Bffids of the Northmeast of SOUTH AUSTRALIA

126 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST

BffiDS OF THE NORTHmEAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

by K. J. MACK, R.D.A., M.A.T.A.*

This paper is an attempt:- are shown. Two not shown are Tiverton 1. To record observations made over several and Grampus, both near Spring Dam and years, principally by the author and F. G. Paramitce. Some records from beyond, but Skipper, A. Tiver and C. M. Bishop; in close to the border of the region have also the North-East Meteorological District of been included. South Australia, an area that is not fre A full survey of earlier papers or obser quently visited by ornithologists. vations on this area has not been made, but 2. To define the status and distribution of J. N. McGilp's excellent paper 'Birds of species more precisely than is possible in a Lake Frome District, South Australia (Emu, publication covering the birds of the en vol. 22 ( 1923) pp. 237-244 and 274-287) tire State. is recommended for further reading. 3. To interest other observers in this area It is emphasized that this paper represents and encourage them to report their obser recordings of observations by amateurs and vations. does not purport to contain 0ther details of The writer, Joe Mack, of Waikerie, has species and distribution considered to be lived along the River Murray for 22 years well-known or published elsewhere. The and has regularly visited the North-East since author and his colleagues readily admit weak 1956 and particularly during the past ten nesses in their ability to identify some birds, years. His wife, Stella, has been of assistance particularly certain birds of prey, but it is considered that all records published below in many ways. are accurate unless queried by the author. Garnham Skipper has lived at Manunda, We ·would appreciate any comments, criticism via Yunta, for 27 years and is also an or further records. S.A.O.A. member. His wife is also a keen amateur ornithologist. Special sightings or observations by each observer are signified by the first letter of the Athol Tiver has resided at Spring Dam, respective surname (e.g. T for Tiver). via Yunta, for six years and spent his earlier years at Terowie and Tuilkilkey, to the east An asterisk (*) indicates an introduced of Terowie. species. Murray Bishop, of Winkie, has lived along Sightings by Messrs. H. J. Eckert and G. the River Murray all his life and has visited 0. Furness have also been incorporated. Southern Mutooroo regularly for the past John Eckert, of Langhorne's Creek, visited five years or so, and like the author, is a Sturt Vale in October 1968, making many C.S.I.R.O. bird-bander. sightings, while records of the Black and The area surveyed in this paper is that Pied Honeyeaters by Mr. Furness, in Sep portion of South Australia defined as North tember 1965 (from the S.A. Ornithologist East by the Bureau of Meteorology and is Bird Report of 1965) have been quoted, from enclosed by the heavy black line on the map Plumbago Station. Other recordings quoted p. . This includes parts of the Lower are by bushman friends of author, Messrs. North and North-East areas as used in the· H. M. Bown and T. E. O'Reilly, now of S.A.O.A. Annual Bird Reports. Most obser Waikerie, while information concerning the vations have been made south of the Oodla Ostrich has been mainly obtained from Mr. wirra to Broken Hill road; the area in the G. E. Moxham, of Morgan. north-east shown shaded in the map has not been visited by the author or his colleagues. The comment, 'No Record,' only implies Not all place names mentioned in the paper that neither the author nor his colleagues are included in the map but most station has recorded, beyond all doubt, that species, properties where a recording has been made but, according to H. T. Condon's

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THE NORTH-EAST METEOROLOGICAL DISTRICT 128 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST

red in the region. The number preceding 1950 (19.17") and 1955 (15.97") with lows each species is that .of Condon's ((Handlist.» of 3.26" in 1940 and 3.36" in 1967 which .The North-East is bisected by the Olary v.:as the ~nal of three years of drought that Ridge, the centre of which is south of and yielded m total only 16.68". Waikerie's parallel to, the railway line between Yunta highest readings have been 17 .18" ( 1910), and Cockburn. Beyond the low ranges to 15.19" (1917), 15.67" ( 1921) and 15.42" the north and south, the gum creeks occa ( 1954), with its lowest, 3.53" in 1967. The sionally flow, those in the north heading drought years of 1965-7 yielded a total of towards Lake Frome, while those in the south 19.09". spread into watercourses through· to Cane The year 1956 was brilliant for herbage grass, Oakbank and Oakvale, supporting and wildflowers, after a good to record season mainly mulgas, eremophilas and cassias; the year before, while 1962-3-4 yielded much beyond these are the plains, with blue bush better than average growth. The rainfall and black bush (Kochia sp.), saltbush figures illustrate the connection between (Atriplex sp.), black oke ( Casuarina cristata) nomadic movements and seasons, the year and sugarwood or false sandalwood (Myopo 1963 being of special interest. In the north, rum platycarpum) the main plant species. the rainfall was less than average (Yunta In an area roughly bounded by Cadell, Cane 7.71"), while in the south (Waikerie, grass, Pine Valley, Morganvale and Chowilla, 12.62"), the season was excellent, the area various mallees (Eucalyptus spp.) pre between the River and Oakvale having dominate, with porcupine grass (Triodia early heavy rains. Nomads were rather irritans), while to the west, in the region of scarce in the north, but were very common the Levi Range, and fringing the hills east between Morgan, Calperum and Oakvale. of Burra to Terowie and towards Wadna The last two years (1968-9), which followed minga, another mallee association occurs in three disastrous seasons, saw better than places, containing principally Eucalyptus po average rains especially in the south with rosa and E. transcontinentalis. The larger an accompanying increase in bird population, creeks contain Red Gums (E. camaldulensis) with breeding of nomads and static species while the swamps are fringed ·with Black being widespread and prolonged. Box (E. largiflorens) in the south, verging There are a number of temporary swamps on Coolabahs (E. coolabah) in the Lake which fill after heavy rain and attract a Frome area. The Native Pine (Callitris sp.) great number of water birds. Unfortunately occurs sparsely through the southern mallee, insufficient attention has been paid to study with larger stands in the Mulyungarie-Bil ing these and the water birds must be con leroo-Lake Frome area. There is a smal sidered to be inadequately covered in this lish, but dense, area at Oulnina Park. paper. Areas suggested for future study are Of these associations, the mallee undoubt the swamps on Oakbank, Oakvale, Pine edly has the greatest variety of bird life, Valley, Mt. Victor, Koonamore, Benagerie with those areas where there is a saltbush and Mulyungarie Stations, the Billeroo, steppe or where bluebush and black oke pre Siccus, Wilpena and Passmore Creeks and dominate, containing usually a rather small Lakes Frome, Elder, etc. population. However, these same plains and The North-East has been grazed, on an scrubs, in good seasons (as in 1955, 1956, average, for 100 years and numbers and 1962-3-4, 1968 and 1969) support spear distribution of birds must have been affected grass (Stipa sp.) and other ephemerals and in those areas where overgrazing has occur are invaded by nomadic ·species, sometimes red, while conversely, the provision of water in very large numbers, e.g. Crimson Chats, ing points in what was usually a waterless Budgerygahs and wood-swallows. country, has enabled more country to be used Rainfall varies from an average of almost as a permanent habitat. ten to below six inches per annum, as shown The only reserve in the region is the by the isohyets on the map. Yunta, in the Koonamore Vegetation Reserve of the Uni central west, has an average of 9.19 inches, versity of Adelaide (Section 304, County of while Waikerie to the south, averages 9.60 Litton), containing 960 acres only, of restrict inches. Benagerie and beyond average less ed vegetation communities and hence, the than 6 inches. Outstanding seasons at Yunta birds of the region are dependent to a large have been 1917 (18.58"~, 1920 (16.41"), extent on the attitude of the pastoralists in THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 129 the control of grazing, artificial watering 12. HOARY-HEADED GREBE. (Podi points, trappers, shooters, etc. ceps poliocephalus). Rather uncommon, Without the co-operation of pastoralists seems to prefer swamps after heavy raiq, to throughout the entire area, this paper would permanent water. Two on Great Eastern not have been possible, and gratitude is ex Dam (Lilydale) 2.2.68 latest recording (M). pressed to all owners, managers, station hands and other pastoral industry workers who 44. BLACK CORMORANT. (Phala have helped in any way. The ready support crocorax carbo). Rare, but large flocks of the Meteorological Bureau in Adelaide have been seen heading north over Manunda, and Yunta is also acknowledged. in V formation ( S). 1. EMU (Dromaius novaehollandiae). A 45. LITTLE BLACK CORMORANT. declining species, scattered throughout in (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris). Rare, usually small numbers, with greatest congregations singly on dams and natural ·waters ( S, T). (occasionally 50-150) on watercourses and spear grass plains. Nests almost anywhere, 47. PIED CORMORANT (Phalacro on hilltops and in creeks. Average 9 eggs, corax varius). Rare; only record at Jubilee May-August. (S) Scarce 1968, with heavy O.S. (Mutooroo) 2.2.69 (B). breeding in 1969. 48. LITTLE PIED CORMORANT *5A SOUTHERN OSTRICH (Struthio ( P halacrocorax melanoleucos). Rare; only camelus). Only known occurrence is of four encountered in last decade (S, T). about a dozen, on Redcliffe Station. Bushmen call all species "Shags," with no Mr. G. E. Moxham, of Morgan, who re differentiation. sided on Redcliffe Station for fifteen years, 53. WHITE-FACED HERON ( Ardea states "Ostriches were released about 35 novaehollandiae). Widespread, but un years ago by McBrides, who then owned the common, usually singly or in pairs. Breed property. Their numbers have slowly in high gum trees, stick nest ( S) ; breeding dwindled; for instance, there were about 30 at Jubilee O.S. (Mutooroo) 2.11.68 (B). in 1955, while today they number about 12, which remain in two central paddocks on 54. WHITE-NECKED HERON ( Ardea the station. Over the years I have only seen pacifica). Rather rare; sometimes none for six young survive to adulthood, my theory whole year. Four at Jubilee O.S. (Mutoo being that they are shy breeders in this type roo) 5.2.69 (B) latest record. of country and that eagles and foxes prey 58. WHITE EGRET (Egretta alba). on the young. The current population are Rare (S); one at Loch Hazard Dam, (Mu considered to be old birds, doomed to extinc tooroo) 28.8.67 (B). tion. "Aviculturists have recently tried to catch 60. NANKEEN NIGHT HERON (Nyc males and have even collected eggs for tic.orax caledonicus). Rare; occasionally hatching elsewhere, but I believe that they along gum creeks ( S) . have had no success." 63. WHITE IBIS (Threskiornis moluc On January 4, 1970 two male and two ca). Very rare (S). female Ostriches were seen on Redcliffe Sta tion, also the remains of two nests containing 64. STRAW-NECKED IBIS (Threskior in all, 20 old eggs. (M). nis spinicollis). Rather rare; seen after heavy ' rains (T, S) and one at Jubilee O.S. (Mu 11. LITTLE GREBE (Podiceps novae- tooroo) November 1968 (B). hollandiae). Common on dams, usually one or two per dam, but occasionally a dozen or 66. GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis falcinellus). so. Nests on tops of logs and posts in dams; Rare; two at Cow Hole, (Manunda) Novem adult covers eggs (usually 5) with leaves ber 1965 (S), a small flock at Jubilee (Mu and water weeds when absent. (S & M) tooroo) 3.2.69 (B) and one at Cow Hole Apparently more common than 50 years ago, (Manunda), March 1969 (S), are only sightings. probably due to more dams. Mother has been seen to dive, when danger approaches, 67. ROYAL SPOONBILL (Platalea re with young under her wings. (S) Known as gia). Rare; waterholes preferred to dams Dabchick or Diver to bushmen. (S). 130 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST

. 68. YELLOW-BILLED SPOONBILL 94. MANED GOOSE (Chenonetta ju (Platalea flavipes). Rare; same comments bata). Uncommon; seen usually in groups as 67. of 6-10. Occasionally breeds, five per clutch (T). Flock of 63 grazing on short herbage 80. BLACK SWAN (Cygnus atratus). in watercourse at Manunda, March 1969 Generally rare; might see ten a year ( S, T). ( S). Known as Wood Duck. Occasionally several hundred, as on Oakvale Swamp 1958 and 1964 (M). A pair bred 97. MUSK DUCK (Biziura lobata). Un four young at Luke's Swamp, (Oakbank), common; usually singly. Often at Big Cow October 1969 and the cygnets rode a lot on Dam (Manunda), (S), and Jubilee Dam the back of one parent (M). (Mutooroo), (M & B). 83. CHESTNUT BREASTED SHEL 99. BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE DUCK (Tadorna tadornoides). Very rare, (Elan us notatus). Rare; odd pairs only and only recording being three at Spring Dam nest at Manunda in large red gum tree ( S). Station, fl.ying down Manunda watercourse, Seen irregularly, every two or three years 4.2.68 (M). Known as Mountain Duck. (T). Latest record is of one at Manunda, March 1969 (S). 84. BLACK DUCK (Anas superciliosa). Rather rare, but sometimes 20-40 on water 100. LETTER-WINGED KITE (Elanus hole for short time ( S) ; Oakvale and Koona scriptus). No record. more (M). Have landed on roofs of shear ing sheds in moonlight, mistaking galvanized 102. FORK-TAILED KITE (Milvus iron for water (M). migrans). Normally very rare; occasionally arrive in large numbers in spring (e.g. 1956), 86. CHESTNUT TEAL ( Anas casta then not seen for years (S, M). One at Ma nea). Very rare (S). nunda, October 1968 (M) and one at Sturt Vale, October 1968 (J. Eckert) and small 87. GREY TEAL ( Anas gibberifrons). numbers at Kalabity and Frome Downs Sep Common, being seen in small fl.ocks on most tember 1969 (M). dams, ·waterholes and bore streams, where they breed, clutch averaging seven (T, S). 103. SQUARE-TAILED KITE One noticed nesting 22.10.67, at Gluepot; in (Lophoictinia isura). Only record is of one hollow 'White Mallee' tree (Euc. gracilis), at Spring Dam, November 1968 (T). 8' from ground and 350 yards from dam, 104. BLACK-BREASTED BUZZARD over limestop.e and bindyi (M). KITE (Hamirostra melanosternon). No 88. BLUE-WINGED SHOVELER record. (Anas rhynchotis). No record. However, 105. WHISTLING KITE (Haliastur Mr. H. M. Bown states that this species used sphenurus). Uncommon; prefers gum·creeks. to occur in moderate numbers from 1913- 107. BROWN GOSHAWK (Accipiter 1928 in the Minburra-Waukaringa-Cuma fasciatus). Thought to be rare, but hard mona district, on dams and swamps after to identify. heavy rains. Bushman's name was Blue 108. COLLARED SPARROWHAWK Mountain Duck. (Accipiter cir'rhocephalus). Thought to be 91. PINK-EARED DUCK (Malacorhyn uncommon, but difficult to separate from chus membranaceus). Rare; occasionally 107. One at Spring Dam, February 1969 singly (M) or small numbers with other (T). ducks ( S). A pair on Pigeon Box Dam ( Ma 109. LITTLE EAGLE (Hieragetus nunda), March 1969 (S). Known as Sho morphnoides). Uncommon, recent sightings veler or Whistler. being at Panaramitee, February 1968 (M), Manunda 13.10.68 (M) and Sturt Vale 92. WHITE-EYED DUCK ( Aythya aus 11.10.68 (J. Eckert). tralis). Rare; only records are at Blackfellows Dam (Mutooroo) 5.2.69 ~hen lone specimen 110. WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE (Aquila observed (B) and three south of Gluepot audax). Moderately common in parts, but 1.2.67 (M). Also known as Widgeon or a somewhat declining species, persecuted by Hardhead. most pastoralists, station hands, shooters, etc. THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 131

At Maieking O.S. (Pitcairn), 80 dead are 130. PLAIN-WANDERER (Pedionomus hung on a fence (M). Mr. Skipper has fine torquatus). No record, but reputed to have collection of photographs, taken regularly been present in the region years ago. during breeding. Called Eaglehawk. 131. BROLGA. (Crus rubicundus). No 113. SPOTTED HARRIER (Circus assi record. milis). Very rare (S). 137. BLACK-TAILED NATIVE HEN 114. SWAMP HARRIER (Circus ap (Tribonyx ventralis). Rather common, but proximans). No record. varies considerably in numbers and distribu tion. Often located near dams, bore streams, 116. GREY FALCON (Falco hypoleu etc., in dense undergrowth, e.g. lignum cos). Rare (T, S). bushes. Flocks of 40 at Oakbank and Lily 117. BLACK FALCON (Falco subni dale in 1957 and 1968 (M) and over 100 ger). No record. at Manunda (S). Common 1968-9, with a sudden irruption in January-February 1969, 118. BROWN FALCON (Falco beri when hundreds (M) to thousands (S) ap gora). Moderately common (S, T, M). peared in lower North-East, vanishing after 119. LITTLE FALCON (Falco longi heavy March rains. pennis). Uncommon. Occasionally at Spring 138. DUSKY MOORHEN. (Gallinula Dam and Manunda (T, S). tenebrosa). No record. 120. PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco pe regrinus). Uncommon; a pair has nested at 139. EASTERN SWAMPHEN (Porphy Oratan Rock (Manunda) for years (S). ria porphyria). Very rare (S). 121. NANKEEN KESTREL. (Falco 140. COOT (Fulica atra). Rare. Most . cenchroides). Common, except in dense recent sightings are four on Great Eastern southern mallee, where uncommon (M). Dam, Radium Hill Powerline, (Mutooroo) Called Sparrowhawk or Chickenhawk. 2.2.68 (M) and two at Blackfellow's (Mu tooroo) 3.2.69 (B). 123. MALLEE FOWL ( Leipoa ocella ta). Moderately common in selected areas, 141. BUSTARD ( Ardeotis australis). elsewhere absent. Occurs now only in south Very rare generally, where previously quite ern mallee, where grazing is absent or not common, in seasons of good Spear and Mit heavy but used to occur in Pitcairn mallee, chell Grass. Single birds sometimes travel in 1930's, according to Mr. T. E. O'Reilly. as far south as the River Murray bet Overall a declining species in urgent need of ween the Eastern border and Morgan, defi virgin habitat preservation, especially north nite sightings during the past decade being of River Murray. No breeding 1966-7 due at Berri, Loveday, Overland Corner and to drought; occasionally shot for food ( M). Ramco (M). Other sightings have been at Known as Pheasant to bushmen. Mutooroo and Yalpara (M) and Manunda (S) in recent years. Used to be quite com 124. STUBBLE QUAIL (Coturnix pec mon 1913-1928 in Waukaringa-Curnamona toralis). Common on open grass lands in District, according to Mr. H. M. Bown, who good seasons, otherwise absent. Breeds exten states that the station people sometimes used sively; up to nine eggs. When hatched, eggs to stalk them on the plains, covered with have a habit of remaining upright, with wool sacks. Generally they used to hunt broken tops (S). Hunted by foxes, judging them on horseback and in buggies, waiting by the numbers of the latter encountered in until the birds rose with their laborious open country, where there are no rabbits slow flapping, when a shotgun blast would (M). do the rest. Still considered a delicacy and stragglers are mostly shot, even though it 128. LITTLE QUAIL. (Turnix velox). has been declared a "Rare Species." An Uncommon mostly, but a nomad that visits easy prey, as the bird skulks behind bushes in good seasons. Common 1963 and 1968 and in long grass. Known as Wild or Plain (M); particularly common at Manunda Turkey and sometimes called Truckies by 1968-9 (S). bushmen. Favourite bush cooking method 132 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST was to cut the bird in halves and place in 164. GREENSHANK (Tringa nebula cast-iron camp oven. ria). No record. 145. SPUR-WINGED PLOVER (Vanel 165. MARSH-SANDPIPER (Tringa sta lus miles). Uncommon, being confined to gnatilis). Rare; one only, at Harvey's plains; in threes and fours usually. (Spring Dam), 5.11.68 (T). 146. BANDED PLOVER (Vcmellus tri · 171. RED-NECKED STINT (Calidris color). Common most years in open country ruficollis). Very rare; only record is of four adjoining Olary Ridge and northwards, at a waterhole on Spring Dam 3.11.66 (T). where it breeds extensively in good seasons, e.g. September-October, 1968. Uncommon 173. SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER in the South (M). Unperturbed by inter (Calidris acuminata). Rare; one bird, a ference to nest, e.g. at Manunda, one egg of lame, quiet specimen, stayed at Manunda on four was accidentally broken while showing the North Black Oak Dam for a fortnight nest to visitors, but the plover removed the in October 1967 (S), while a group of about broken parts and resumed sitting on remain 20 were at Luke's Swamp (Oakbank), Octo ing three eggs ( S). Nests have been observed ber 1969 (M). in herbage of bore streams (M). 181. WHITE-HEADED STILT (Hi [147. GREY PLOVER (Pluvialis squata mantopus himantopus). Uncommon; prefers rola). Only occurrence is of a lone bird, waterholes to dams, e.g. dozens at Oakvale thought to be a Grey ·Plover, at Frome Swamp in 1962 or 1963 (M). Five at Mu Downs on 3.9.63 (M), but this sighting may tooroo 5.2.69 (B), several in dam at Sturt be questioned.] Vale 11.10.68 (Eckert), one on Pigeon Box Dam (Manunda), March 1969 (S) and 150. RED-CAPPED D 0 T T ERE L. about 15 at Luke's Swamp (Oakbank) Oc (Charadrius alexandrinus). Rare, in this tober 1969 (M), where breeding amongst region. Seems to prefer broader waters. Australian Boxthorns ( Lycium australe). Only sightings have been on bank of Pigeon Box Dam at Manunda in 1962 (S) and two 183. RED-NECKED AVOCET (Recur at Luke's Dam, (Oakbank), October 1969, virostra novaehollandiae). Uncommon; seen on the margin of a Box swamp, following occasionally (S); four in seven years (T). rain (M). 184. SOUTHERN STONE CURLEW. 155. ·BLACK-FRONTED DOTTEREL (Burhinus magnirostris). Extremely rare, (Charadrius melanops). Common, being possibly extinct, but were common in the usually seen at edge of most waters. Nested North-East during early days of settlement, Spring Dam 1968 (T) and Luke's Dam according to Messrs. Mac Bown and Ted (Oakbank) October 1969 (M). O'Reilly. Occasionally encountered along River Murray (M), and the Oodlawirra area 156. RED-KNEED DOTTEREL (Cha (T). radrius cinctus). Uncommon, sightings being at Panaramitee and Manunda ( S), Jubilee 186. AUSTRALIAN PRATINCOL~ Dam, Mutooroo (B & M) and Luke's Dam (Glareola isabella). Moderate numbers in (Oakbank) (M). One nested February 1968 northern parts in some years, with· large at Manunda on edge of rubble road ( S). numbers in selected favourable sites, e.g. Netley Gap, 1962-1963 (T). Often lurk in 157. AUSTRALIAN DOTTEREL (Pel rabbit holes and fallen hollow trees (S & T). tohyas australis). Common in Olary Ridge Most recent sightings are a "a few" at Spring and northwards, but uncommon in winter Dam 6.10.68 (T), five near Lilydale H.S. and further south. Usually encountered 25.4.68 (M) and a pair on a Manunda plain from 2-20 in a group, on plains away from in March 1969 (S). water and on tracks at dusk, where they dis play little inclination to move to safety. 190. SILVER GULL (Larus novaehol Thousands arrive most years in Spring at landiae). Uncommon, seen occasionally in Manunda and breed extensively ( S). small numbers. (T S & M). Called Seagull. THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 133

194. MARSH TERN (Chlidonias hybri record, but Mr. T. E. O'Reilly states that da.). Rare; one at Three Mile Darn, (Ma he recorded three of these at the Erengundah nunda), (S), one at Jubilee Dam, (Mutoo Creek (Wirrealpa) on 1.1.1930. roo) 16.1.68 (B) and up to 50 at Luke's Swamp (Oakbank) on 21.9.69 and 11.10.69 216. WHITE COCKATOO (Cacatua (M). galerita.). No record, but Messrs. Bown and O'Reilly quote that they used to be common 195. GULL-BILLED TERN. (Geloche on the western fringe between 1913 and 1934, lidon nilotica). Only record is of group of the eastern-most places being Yunta to Wir five at Luke's Swamp (Oakbank) on 21.9.69 realpa. and 11.10.69 (M). 217. PINK COCKATOO (Cacatua 205. PEACEFUL DOVE (Geopeliastria leadbeateri). Rare. Appears to be holding ta). Uncommon, but widespread in country its numbers during the last few years, after adjoining red gum creeks, which are pre many years of decline, principally due to ferred to plains and dense mallee. trapping, particularly in late 1950's. Feeds a lot on paddymelon seeds (M, B) and also 206. DIAMOND DOVE (Geopelia cu have been noticed eating cones of Stone Pine neata). Uncommon, inhabiting smaller area trees at Manunda H.S. (S). Largest number than 205. Sightings in past decade have seen is 50 on Calperum 23.1.66 (M). Nests been at Spring Dam (T), Panararnitee, Ma in mallee and does not appear to extend nunda and Gairloch, Loch Hazard, Jubilee north from Yunta and Cockburn. Known and South-East Hut (all Mutooroo) (M) as Major Mitchell Cockatoo. and S turt Vale (J. Eckert) . 218. LITTLE CORELLA (Cacatue san 207. C 0 M M 0 N BRONZEWING guinea). Common, principally around gum (Phaps chalcoptera). Uncommon over most creeks, where they breed extensively. Screech of region, but more common in mallee, par ing of large flocks along creeks has caused ticularly southern, where up to 200 have been horse teams to bolt, according to Messrs. observed coming in to a darn on Calperum Bown and O'Reilly. to drink at dusk (M). Numbers appeared to decline during drought of 1966-7. Norm 220. GALAH (Cacatue roseicapilla). ally presumed to be a sedentary species, b.ut Very common. "Heard from different one bird, banded by author at Eremophila sources that there were none at Tiverton in Flat on Calperum Station 19.9.64 was found 1915, when they came down from the north," dead on 24.11.67 at St. Arnaud, in Victoria, (T). Breeding may continue for months, 225 miles south-east, which is an Australian e.g. still feeding young at Manunda, early record for distance. It is presumed that the April, 1969 (S). drought .was the cause of this unexpected 225. COCKATIEL (Nymphicus hollan movement. dicus). Common nomad in good seasons Sometimes nests through the summer and and almost entirely absent in dry seasons. In feeds extensively on seeds of Kangaroo Bush 1956 and 1968 common throughout, nesting (Cassia) (S). extensively in a variety of hollow trees (M) .. 209. FLOCK-PIGEON (Phaps histrio In 1962 common in north and 1963 very nica). No record. common in the south and along River Mur ray (M). Less common in 1969. Called 211. CRESTED PIGEON (Ocyphaps Cockatoo-Parrot by bushmen. This species lophotes). Common, except in mallee scrub. appears to drink less than other parrots. Sometimes in flocks of up to 40. Called Top 226. REGENT PARROT (Polytelis Knot. anthopeplus). Rare, only inhabiting, in small *211A. ROCK DOVE (Columba livia). numbers, the southern mallee, Oak B?re Uncommon; at some towns and homesteads. (Calperum) and south of Gluepot bemg Occasionally lone racing specimens rest for northernmost sightings (M). Known as Rock a week or two. Pebbler. 212. RED-TAILED BLACK COCK 228. RED-WINGED PARROT ( Apros ATOO (Calyptorhynchus magnificus). No mictus erythropterus). Very rare, probably 134 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 243. BUDGERYGAH (Melopsittacus casual. Only known recording is of a pair at Duffield's Well (Mutooroo), 9.9.66 (B), undulatus). Very common in good seasons, who "was surprised to see a pair stay around absent or almost so in poor seasons. In the well for about half an hour, before flying 1956 and 1968 they arrived in thousands off." Despite further searching ?Y several over entire area, but in 1963 and 1969 con parties, none has been recorded smce. fining more to southern parts. Breeds ex!en sively, using hollows of any tree, mamly 229. ROSELLA (Platycercus elegans). mallee, black oke, sugarwood and box trees. No record of any of genus Platycercus, but In 1968, every small mallee spou~ seeme~ to Mr. H. M. Bown, who lived in Waukaringa have a breeding bird (M). Arnves sprmg, area from 1913, states that, without a doubt, departs summer, on same pattern as Cock reddish-coloured rosellas used to occur, to atiels. Large flocks in 1956, 1963 ar:d. 1968 about 1920, at Yalpara and Minburra. leave little doubt about the authent1c1ty of old bushmen's claims that "Shellies" were in 231. RINGNECK PARROT (Barnadius clouds, years ago, especially 1917 (Mr. barnardi). Widespread, but in small num Bown) , "big enough to cast a shadow." 'In bers throughout. Appears to be on decline. extreme heat, hundreds have been known to 233. RED-BACKED PARROT (Psepho seek shade under canvas or shrubs with man tus haematonotus). Rare, only occurring on and also under a standing bullock team, the extreme western boundary of region according to Messrs. Bown and O'Reilly. t east of Mt. "Bryan to Oodlawirra). Record Estimate of one flock at Spring Dam, in No ed as far east as Dewhirst's, near Tuilkilkey vember 1968, is 10,000 (T), and of 20,000 (T). Called Grass Parrot. or more near Samson's Well H.S., north west of Morgan on January 4, 1970 (M). 234. MULGA PARROT (Psephotus varius). Moderate numbers generally, rang 246. PALLID CUCKOO (Cuculus pal ing from uncommon on northern plains to lidus). Rather uncommon spring migrant rather common in mallee. Were present in that departs by autumn. Bushmen call it thousands in southern mallee, particularly Brain Fever Bird, on account of its mono Calperum, in 1963-4, since when their num tonous penetrating call. One young bird bers have declined appreciably ( M). observed being fed by Yellow-fronted Honey 235. BLUE BONNET (Northiella hae eater at Oulnina Park 13.10.68 (M). Com matogaster). More common over a wider mon during early spring 1969 (M). range of country than 234, without ever 247. FAN-TAILED CUCKOO (Caco being really common. Absent in mallee, pre mantis pyrrhophanus). Rare, having been fers open country. seen only at Manunda ( S) and Oodlawirra 236. SCARLET-BREASTED PARROT 31.8.68 (M). (Neophema splendida). No record, very rare. However, there is no doubt that they 248. BLACK-EARED CUCKOO (Chry were trapped at Canegrass and Gluepot sacoccyx osculans). Uncommon. Few records ( 1958-61) .and in Calperum (north from until recently. Single specimens at Morgan Stony Pinch) in 1964-66 (B & M). vale, Oakbank, Panaramitee and Southern mallee (M) and Sturt Vale (J. Eckert), all 237. BOURKE PARROT (Neophema since October 1968 and three at Manunda bourkii). Very rare. Only record is of two 17.8.69 (M). near 01ary Creek (Mutooroo) 2.9.69 (B). 249. HORSFIELD BRONZE CUCKOO NEOPHEMA PARROTS. Neophemas (Chrysococcyx basalis). Uncommon, odd (thought to be Elegant Parrots) (N. elegans) birds being recorded over a wide area. Occa occur in small numbers, generally in groups sionally notice young being fed by wrens, of 6-8, throughout and especially 01ary principally Purple-backed (M). Ridge and northern plains, e.g. Bimbowrie and Waukaringa (M). Elegant parrots re 252. BARN OWL (Tyto alba). Assumed ported by J. Eckert, in October 1968, at Sturt to be rather rare, only sightings being one Vale and a small group over Gairloch Dam near Burra (T) and one south of Gluepot (Mutooroo) 13.10.69 (M). 17.8.66 (M). THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 135

253. MASKED OWL (Tyto novaehol tooroo), 5.10.63 (M). Breeds in hollows of landiae). Rare; only recorded at Manunda Box. trees. Monotonous call of five staccato (S). notes. 254. BOOBOOK OWL (Ninox novae 266. RAINBOW BIRD (Merops or seelandiae). Probably rather common, being natus). Common migrant, arriving late Sep recorded at several sites, principally in roofs tember, departing March-April. Nests in of straw barns. earth banks and even on sloping land. Groups of 30 occasionally seen. Waits on 257 .. :r:AWNY FROGMOUTH (Podar dead limbs before darting after insects. gus. strzgozdes~. R~ther common. Mainly Wrongly called Kingfisher in North-East. ~ot:J.ced by bemg disturbed in scrub in day t1me. Defends nest fiercely if approached 2!?· WELCOME SWALLOW (Hirundo too closely, otherwise makes an ideal photo tahztzca). Common, especially around build graphy subject. Adults have been caught by ings and dams. Frequently uses verandahs hand for banding (M). Known as Mopoke. of huts for nesting sites. 258. OWLET-NIGHTJAR (Aegotheles 271. WHITE- BACKED SWALLOW cristatus). Common in scrubs, where fre (Cheramoeca leucosternum). Uncommon quently, in evenings and at dawn, heard generally, but occasionally quite common whilst flying (unattractive, grating call) or around suitable localities, especially water seen squatting on tracks (M). holes. Nests in creek banks. 259. SPOTTED NIGHTJAR (Eurosto 272. TREE-MARTIN (Petrochelidon podus guttatus). Thought less common than nigricans). More common than 271. May 258. Seen five or six times in recent years occur in hundreds around waters. (T), Canegrass (M) and one at Manunda 30.1.69 (S). Nests on bare ground in Oc 273. FAIRY MARTIN (Petrochelidon ariel). Uncommon; appears to prefer wetter tober-November; one egg. localities. Nests have been noticed in build 261. FORK-TAILED SWIFT ( Apus ings by dams (M). Nest each year by water pa.cificus). A transient nomad. Only re holes at Manunda (S). cordings are that thousands were seen in 274. PIPIT ( Anthus novaeseelandiae). February-March 1968 and 20 on 1.3.69 at Very common, but absent in scrubs. Spring Dam (T). 263. KOOKABURRA ( Dacelo novae 275. GROUND CUCKOO- SHRIKE guinae). Very rare. One bird, for a year (Pte'ropodocys maxima). Uncommon. Groups in 1962-3, ranged between Manunda and usually 2-6 birds. Observed in recent years Panaramitee, in the gum creeks ( S) and at Manunda (S), Spring Dam (T), Calpe one at Tiverton on Yunta Creek in Sep rum, Chowilla, Oakbank, Morganvale, Oul tember 1964 (T). Usual habitat is along nina Park, Tuilkilkey, Sturt Vale and Pine River Murray and in wetter country. Valley (M) and Mutooroo (B). Nest with two eggs at Spring Dam, 14.11.68 (T). 264. RED -BACKED KINGFISHER. (Halycyon pyrrhopygius). Rather common 276. BLACK- FACED aU a K 0·0 migrant, arrives mid-September, departs by SHRIKE (Coracina novaehollandiae). autumn. Nests in tunnels in creek banks, Rather uncommon, generally in small flocks, where earth has remained on the roots of a but 20 noticed in one flock at Spring Dam fallen tree, in mounds of dams and excavat (T & M) on 4.8.68. Nest of fine fibre and ed areas. When disturbed, flies to nearest bark, is small and flat, in a tree fork and tree or shrub and starts its continuous, mono usually contains 3 eggs. Called Blue Peter, tone call. Another favourite perching/call Blue Jay, Storm Bird or Summer Bird in the ing site is a TV antenna. north. 265. SACRED KINGFISHER (Haly 277. LITTLE CUCKOO - SHRIKE. cyon sanctus). Transient migrant that (Coracina robusta). Distribution uncertain, prefers the River Murray (M). Observed · due to similarity with 276, but one observed Manunda (S) and at South-East Hut (Mu- for ten minutes at Oulnina Park 3.2.68 (M). 136 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST

278. WHITE -WINGED TRILLER. reeds of gum creeks and bore streams (Wir (Lalage suerii). Common migrant in good realpa and Frome Downs, September 1963), years, virtually absent in poor seasons. Com (M). mon in 1956, 1962-3, rather common 1968. Arrives early October usually, but one pair 291. BROWN SONGLARK (Cinclor observed 3.8.68 at Lilydale (M). Has been hamphus cruralis). Common visitor, in good noticed nesting near other black and white seasons, on open lands; particularly common birds e.g. Willie Wagtails and Magpie-Larks 1968-9. Known as skylark or cock-chit-a (T &. M) and also White-winged Choughs wheeler to bushmen. Still present with its and Apostle Birds at Lilydale, October 1958 spring song at Spring Dam, 30.3.69 (T). (M). Sometimes called Caterpillar-Eater. 292. RUFOUS SONGLARK (Cinclo'r hamphus mathewsi). Rare; occurred in 280. SOUTHERN SCRUB ROBIN. large numbers at Tuilkilkey during spring (Drymodes brunneopygia;). Rare overall, 1961 (T). Fairly common in savannah but rather common in better class mallee that woodland, late 1968, at Spring Dam (T). is not overgrazed. Occasionally recorded beyond mallee zone, latest being at Gairloch, 293. WHITE-FRONTED CHAT. (Mutooroo), 5.2.69 (B), where there is good ( Ephthianura albifrons). Common plains vegetative cover of mulga, black oke, Cassia, bird in better seasons, e.g. 1968. Bushmen Kochia and Eremophila principally. call it Tin-tac. 282. CHESTNUT-BACKED QUAIL 294. CRIMSON CHAT (Ephthianura THRUSH (Cinclosoma castanotum). Un tricolor). Very common visitor in good sea common, existing only in mallee with under sons, frequenting Atriplex and Kochia plains. growth not overgrazed, e.g. portions of Very thick 1956 and 1968 especially, also southern mallee (M) and occasionally in 1963 in southern parts (M). In 1967-8 Wheal Motley Hills (Levi Range), (T). were first recorded in January, viz., Mutoo roo 16.1.68 (B), Panaramitee 20.1.68 (M), 284. CINNAMON QUAIL-THRUSH Manunda, end January (S) and Radium Hill (Cinclosoma cinnamomeum). Rather com 2.2.68 (M). By the end of April 1968, no mon in its more open habitat, which appears fully plumaged males could be found, to extend north of Telechie (Kalabity) and although hundreds to thousands of unco Curnamona, where it occurs in same country loured birds were located in the North-East as W edgebills ( M) . and Eastern Flinders. (Adult males are be lieved to have an eclipse plumage.) By early 286. WHITE- BROWED BABBLER August, the birds were still common, with a (Pomatostomus superciliosus). Common, few showing some colour, while by Sep particularly savannah lands. Known as Hop tember, they appeared fully coloured. Breed ping Jenny or Happy Family. ing is known to have occurred, in Bluebush and Blackbush (Kochia) in early February 287. CHESTNUT-CROWNED BAB- 1968 at Grampus and in October 1968 at BLER (Pomatostomus ruficeps). Inhabits Harvey's (Spring Dam). By January portions of area of, and less common than, February 1969, the thousands of birds had 286. Has been noticed in Mutooroo that 286 virtually disappeared. The writer noted that and 287 inhabit separate defined territories the birds arrived in the North-East at the around watering points only four miles apart (M). identical time that the first heavy rains fell (January-February 1968) after a severe 288. LITTLE GRASSBIRD (Mcgalurus drought, and bred immediately. A further gramineus). Only record is of one at Luke's migration to the south occurred in spring, Dam (Oakbank), 11.10.69 (M), but this when annual herbage was prevalent. By >pecies could easily be overlooked. February 1969, hardly a bird could be found between Morgan and Wertaloona (M), and 289. REED WARBLER ( Acrocephalus only small numbers were present later in stentoreus). Transient migrant only, that has f969. Called Red Canary by bushmen. been only occasionally recorded around dams, 295. ORANGE CHAT {Ephthianura (Cockburn, September 1964) and among aurifrons). Less common, usually, than 294. THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 137

Present in large numbers in 1968, becoming spp.) and Saltbush (A triplex spp.). A shy more common by February 1969 (M), but species that may well occur in similar habitat uncommon later in 1969. Known as Bush or elsewhere in the North-East. Saltbush Canary to bushmen. 315. REDTHROAT (Pyrrho l a emus 296. GIBBER-BIRD ( Ashbyia lovensis). b:runneus). Common in low bush country, No record. Known as Desert Chat in the but less common south of Olary Ridge and North. east of Radium Hill Power Line except for Eremophila Flat (Calperum). Particularly 297. WHITEFACE (Apheloce ph ala common Levi Range, Oulnina Park, Martin's leucopsis). Common plains bird, that breeds Well and northward (M). in a wide variety of sites, usually involving a hollow, even an old pair of boots hanging 320. STRIATED GRASS-WREN (Amy in a bullock bush. (Heterodendron olaeifo tornis striatus). Rare, occurring only in lium (S). selected southern mallee (M). 302. WEEBILL (Smicrornis brevirostris). 325. BLACK-BACKED WREN (Malu Common dweller, in eucalypt scrubs only, rus melanotus). Uncommon; in southern whether gum, box or mallees. Known as Tit. mallee ( Canopus, Morganvale, Chowilla, 303. LITTLE THORNBILL ( Acanthiza Calperum, Gluepot, etc.), oke and mulga nana). No record, but could easily be mis scrubs of Lilydale, Sturt Vale and Oakvale identified. and rather open country south of Yunta (M). 305. YELLOW-TAILED THORNBILL ( Acanthiza chrysorrhoa). Uncommon, small 327. BLUE AND WHITE WREN numbers occurring over wide range. Particu (Malurus leucopterus). Common in plains larly noticed around homestead gardens country supporting Bluebush and Blackbush (M). ( Kochia sp.) and Saltbush ( Atriplex). 307. SLENDER-BILLED THORNBILL 328. PURPLE-BACKED WREN. (Ma ( Acanthiza iredalei). No record, but ap lurus lamberti). Less common than 327; proaches the western boundary of the area also avoids dense mallee scrubs. covered by this article. 308. CHESTNUT-TAILED THORN 330. GREY FANTAIL (Rhipidura fuli BILL ( Acanthiza uropygialis). Rather com ginosa). Uncommon, but widespread, mon, especially on plains. Often with 297. although avoids dense mallee. Considered Has been recorded nesting in abandoned 4" to be nomadic, as, after being absent for galvanized iron water piping, disconnected months, suddenly appears in moderate num above ground (M). A marvellous mimic of bers for a few weeks and then departs, leav parrots, cockatoos and butcher birds, especial ing a straggler or two. ly when caught in a bander's mist net. 332. WILLIE WAGTAIL Rhipidura 310. BROWN THORNBILL ( Acanthiza leucophrys). Common and widespread; at pusilla). Rufous-rumped variety is common least a pair at most waters. An unusual in hills, especially in association with Dodo nesting habit was noticed at Amateur Hut naea tabulata (Hqp Bush), e.g. Levi Range, (Lilydale) in October 1958, when a pair Oulnina Park and Eastern Flinders (M). lined the disused nest of a Welcome Swallow on a rafter of the hut verandah over the 313. SHY GROUND-WREN (Hylacola back door, successfully raising two young cauta). Rare. Southern mallee, e.g. Chowil (M). la to Morgan (M) and Tuilkilkey mallee (T). 335. RESTLESS FLYCATCHER (Myiagra inquieta). Uncommon to rare. 314. RUFOUS FIELD-WREN (Cala Considered nomadic like 330 (M). Called manthus fuliginosus). Apparently rather Scissors Grinder. common on Old Koomaloo, Balah and Red cliffe Stations, where they inhabit plains sup 336. JACKY WINTER ( Microeca leu porting Bluebush and Blackbush (Kochia cophaea). Same comments as for 330. 138 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST

338. RED-CAPPED ROBIN (Petroica 353. BLACK-CAPPED S I T TELL A goodenovii). Uncommon generally; num (Ne.ositta chrysoptera). Uncommon to rare. bers may vary from nil to plentiful some sea Flocks of up to a dozen occasionally observed sons, inhabiting all classes of country except in scrubs, e.g. Spring Dam (T), Mutooroo, open and gibber plains, showing a special (Nov. 1964), Hawks Nest (Sept. 1958), preference to native pine and savannah mal Chowilla (14.10.65) and southern mallee lee and black oke country (M). Called fringe (M). Robin Red-breast by some bushmen. 354. BROWN TRE-ECREEPER (Cli 341. HOODED ROBIN (Petroica cucul macteris picumnus). Common inhabitant of lata). Less common than 338; inhabits most savannah scrubs of all classes. classes of country in an apparently irregular fashion and thought to be nomadic (M). 357. WHITE-BROWED TREE- CREEPER (Climacteris affinis). Considered 343. GOLDEN WHISTLER (Pachy rare, but would easily be mistaken for 354. cephala pectoralis). Very rare; occasionally Only recordings are in Chowilla (May 1964) noted in southern mallee and River Murray and Calperum (23.1.65), (M) and at Sturt (M) and east of Burra (T). Vale, a report from Mr. John Eckert on 12.10.68. 344. RUFOUS WHISTLER (Pachy cephala rufiventris). Uncommon, but wide 358. MISTLETOE BIRD (Dicaeum spread. However numbers vary and is prob hirundinaceum). Rather common autumn ably nomadic. Avoids mallee and plains, visitor, frequenting any plant with mistletoe, preferring black oke, pine and mulga scrubs but particularly eucalypts, quandongs and (M). mulgas. Departs within a few weeks in southern pq.rts (M), while may be present 346. GILBERT WHISTLER (Pachy most of the year at Spring Dam (T). cephala inornata). Apparently rare; only one, at 14 Mile (Lilydale) November 1959 360. YELLOW-TAILED PARDALOTE (M). (Pardalotus xanthopygus). Uncommon; mallee. 348. GREY SHRIKE-THRUSH (Collu ricincla harmonica). Uncommon inhabitant 362. STRIATED PARDALOTE (Par of all classes of scrublands. dalotus striatus). Common, especially in eucalypt scrubs. 350. CRESTED BELLBIRD (Oreoica gutturalis). Uncommon overall, but mo 363. RED- BROWED PARDALOTE derate numbers in its habitat of mallee and (Pardalotus rubricatus). No record; occurs black oke scrubs. This bird has never been towards Cooper's Creek. observed drinking by author and many acquaintances. 364. SILVEREYE (Zosterops lateralis). Rare or very rare. Only known sightings 351. WEDGEBILL (Sphenostoma cris have been at Manunda; "occasionally pass tatum). Common in its range, which is through" ( S) . known in the north to extend from Cock burn to Kalabity to Balcanoona down to 366. BLACK HONEYEATER (Certhio Harvey's (Spring Dam) and Rock Paddock nyx niger). Absent to rare in most years, (Manunda) and east through Devenborough but must be transient in certain seasons, e.g. Downs to Duffield's Well and Blackfellows' when it reached River Murray in moderate Dam (Mutooroo), (M, S, T & B). Mainly numbers in 1963 (M). Sightings have been inhabits Nitre or Dillon Bush (Nitra'ria scho at Calperum Sept. 1963, (M). Plumbago beri) and wattle bushes of watercourses, 6.9.65 (Mr. G. 0. Furness) and Sturt Vale principally Acacia victO'riae (Casha) and 15.10.68 (John Eckert). Partial to Eremo Acacia tetragonophylla (Dead Finish) in phila maculata (Spotted Emu Bush) and northern and Acacia colletioides (Wait-a Leptospermum coriaceum (Green Tea Tree). While) in southern parts. Occasionally occurs down to River Murray at Chowilla 367. PIED HONEYEATER (Certhionyx and Calperum (M). variegatus). Thought to appear more often THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 139

than above, but in smaller numbers. Sight common to rather rare; southern and west ings are of one north of Overland Corner ern (particularly Oodlawirra) mallee (M) 17.9.61, one Calperum Sept. 1963, two at and Tuilkilkey mallee (T). Small flocks of Martin's Well 1.9.68, six at Koonamore about 8 (M). Feeds on flowers of Tobacco 15.9.68 and four at Lilydale (a pair with bush (Nicotiana glauca) (T). two nestlings), 12.10.68 (M) and one at 383. YELLOW-WINGED H 0 N E Y Manunda (S). In addition G. 0. Furness EATER (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae). reported about 72 at Plumbago in September Very rare; probably accidental. Two or 1965 and John Eckert observed a few at three observed years ago at Tuilkilkey (T). Sturt Vale in mid-October 1968. Seems to Normally frequents wetter lands. follow the flowering of Eremophila maculata. 384. WHITE-FRONTED H 0 N E Y 368. SINGING HONEYEATER (Meli EATER (Phylidonyris albifrons). Uncom phaga virescens). Common and widespread, mon to common, depending on vegetation. preferring mulga and black oke scrubs to Seems to prefer mallee, but also occurs in plains and avoiding mallee. Singly or pairs mulga and oke -scrubs and along red gum only. creeks, e.g. Sturt Vale, Bimbowrie, Panara~ 369. FUSCOUS HONEYEATER (Meli mitee and Mutooroo (M). However, is phaga fusca). Very rare; only record is of likely to be encountered, in season, wherever one at Manunda 20.1.68 ( S). eremophilas flower, particularly Eremophila alternifolia~ maculata, longifolia, freelingi, 370. YELLOW-FRONTED HONEY duttoni, santalina and serrulata, e.g. Lilydale, EATER (Meliphaga plumula). Uncommon Canopus, Calperum, Morganvale, Balah, in southern mallee, but occurs in moderate Canegrass, Levi Range and Eastern Flinders numbers in western mallee, e.g. Oodlawirra (M). Nests have been discovered in Eremo and hills of the North-East (particular!~ phila maculata bushes. Considered as Oulnina Park), Mt. Chambers and Eastern nomadic as any honeyeater. Flinders. Appears to have an affinity with Gum Coolabah (Euc. intertexta). A tame 386. STRIPED HONEY.EATER (Plec confiding species (M). ' to

. 394. L~TTLE FRIAR BIRD (Philomen feeding the young unconcernedly. Often cztreogularzs). Casual or accidental. One called waxbills by bushmen. only recorded, at Manunda, in July 1968 (S). *403A. HOUSE SPARROW (Passer domesticus). Common around towns and 397. RED WATTLEBIRD (Antho most ·homesteads and buildings, seldom ex chaera carunculata). Uncommon; in wes tending far from same. Population appears tern mallee (Oodlawirra) (M), Spring Dam static• after earlier colonization. (T), more common towards Hallett (T). Furthest inland report is at Manunda, where *403C. STARLING (Sturn us vulgaris). one stayed for a week from 4.5.68 (S). Common. Often encountered miles from Seldom stray far into mallee north of River habitation, particularly at watering points. Murray (M). Considered to be increasing in numbers and range. Especially common along Broken 398. SPINY-CHEEKED H 0 N E Y- Hill Railway Line. EATER ( Acanthagenys rufogularis). Com mon usually, but quite variable and appar 405. MAGPIE-LARK (Grallina cyano ently nomadic. Have been rather scarce leuca). Common in favoured locations near since 1963-4, when very prevalent, particu permanent water; elsewhere rare. Occa larly in southern mallee (M). Occurs in all sionally congregates in flocks of 30-50. In classes of scrub to the edges of rather open October 1958, observed nesting near Cronje plains; feeds on several species of Eremo Hill (Lilydale) with four other species, in phila, Eucalyptus pileata and incrassata and an acre of Black Oke scrub near a leaking especially fruit trees (apricots) of homestead pipeline. The other four were Apostle Bird, gardens! Two banding records of the author White-winged Chough, Willie Wagtail and are interesting-one bird banded at Oak White-winged Triller, so that all three mud Bore, (northern Calperum) 20.3.64, was nesters of the family *Grallinidae were re found dying at Cooltong 3.7.65, 28 miles presented, while four were black and white. south and another, banded at Eremophila The only dissension among the five parties Flat (southern Calperum) 5.9.64, was dis was if the Magpie-Larks approached too covered dead at Robertstown, 92 miles west, close to the Apostle Birds' nest; all birds about 13.1.67, the latter being an Australian raised their young (M). Nest building at distance record. Manunda in March 1969, after rains (S). *398A. GOLDFINCH (Carduelis car 406. APOSTLE-BIRD (Struthidea cine duelis). Uncommon to rare; northernmost rea). Common in permanent habitat within sightings have been at Spring Dam (T), Mui:ooroo-Lilydale and Chowilla-Hypur Manunda (S) and Mutooroo (M and B), na, ·beyond which is nomadic. Further-most all i!!volving small numbers. recordings beyond permanent habitat are at Duffield's Well (Mutooroo), (B), Radium 403. ZEBRA FINCH (Peophila guttata). Hill and W adnaminga (M), Manunda and Common, but numbers vary considerably Grampus (S), Tuilkilkey (T), Mulga Hill, with seasons, 1968-9 being a continuous Oak Park, Sturt Vale, Canopus, Canegrass, breeding season. Breeds in bushes, mainly etc., and south to River Murray between Acacias and also in eaves, chimneys, etc., of Morgan and Chowilla (M). Unknown homesteads and huts. Prefers open country north of Olary Ridge. Does not appear to to heavy scrub. In hot weather, congregates use the same nest, tree or site again, often in hundreds by water. Two incidents at Ma nesting several miles away in the next sea nunda are worth relating ( S). One pair son. An intelligent species, that is especially built a nest in a small tree 5' from ground fond of household scraps and grain thrown and hatched five young, despite the fact that to poultry at homesteads and boundary a caterpillar tractor was dismantled and re riders' huts. paired immediately adjacent to the nest. For further reading, vide paper in S. Aust. On another occasion, a pair built in a tank Ornithologist 24 ( 1967) pp. 139-145 by sinker's wagon and when the operator moved author. Have been observed in flock of 100 his plant, he placed the nest with young in (B), but usually 8-15. Known as Lousy a nearby bluebush, but parents continued Jacks to northern folk. THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 141

407. WHITE- WINGED CHOUGH dweller. Small numbers are present in (Corcorax melanorhamphus). Uncommon southern mallee (Calperum, Chowilla; to rare in north, moderate numbers in south Hawks Nest, Gluepot, etc. (M) ) . Also ern (M) and western mallee (T & M) and isolated colonies at Mallee Dam ( Oakbank), in watercourse country of Lilydale and Mu Loch Hazard-Myall Tank (Mutooroo), (M) tooroo (M & B). Apparently absent north and on Sturt Vale (John Eckert). Have of Olary Ridge. Sometimes occur in flocks seen eight come in to drink (M). Unknown of 50-60. Have beew recorded on Calperum further north. Known as Bell or Black using same nest for four consecutive years, Magpie. until the added weight of another rung of mud each year caused the eventual collapse 415. PIED BUTCHER-BIRD (Cracticus of the nest (M). Called Jay and sometimes nigrogularis). Uncommon; recorded Mu Apostle Bird. tooroo, Lilydale and Chowilla (M). Fre quents River Murray more. 408. WHITE-BREASTED W 0 0 D- SWALLOW ( Artamus leucorhynchus). 416. GREY BUTCHER-BIRD (Crac Uncommon, perhaps rare, but position obs ticus torquatus). More common than pre cure, as not recorded until recently, over a ceding in the North-East. Known frequently dozen being encountered at 3 Mile Dam as Derwent Jack. Clutch is of 2 or 3 young (Oakbank) on 9.1.69 (M), a pair were sters (M). nesting high in red gum tree at Jubilee Dam 417. AUSTRALIAN MAGPIE (Gym (Mutooroo) 10.1.69 (M) and about 30 at norhina tibicen). Common; the black Luke's Dam (Oakbank) October '69 (M). backed form is in the north and east of the A pair, presumably two mentioned above, region, while the white-backed inhabits the reported nesting at Jubilee on 2.11.68 and western fringe only. The line of separation feeding two young 3.2.69 (B). Were re appears to extend from Morgan (M) to corded on River Murray (Lake Merreti) Yunta, (M, S & T) north of which the in October 1966 (M). black-backed continues its range (M). 409. MASKED WOOD-SWALLOW Hybrids may occur up to 10-15 miles either ( Artamus personatus). Common to very side of line (M). common visitor in favourable seasons, other 420. AUSTRALIAN RAVEN (Corvus wise rare or absent. Often with 410, in large coronoides). Common. flocks. 421. LITTLE RAVEN (Corvus mellori). 410. WHITE- BROWED W 0 0 D- Unknown; see 422. SWALLOW (Artamus superciliosus). Com mon to extremely common visitor in favour 422. LITTLE CROW (Corvus ben able se~sons, e.g. 1963-4. netti). Thought to be rather common, but we are not familiar with the field differences 411. BLACK-FACED WOOD-SWAL between 421 and 422. LOW. (Artamus cinereus). Uncommon. A northern species that was recorded during Received for publication in present form on October 1968, when small numbers were 18-12-69. at Manunda and Lilydale (M) and at Sturt Additional notes received 4-1-70, 9-1-70. Vale (John Eckert). 412. DUSKY WOOD-SWALLOW. (Ar tamus cyanopterus). Uncommon. Seems to prefer River Murray districts and Flinders Ranges to the North-East. Never in flocks like 409-410. 413. LITTLE WOOD- SWALLOW (Artamus minor). Not recorded. Other ob servers have observed species at Lake Mer reti and in Flinders Ranges. 414. BLACK-WINGED CURRA- WONG (Strepera versicolor). Rare scrub