

languages around the world can be adapted into a so smooth

way that people cannot get rid of them.

• People who don´t know how to write the words in the English

language, speak and write by ear, being this one of the reasons

why the English word changes morphologically its way of

writing and in that moment people create a new word.

• One of the anglicisms that is most used by Ecuadorians is the

word “GOL” that is the word used by all of the sports reporters

in order to express their stories when they need to relate the

things that are happening.

• People agreed about using anglicisms in their expressions,

because they think that these expressions would improve our

language, and would make it more sophisticated.

• Most linguistics agreed about the use of anglicisms because

and thanks to globalization, many new words are created every

moment and that will increase everyone´s vocabulary; and

some new simple expressions will be used.

• This research made me think that anglicisms are very useful in

the Spanish language, their sound and writing are considered

very polite, and in addition, our society walks in the same

direction to globalization, being this the most important reason

for using them.

- 76 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

- Collins, H. (2006). Collins Essential English Dictionary. Anglicisms

(2nd ed.) Edinburgh. Pearson Longman.

- Richards, J.; Platt, J.; Platt, H. (2005). Dictionary of Language

Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Linguistics . (3er ed.). Edinburgh.

Pearson Longman.

- Kristeva, J. (1989). Language: The Unknown An Initiation Into

Linguistics. London. Harvest Wheatsheaf.

B. WEBSITES

- Beattie, J. (2008). Spanish Slangs and Idioms. Retrieved from:

http://learn-spanish-software-review.toptenreviews.com/slang-

and-idioms.html

- Cebrian, J.L. (2000). La Red (THE INTERNET). Retrieved from:

http://html.rincondelvago.com/la-red_juan-luis-ebrian_1.html

- Erichsen, G. (n.d.). Why so many English words on Spanish

Websites? About.com Guide. Retrieved from:

http://spanish.about.com/od/historyofspanish/a/clic_here.htm

- Even-Zohar, I. (1979). Polysystem Theory. Poetics Today. Retrieved

from: http://www.jstor.org/pss/1772051

- Guzman, T. (2002). The Impact of Lexical Anglicisms in Spanish

film magazines: a case of study across time. University of Leon.

Spain. Retrieved from: http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/hsl_shl

- 77 -

/anglicisms.htm

- LONG, B. (2008). “Barbarisms” in Speech and Writing”. Retrieved

from: http://www.drbilllong.com/CurrentEventsXIV/Barbar.html

- LONG, B. (2008). On Other Stylistic Vices I . Retrieved from:

http://www.drbilllong.com/CurrentEventsXIV/Vices.html

- LOPEZ, P. (2001). Economic anglicisms: adaptation to the Spanish

Linguistic System. Universidad de Cádiz. Retrieved from:

http://www.aelfe.org/documents/06-Ib10-Zurita.pdf

- Mc. ARTHUR, T. (2002). The Oxford Guide to World English .

Retrieved from: http://www.fb06.uni-mainz.de/englisch/biblio

/Oxford Guide to World English

- Mifflin, H. (2003). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved

from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American

_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language

- Anglicisms .(n.d.). Retrieved from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Anglicism

- 78 -

ANNEXES

QUESTIONS AND OPINIONS

SPEAKER No.1

Lic. Eduardo Miñaca , English teacher from “La Salle” High School.

Quito

Mr. Miñaca, explains that anglicisms are many expressions taken from a foreign language and adopted into our latin American countries and are used most by adolescents and adults when they want to be accepted into a special social group, in order to feel safe and confident. Mr, Miñaca thinks that our mother tongue gives us the opportunity to express ourselves fluency, but on many times these modisms and expressions are the result of globalization, that are transmited by the T.V., newspapers, immigrants or possibly by internet. There is no reason to be disappointed with uncommon expressions unless we want to forget our mother tongue…..

Spanish!!!!!

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

SP1: Well, I think that anglicisms are simple expressions that

people use and in latin America, they are used

everywhere by many people in special teenagers

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

- 79 -

SP1: In my opinion they are not accepted, they are just used

because, they are part of our way of talking and they are

just simple to adopt if you want to express your ideas.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP1: Many people use them but most of the time they are used

by adolescents.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

SP1: Well, because of globalization they are going to increase

and develop into a better way, in special for teenagers,

because they are a way to communicate their ideas and

they use them a lot, and they can create new expressions

or slangs.

SPEAKER No. 2

Lic. Edwin Pilca, English teacher from “La Salle” High School. Quito

Mr. Pilca explains that it is very amazing how other languages can influence our mother tongue, because of the globalization or development of the technology. Having a glance on the equipment used by kids or adolescents, they incorporate new terms as “chat”, when they want to refer to interchange of messages through internet.

These kind of terms are commonly accepted on our everyday activities. In many cases, people want to sound sophisticated and they used expressions taken from “latin”, or there exist some

- 80 - occasions when equipment that is imported from outside, marked the used of uncommon terms as “I-pod” for example.

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

SP2: I think that they are the influence from other languages

not only English.

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

SP2: It can be because of globalization and technology that is

around us on everywhere we see around.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP2: Most of the time I think they are used by adolescents and

little kids, because they are a way of talking in their own

environment and around them.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

SP2: They are inside our culture and I think they are going to

exist forever and they may develop into a better way of

saying different things in a sweet way.

SPEAKER No. 3

Lic. Tania Rojas. English teacher from “La Salle” High School. Quito

Mrs. Rojas considers that anglicisms exist because of the use of globalization, but for instance the idea to introduce English words into Spanish written or spoken have destroyed the sense of communication and its real meaning. For instance, students talk

- 81 - using the anglicism “a full”, which doesn´t have meaning in English and not even in Spanish. Languages adopt just a few words in general that are taken from others but not to destroy its meaning. On the case of English, it has become a not well used instrument, when someone wants to combine it with Spanish, it will not be productive.

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

SP3: I think that they are English words that are introduced in

Spanish

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

SP3: In my opinion they are not accepted because they destroy

the sense of communication and people just adjust their

expressions to communicate.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP3: Everyone use them, and not just that because since

people are little, their expressions and language get used

to them.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

SP3: They are going to increase in their use and many people

will combine them with the Spanish language but this

will not be productive because in my opinion anglicisms

are destroying our native language.

- 82 -

SPEAKER No. 4

Lic. Janeth Freile. English teacher from “La Salle” High School. Quito

Mrs. Freile explains that anglicisms are linguistic loans from English language to other languages. She considers that one of the main advantages is that most of people would understand the words, especially if they are English speakers. On the other side, we can point that anglicisms is a transgression to the cultural identity of a country, inserting words that are not from the native language. Also, its use is not well known for most of the population and it can produce misunderstandings, specifically in documents or writings.

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

SP4: I think that they are linguistic loans from the English

language and they improve our speaking way.

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

SP4: Because almost all the people understand them, and they

use them normally, it is their way of speaking, they have

learned since they were little because their parents

taught them to do it.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP4: Well, as I say everyone use them, and in my personal

opinion teenagers use them most of the time, I don´t like

them, I think they are a cultural transgression and

because of politeness or I don´t know why or reason, they

- 83 -

continually create many new words; I think this can

happen because of globalization.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

SP4: They will exist forever and not just English words are

going to be added, words from different languages are

going to be pronounced by people in my country because

of, as I say before, globalization. And you´ll see more of

them and more often in many important documents.

SPEAKER No.5

Lic. Marcelo Ortega. English teacher from “La Salle” High School.

Quito

Mr. Ortega explains that Anglicism is a characteristic feature of

English that occurs in another language. In this case he is talking about Anglicisms in Spanish. Everybody knows that English is the world language. For him, People from all over the world communicate in English when they speak different languages. Companies that manufacture products label their products in both languages so that they can export them to other countries. By this way English has become the international language for business, tourism, and education; and, it is, through this resource, how some English words have been used in other languages. Some of these words are “mail, snack, bar, stop, cd, gay, garage, hot dog, copyright, etc”. He continued explaining that when these words were first used in

- 84 -

Spanish, they did not cause great impact on our language; but, little by little those words started to be used by more and more people, and, it wasn’t until those foreign words were used in printed material that we can talk about anglicisms, for this reason now, these words are part of our language.

He concluded by saying that any word that comes from another culture is welcome to enrich our tools of communication and we must be ready to live in a multicultural world.

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

SP5: I think that anglicism is a characteristic feature of

English that occurs in another language and because

English is a world language everyone uses them.

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

SP5: Because English has become the international language

for business, tourism, and education; and, it is, through

this resource, how some English words have been used in

other languages.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP5: Well, those words started to be used by more and more

people, and, it wasn’t until those foreign words were used

in printed material that we can talk about anglicisms, for

this reason now, these words are part of our language.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

- 85 -

SP5: I think that any word that comes from another culture is

welcome to enrich our tools of communication and we

must be ready to live in a multicultural world.

SPEAKER No. 6

Dra. Esmeralda de la Vega. “Escuela de Ciencias, Lenguaje y

Literatura”, “Universidad Central del Ecuador”, Sociolinguistic

Teacher. Quito

Mrs. De la Vega explains that anglicisms are the answer of what she called “conditions of power”; and because of it, English is the language that predominates the entire world, and the reason for the existence of this phenomenon. According to history, Spanish is the result of confluences from different languages, and it also depends of migratory movements, and nowadays, because of globalization. Mrs.

De la Vega expresses that it doesn´t exist advantages or disadvantages, because anglicisms, they are also the result for the dynamic of languages and these can vary according to different social status. At the end of the small interview Mrs. De la Vega concluded with this small sentence, “while EE.UU. is continuing being the first world power, languages will be influenced by English”.

CARLOS: What´s your opinion about anglicisms?

- 86 -

SP6: I think that anglicism is what I call “conditions of power”,

because English is the language that predominates the

world and the principal reason for the existence of this

phenomenon.

CARLOS: Why are they accepted in our society?

SP6: Because Spanish is the confluence from different

languages and migratory movements, and people try to

emulate other´s people talking.

CARLOS: Who do you think use them?

SP6: Because of globalization, everyone uses them, from the

little children to the oldest person, everyone uses them.

CARLOS: What do you think is going to happen to anglicisms?

SP6: Well, I would like to say just something, “while EE.UU. is

continuing being the first world power, languages will be

influenced by English”.

- 87 -

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS”; it was done in the Republic of Ecuador. There are also social factors taken from foreign languages that influence the Spanish. The city of Quito was the place selected for this research, where we could find a great number of people who like to read newspapers specially tabloids which are very popular, not expensive and very easy to read and understand. It was used the qualitative and quantitative methods INTRODUCTION

At the beginning of this research, I would like to introduce the use of anglicisms in the Spanish written language in our country as a topic that is worth being investigated since it will provide us information about the way English is influencing our native language in terms of anglicisms. The most important motivation for having this research and all the investigation that was carried out, was to obtain clear information about the different ways people talk and write in everyday life and also to carry out a descriptive, linguistic and social analysis of written language in national, local and tabloid Ecuadorian newspapers
With this research, it will be important to include and give some extra information about anglicisms which have been introduced before by prominent linguistics, one of them is Mrs. Esmeralda de la Vega, who is a sociolinguistic teacher in “Escuela de Ciencias, Lenguaje y Literatura” from “Universidad Central del Ecuador”. Unfortunately, this topic hasn´t been taken with such a great importance because people think that the way they talk or write is not important, but the way they understand and get some correctselected information and this is one of the reasons people don´t find it as an interesting topic to study.
There are people around the world who have done researches and investigations about anglicisms, but not only about them but also about other phenomenon in expressions as spanglish.
In order to know about anglicisms and investigate how people have adapted their expressions and ways of talking, it would be a great advantage to understand the development of languages

At the end of this introduction I would like to say that most of the specific objectives were met and I obtained important information for future researchers.
In this research it was found that there is a great number of anglicisms that are commonly used into our language and take part of our natural way of talking
Another objective was to identify syntactic and lexical anglicisms more commonly used in newspaper material in Ecuador.
People think that anglicisms are a way of improving their use of polite or informal expressions. This is the principal reason why people write or read anglicisms without taking care if they have mistakes or errors on their expressions.
Another objective was to determine the written sections of Ecuadorian newspapers in which anglicisms are mostly used.
Most of the newspapers that are printed in Ecuador contain anglicisms but with this research it was established that the most popular are the ones that use anglicisms.
At the end, the main objective was to know the grade of acceptance that Ecuadorians have about anglicisms they find in newspapers or any written material and the reason how they got them and how they use them.
At the beginning of this investigation, some national, local and tabloid newspapers were collected for seven days; then, the different newspapers were divided, taking into consideration the following sub-variables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports; the acquired information was very huge, but the most important was to know that anglicisms exist and the idea was to identify which ones were the most used by Ecuadorians.
The investigation was held in Quito in a local region, where the participants have a medium social status and medium-high level of knowledge and the level of language used in the newspapers comes from informal to formal expressions.
The applied methodology represents a description and analysis on the field of investigation and also a statistical analysis from the results. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used and some techniques such as a survey
RESULTS
The results of this research work were gathered from three different newspapers published in Ecuador; “El Comercio”, “La Hora” and “El Extra”. Also, I would like to consider that the information was taken during the second week of December.
There are nineteen charts contained in this research: fifteen charts for the qualitative section, three charts for the quantitative section and one chart for the most frequent anglicisms.
Each qualitative chart contains at the top, the chart number, the variable which are from national newspapers (El Comercio), local newspapers (La Hora) or tabloids (El Extra), and the different subvariables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports.
Each quantitative chart contains at the top, the chart number, the variables (national newspaper, local newspaper, tabloid).
These charts contain four columns which are divided into: a column for the most frequent anglicism, a column for the section in which the anglicism was found, a column for the frequency of it, and a column for the percentage.

The last chart is about the most frequent anglicisms, it contains three columns, a column for the anglicisms, a column for the number of times the anglicisms are repeated and a column for the percentage. QUANTITATIVE TABLE CHART:SIXTEEN VARIABLE:NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO)

SECTION f %

NEWS 0 0

ADS 0 0

CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0

SPORTS 8 100

REPORTS 0 0

TOTAL 8 100 CHART:SEVENTEEN VARIABLE:LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA)

SECTION f %

NEWS 7 77,8

ADS 0 0

CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0

SPORTS 2 22,2

REPORTS 0 0

TOTAL 9 100 CHART: EIGHTEEN VARIABLE:TABLOID (EL EXTRA)

SECTION f %

NEWS 0 0

ADS 0 0

GOL SOCIAL PAGES 0 0

SPORTS 5 100

REPORTS 0 0

TOTAL 5 100 DESCRIPTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

This part of the research is divided in three different kinds of analysis. The first part is linguistic in which every selected anglicism is studied from its etymology, syntactic-semantic and morphology.
The second part is a comparative analysis taken from the subvariables (news, ads, social pages, sports and reports) and variables (national newspapers, local newspapers and tabloids), in which the frequency and percentage of anglicisms are mentioned.
The third and last part is a sociological analysis, in this part of the investigation we can find short opinions about the topic (anglicisms in newspapers), given by 5 English teachers from “La Salle” High School in Quito. They use to read different newspapers because they need to be informed with local or international information. There is also a Sociolinguistic Teacher from “Escuela de Ciencias, Lenguaje y Literatura”, “Universidad Central del Ecuador” who gave her point of view. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

One of the words that appears with a lot of frequency, is the word “club”, because, this word is commonly used in the national newspaper in the section of sports, with a frequency of 8 times that corresponds to a 100%. One of the reasons could be, because editorialists like to talk about our different soccer teams that exist in our country and they may not find another word which can express the information they would like to send or communicate. This same word appears very often in the local newspaper, in the sub-variable news where it is often used, with a frequency of 7 times that corresponds to a 77.8% and also in the sub-variable sports with a frequency of 2 times that corresponds to a 22.2%. One of the ideas that I could say, it is because most of the time, people like to talk not only about sports but also about different new places that are new for them in order to have fun or some kind of entertainment. Another word that has a very high frequency is the word “gol” which appeared in the tabloid newspaper in the sports section and it has a frequency of 5 times that corresponds to a 100%. In my opinion this is a globalize word and every time that people may hear about it, they will relate it with soccer, and that is one of the reasons why this word is commonly used in Ecuadorian newspapers. SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Many people around the world are sure about the idea that anglicisms are words borrowed from English into another language. In this case when we talk about Spanish; they may be considered by speakers as a form of language infection because they affect the way people express their feelings and emotions. This kind of words have a tremendous impact in our lives, because they have changed the way people understand life, they seem to be very useful, but Indians from different regions and not only them, have started to lose their identity and forms to communicate, this can be a great problem, but if someone is not globalized, train will run and you will stay in the same place forever. Because of that, let`s get used to anglicisms. CONCLUSIONS

• This research demonstrates that English has a great influence on the expressions used by Ecuadorian people who may think about it as a new way of communication that can be acceptable by everyone or trying to get the attention from others in order to be popular in the group.

•This research implies that most of Ecuadorians have a great acceptance on using anglicisms because they use them when talking or writing something. It is part of our language and expressions because they come naturally on every moment we want to say something; we have already got used to it. •This research implies that most of Ecuadorians have a great acceptance on using anglicisms because they use them when talking or writing something. It is part of our language and expressions because they come naturally on every moment we want to say something; we have already got used to it.

•Most linguistics agreed about the use of anglicisms because and thanks to globalization, many new words are created every moment and that will increase everyone ´s vocabulary; and some new simple expressions will be used.