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“Hellish Work” RIGHTS Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan WATCH

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“Hellish Work” RIGHTS Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan WATCH Kazakhstan HUMAN “Hellish Work” RIGHTS Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan WATCH “Hellish Work” Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-656-X Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org July 2010 1-56432-656-X “Hellish Work” Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan Summary and Key Recommendations ................................................................................................ 1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 20 Part 1: Background ...........................................................................................................................23 1.1 Migration to Kazakhstan ....................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Kazakhstani Law and Policy Relevant to Migrant Agricultural Workers .................................. 26 The quota system ............................................................................................................... 26 Quotas in 2009 and the absence of quotas for agricultural workers ..................................... 27 Permits for hiring foreign workers ....................................................................................... 28 Residency registration for foreigners entering under the non-visa regime ............................ 28 1.3 Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Kazakhstan ..................................................... 29 Philip Morris International .................................................................................................. 29 Philip Morris Kazakhstan ..................................................................................................... 30 1.4 Structure of Tobacco Farming in Kazakhstan ......................................................................... 30 The tobacco season ............................................................................................................ 31 Payment structure ............................................................................................................... 31 1.5 Governmental and Corporate Responsibilities ....................................................................... 32 Corporate responsibility ...................................................................................................... 34 Part 2: Abuse and Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan .......................................... 38 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Absence of Written Contracts ............................................................................................... 39 Contracts in previous years ................................................................................................ 40 2.3 Failure to Pay Regular Wages and Payments of Less than Minimum Wage ............................. 41 2.4 Deductions from Final Payments .......................................................................................... 43 2.5 Lack of Transparency and Deception in the Final Payment ..................................................... 44 Migrant workers’ participation in delivery and purchase of the tobacco ................................ 45 Vulnerability to being cheated ............................................................................................ 46 2.6 Induced Indebtedness and Debt Bondage ........................................................................... 48 Ulkan U. and her children ................................................................................................... 49 A family from Karasuu ........................................................................................................ 49 Damira D. and her children .................................................................................................. 50 A family from Karatash ........................................................................................................ 51 2.7 Retention of Identity Documents and Confinement to Farms ................................................. 52 2.8 Forced Labor ........................................................................................................................ 54 International and national legal standards .......................................................................... 54 Almira A. and her family ...................................................................................................... 56 Zhumartbek Zh. and his family ............................................................................................ 57 Makhmud M. and his family ................................................................................................ 58 Umut U. and her children ..................................................................................................... 59 Schakhlo S. and her family ................................................................................................. 60 Almazbek A. and his family ................................................................................................ 60 2.9 Excessively Long Working Hours and Lack of Rest ................................................................. 61 2.10 Exposure to and Inadequate Information about Pesticides and Fertilizers .......................... 62 Pesticides .......................................................................................................................... 64 Fertilizers ............................................................................................................................ 67 2.11 Other Health Risks in Tobacco Farming ............................................................................... 69 2.12 Lack of Potable Water ......................................................................................................... 71 2.13 Poor Sanitary Conditions .................................................................................................... 72 2.14 Substandard Employer-provided Living Conditions ............................................................. 73 Part 3: Protection and Redress ......................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Lack of Effective Government Oversight and Complaint Mechanisms ..................................... 75 Monitoring by the Labor Inspectorate and Ministry of Interior ............................................... 75 Government complaint mechanisms ................................................................................... 76 3.2 Non-governmental Avenues for Redress ............................................................................... 78 Non-governmental organizations ......................................................................................... 78 Trade unions ...................................................................................................................... 80 3.3 The Government of Kyrgyzstan .............................................................................................. 81 3.4 The Role of Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Kazakhstan .................................... 83 The Good Agricultural Practices Policy ................................................................................. 83 Implementation in Kazakhstan ........................................................................................... 84 PMI and PMK response to Human Rights Watch ................................................................... 85 Commitments from PMI ...................................................................................................... 86 Part 4: Child Labor and Other Abuses against Migrant Worker Children .......................................... 90 4.1 Child Labor in Tobacco Farming ........................................................................................... 92 Hazardous child labor ........................................................................................................ 92 International standards, Kazakhstani law, and hazardous child labor .................................. 93 4.2 Violation of the Right to Education ...................................................................................... 96 International standards and Kazakhstani law .....................................................................
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