SUPPORTING R E P O R T F

Heritage

ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE

A REPORT ON THE HEATHGATE RESOURCES PTY LTD MINERAL LEASE EXTENSION AREA APPLICATION (ML6036).

Bob Ellis PO Box 996 Mount Barker SA 5415

May 2006

Introduction

This report identifies and addresses the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage matters which arise from an application by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd for an extension of the area of its current Mining Lease (ML6036). The lease was granted to the company in 1999 and is currently operated by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd for in-situ leaching of uranium. The lease contains the Beverley Mine and Camp and an associated airstrip. The lease is located on , on the broad plains between Frome and the eastern extension of the Northern , South . The pastoral lease was acquired by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd in 2002. It is anticipated that the application for the extension of the Mining Lease will be made in 2006. The area of the proposed extension is shown in Appendix 1 of this report.

This report is not based on specially commissioned anthropological and archaeological surveys such as those previously undertaken by professional anthropologists and archaeologists to produce the reports informing the 1998 Environmental Impact Study for the original Lease application (Kinhill Pty Ltd (1997); Co-ordata Research (1997)). Rather, it relies upon information collated as a result of ten (10) separate Cultural Heritage inspections and reports which have been produced since 1999 and upon application of a methodology for continuing assessment of activities proposed by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd (and its sister company Quasar Resources Pty Ltd) in the area of their leases and licences. Those inspections (Ellis B, 1999-2006, Fitzpatrick P, 2002) have arisen from the application of a Work Area Clearance methodology, adopted by the company in association with the Native Title applicants, to minimise potential deleterious impact upon Aboriginal cultural values at all stages of exploration and development within the leases and licences held by the companies. This methodology and the inspections it has generated have resulted in detailed and in most cases, on-foot investigation, of areas embraced by the Mining Lease and proposed extension area.

The Work Area Clearance methodology, implemented at the request of the Traditional Land Association (Aboriginal Corporation), (ATLA) is in the process of formal acceptance as result of the negotiation of a Work Area Clearance Agreement between the ATLA Native Title Management Committee, as the body representing the claimants associated with the Adnyamathanha No. 1 Native Title Application (SAD 6001/98) and Heathgate and Quasar Resources Pty Ltd. That agreement will ensure that the companies’ future exploration and mining activities will be conducted only following specially commissioned surveys and inspections of the proposed areas of activity, leading to the grant of appropriate approvals by Adnyamathanha researchers, nominated by named Native Title applicants. A separate agreement under Section 9B of the Mining Act (SA) 1971 is expected to be finalised with respect to any mining to be carried out within the extension area.

Work Area Clearance Methodology

The Work Area Clearance methodology was developed in the Northern Territory to permit Aboriginal traditional owners, in company with cultural heritage professionals or advisors, (but not those professionals or advisors alone), to assess activities proposed on Aboriginal land, without the necessity for them to divulge information on the cultural amenity of the area within which work is proposed (see Toyne and

2 Vachon, 1984, p. 111). In its more general application to non-Aboriginal land, the methodology relies upon the proponent of the proposed activities providing details of that work within the context of a specific, geographically defined area. Subsequently, expert Aboriginal custodians conduct a physical inspection of the area and assess the program of work in accordance with their knowledge of the cultural values of that area. Where that assessment is that the proposed work will not adversely impact upon the cultural values of the area, approval is given, subject to such conditions as may be necessary. Where the work is judged to threaten sites or cultural features, approval is withheld, without the necessity for details of those sites or values to be disclosed.

Under this arrangement, what is “cleared”, or approved, is the specific program of works as outlined by the proponent of those activities. The approval for those works does not necessarily imply that the area of impact lacks cultural values or that the area is free (or “clear”) of specific places of cultural significance. Rather, it is approved, or “clear” for the proponent to pursue the activity which has been proposed for assessment. Consequently, it is a requirement of the methodology that any variation on the approved program of work, or any future program of works proposed in that area, must be the subject of a further field inspection by knowledgeable Aboriginal custodians. This requirement has the added benefit of providing opportunity for research teams to monitor previously approved exploration activities and the rehabilitation works which follow.

The term “cultural heritage clearance” is occasionally encountered in discussion of cultural heritage field inspections carried out in accordance with this methodology. Use of that term is strictly avoided in this discussion since it implies that once inspected, future activity of any kind in a specific area has been approved, as a result of an agreement that the area is free (or “cleared”) of cultural heritage values or places. That is not the case with the assessments carried out in the extension area and is not an assumption which is justified by any Work Area Clearance assessment. For the Adnyamathanha at least, all areas of land within their traditional territories are imbued with cultural heritage values.

This methodology has been extensively applied in the context of assessing exploration work, particularly exploratory drilling, proposed by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd (and its sister company Quasar Resources Pty Ltd) on their leases and licences. Nonetheless, some information on the cultural values of the area has been approved for general information. It is that information that is provided in this report, together with the conditions and agreed protective measures which have been developed to accompany approval for specific works in the area of the lease extension application.

The Draft Work Area Clearance Agreement currently under negotiation by the two parties provides for the periodical inspections of “work areas”, on tenements located on Wooltana Station, to be carried out by a team of eight Adnyamathanha researchers assisted by a cultural heritage specialist (or specialists) who is responsible for recording the details of any permissions granted by the research team and any conditions which may be attached to those approvals. The eight researchers are nominated on each occasion by four named Native Title applicants, Ms Geraldine Anderson, Mr Gordon Coulthard, Mr Vincent Coulthard and Mr Mark McKenzie who each nominate two delegates as researchers. Normally, this arrangement results in

3 male and female and older and younger researchers, of both moieties, being nominated to constitute the research group.

These four named applicants are recognised by ATLA as having a specific interest in the area of the mine and extension area. At the time of the grant of the original lease to Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd the four named applicants had separate Native Title Claims lodged over the lease area (SC 94/1 lodged by Mr Gordon Coulthard, SC 95/4 lodged by Mr Mark McKenzie, SC 97/1 lodged by Ms Geraldine Anderson and SC 97/2 lodged by Mr Vincent Coulthard and others). These claims have subsequently been amalgamated into the Adnyamathanha No. 1 (SAD 6001/98) and No. 2 (SAD 6002/98) claims. All of the previous named applicants are applicants under the amalgamated claim SAD 6001/98. The ability of those named applicants to nominate two delegates to undertake Work Area Surveys is consistent with the spirit of those earlier agreements.

At the time of the original grant of the Mining Lease ML6036 to Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd separate agreements were negotiated with the then Native Title applicants. As a result of one agreement (with the claimants associated with SC 97/2) an independent review of the EIS prepared by Heathgate Pty Ltd was undertaken and a further cultural heritage inspection was carried out by a team of Adnyamathanha researchers to complement the specifically commissioned expert reports prepared for the EIS (Ellis B, 1999).

The Archaeological Record

According to Dr Marjorie Sullivan (1980), occupation of the Flinders Ranges was most intense over the last 5,000 years during the time of the first apparent permanent and comprehensive occupation of the sand deserts of the Basin, north of the area under discussion. As Sullivan notes however, evidence also suggests that the better watered areas of the Ranges sustained Aboriginal populations as early as 15,000 years BP as the climatic improvement that followed the last glacial maximum (17 – 15,000 years ago) prompted a more complete occupation of some parts of the Australian arid zone. The earliest dated evidence of occupation of the Frome Plains comes from a site on Balcoracana Creek where it enters . That dating evidence and the nature of the stone artefact assemblage indicate that this site and others around it were occupied between 9,500 and 5,000 years ago but that occupation after that time was not generally sustained.

As a consequence of the 1979 Beverley field survey Sullivan concluded that there was no evidence that any of the archaeological materials might be older than 5,000 years. A subsequent survey undertaken by Dr Philip Hughes (Kinhill, 1997) generally confirmed Sullivan’s investigations. Three sites recorded by Sullivan on Four Mile Creek and the main channel of Mulga Creek (Sites 2, 3 and 4) were relocated during the 1997 inspection while the two artefacts that provided the basis for the recording of Site 1 on a tributary of Mulga Creek could not be relocated. Hughes (Kinhill, 1997, p. 4-11) notes in his report that Sullivan’s Site 2 (a silcrete flake and a clear quartz flake on Mulga Creek) “was considered to have no archaeological importance”. Likewise, in 1997 Site 3 was assessed as being “completely disturbed by rabbit burrowing and the deposit is now considered to have no excavation potential” (p. 4-12)

4 In the 1997 report Dr Hughes employed terrain mapping as a framework for assessing the significance of the archaeological materials in the general area of the retention leases. The significance he sought to assess was primarily scientific. He identified six different terrain types. All but one, Terrain Pattern A1, which was focused on the banks of Four Mile Creek, were assessed as very low, extremely low, or of negligible archaeological sensitivity. Consequently, his recommendations included that no further archaeological field survey work in RL 21-24 was required for the granting of development consent, while in the area south of Four Mile Creek and around Mulga Creek he recommended cultural heritage management strategies be developed for these areas. As is discussed later, as a result of the application of the Work Area Clearance methodology, agreed arrangements have been developed for all the areas identified by Sullivan and Hughes which preclude drilling or development activity at this time, without specific inspection and approval, within 30 metres of the banks of Four Mile and Mulga Creeks (see appendices 3 and 4).

It appears that following presentation of Sullivan’s 1980 report, officers of the Aboriginal Heritage Section of the then South Australian Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation prepared site cards and nominations of places identified in her report for inclusion in the Heritage Sites Data Base maintained by the Department. In accordance with standard procedure, the author of this report sought advice from the SA Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (now part of the Department of Premier and Cabinet) on recorded sites and items within the area of the mine extension application prior to preparation of this report. The information provided from the data base on recorded sites 6837/5941, 6837/5942, 6837/5943, 6837/5944, 6837/5945 and 6837/5946 would appear to coincide with Sullivan’s Sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 described in her report (see Appendix 2).

The decision to formally record these places on the data base would appear to be potentially troublesome. While all Aboriginal heritage places are protected under the provisions of the SA Aboriginal Heritage Act (1988), whether recorded or not, the inclusion of these places on the data base would tend to reify these localities and their relative importance in relation to the decisions of the Adnyamathanha survey teams constituted under the Work Area Clearance arrangements discussed above. The decision to include them in the register is curious furthermore, in relation to the level of importance ascribed to them by Sullivan and subsequently by Hughes. In 1997 Dr Hughes was unable to relocate Sullivan’s Site 1 (a flake and a core), Site 2 was considered to have “no archaeological importance”, Site 3 was judged damaged by rabbit burrowing and was considered to have no excavation potential.

The decision to include these places on the data base is also surprising given the comment in the EIS Response Document (Heathgate Resources, 1998, p. 7-5) which noted “The independent archaeological report indicated that no sites have been identified as requiring entry on the SA Register of Aboriginal Sites”. It is noted however, that it would appear to have been the anthropological report (Co-ordata, 1997, p. 2) which made this observation.

As has been noted above, as a result of agreements reached as a result of earlier Work Area Clearance surveys, all places recorded on the data base of Aboriginal sites are currently included within areas in which exploration and mining has been not been approved and will be the subject of further consideration as a result of the application

5 of the methodology. It would be worrisome however, if the entry of these places on the SA Register Data Base prevented Adnyamathanha survey teams from approving future work at, or near these localities, particularly if, as a consequence, other places judged more significant to them were placed at threat.

The Locality

The Wooltana Pastoral Lease area is located approximately 150 km east of Leigh Creek. The nearest permanent Adnyamathanha population centre is Nepabunna which is about 80 kilometres west of Beverley Mine. The Pastoral Lease was acquired by Heathgate Resources in 2002. The property neighbours Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park to the south, Sanctuary to the west and to the north. Vulkathunha–Gammon Ranges National Park is currently co- operatively managed, by a Board of Management which includes Adnyamathanha appointees, in accordance with a Draft Management Plan prepared in association with the Adnyamathanha Native Title claimants.

Wooltana Pastoral lease is bounded on the east by Lake Frome. Stock are agisted on the property by the lessee of Wertaloona Pastoral Lease. The area is primarily open gibber plain with occasional broad and branching, ephemeral watercourses. The vegetation on the non-granitic areas is primarily blue bush/salt bush with acacia scrub while the decayed granite sand supports little more than ephemeral grasses, particularly Mitchell Grass. The suite of vegetation which results from rain events, as well as particular perennials and trees, are socially and culturally significant to the Adnyamathanha. Special measures, particularly the relocation of drill targets, have been implemented for the protection of urti (Santalum acuminatum ) trees, as a result of Work Area Clearance surveys. Iga ( Capparis mitchelli ) trees have not been discovered within the mine lease or extension area. This species is particularly important as a result of its close association with Adnyamathanha identity. It is believed that the most easterly specimen of this tree, which is generally restricted in range to the eastern side of the Northern Flinders Ranges, is located on Wooltana Station, north-east of the area under review.

A notable feature of the vegetation of the area is the presence of Mitchell Grass (Astrebla pectinata ). The Adnyamathanha who called the grass vawangurru, prized the seed gathered from this source which was a major cultural feature of this area, accounting in particular for the discovery of numerous grindstones in the course of investigations in this locality. Sprigg (1984, p.56) records that the Jacob brothers who took up the lease of Wooltana in 1856, employed Adnyamathanha people to harvest the seed in the hope of producing flour from it. The attempt was not a success.

The floodout areas of major creek systems in this area were a favoured locality for the collection of yulpu ( Mukia maderaspatana ), a small green melon like a cucumber, which grew in considerable density in this area before overstocking in time of drought. Mundulka (“marshmallow”, species not identified), warrkandu ( a seed- bearing plant, unidentified) and ngunduku (Geranium spp.) also grew in considerable numbers in this area. These vegetable foods are considered to be the main reason for the discovery of numerous ilda (stone ovens) within the general area of the creek floodouts.

6 As a result of delayed rains, the area presently supports few annuals or grasses. Red Gums ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) in some creek beds are exhibiting signs of stress.

Pastoral History

The area has been used for pastoralism since about 1856 with occasional periods of abandonment as a consequence of drought. Previously, pastoral activity has centred on wool production although today, beef cattle are the predominant stock of choice.

Wooltana has historically hosted a large population of Adnyamathanha people many of whom resided near the present homestead as well as in more dispersed locations.

One of those residential areas known as Udna Muku, north of the homestead, is of particular importance as a consequence of the existence of numerous graves, including that of a highly respected and feared urngi (‘smart’ man), reputedly a significant rain-maker, who was known to contemporary Europeans as Left-hand Billy. Left-hand Billy is credited with having handed on responsibility for supervision of the vadnappa initiation ceremony to Mr Fred McKenzie and Mr Henry Wilton. This arrangement is detailed in a memorial erected at Nepabunna which also lists the names of initiates in the period 1920-48.

The historic camp site was previously associated with a permanent spring which crossed the track nearby. The spring has now disappeared since the opening of a calcrete quarry by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd on MR 850 to supply material for the mine site and airstrip. In association with the Adnyamathanha researchers involved in cultural heritage surveys on the Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd tenements, the graves have now been fenced by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd staff with star droppers and wire.

According to Adnyamathanha oral history, Wooltana was also the traditional estate of “TeaTree Jack”, also known by Europeans as “Goggle Eye” or :Goggle-eye Jack” and his brother “TeaTree Billy”. (Tea Tree Outstation lies roughly due south of Wooltana). TeaTree Jack’s wife, Susie (Noble), later married Albert Wilton (she already had four children). TeaTree Billy married Rachel (James). Both brothers were ngamana (“mother’s brother”) for Fred Johnson (Davis C and McKenzie P, 1985. p. 1A).

Many of the buildings at Wooltana Homestead were constructed by Adnyamathanha labourers. The old stone shearing shed was built of stone collected by Adnyamathanha people in the early 1900s and it was of concern to that community when the shed was razed and places associated with family occupation in the vicinity were bulldozed by the previous manager in 1999 prior to the purchase of the lease by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd.

In accordance with normal professional practice, the area of the proposed mine extension was inspected to identify any post-European settlement-period items, or places of cultural significance. One site, a fencing camp which had been occupied by Mr Sam Coulthard and family and Mr Malcolm McKenzie and family during August 1946 at which time the families were involved in fencing a line approximately 23 miles long, was identified on the northern side of Four Mile Creek. That site is

7 currently included in a protective zone surrounding Four Mile Creek (see Appendices). Another historical camping location at Four Mile Bore is thought to be outside the extension area. It is also currently protected by a zone negotiated as part of a recent (February 2006) cultural heritage survey. The site of a protest camp, associated with opposition to the original grant of the mining lease to Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd has been recorded near Four Mile Bore. That site is also outside the proposed extension area.

Properties in this area have historically employed Adnyamathanha people as fencers, stockmen, boundary riders and in domestic duties, as well as contractors assisting in the transport of wool. Most of the Adnyamathanha Native Title applicants have themselves worked or resided on the property in various capacities. Mr Gordon Coulthard and his siblings have a long-term association with the property as a result of their father, the late Mr Sam Coulthard, being employed on the property as a fencer and stockman.

Following lodgement of his claim, Mr Gordon Coulthard engaged a consultant, Mr Stuart Phillpott, to undertake a biocultural resources assessment, in association with him, of areas on Wooltana Station in order to identify culturally important biological resources on the pastoral lease. The report of Mr Phillpott provides a valuable insight into those areas, none of which are affected by the present application for extension of the mine (Phillpott S., N.D.).

Cultural History

The Wooltana area was generally associated with and was occupied by the Yardliawarra of the Frome Plains at the time of European settlement. The Yardliawarra subsequently joined with and became subsumed into, the more numerous Adnyamathanha, early last century. The last full Yardliawarra man was Mr Barney Coffin who died at Port Augusta in 1978. His sister, Lily, married Tom Wilton and was the mother of Mr Artie Wilton, the last Adnyamathanha wilyaru (fully initiated) man. Mr Artie Wilton died 23-3-03. He visited the Beverley Mine site and surrounding area in September 2002 with the co-operation and assistance of Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd. The results of his visit are recorded in Fitzpatrick (2002).

The Yardliawarra were bounded to the north by the Arabunna, to the north-east by the Dieri, on the east by the Biladarpa and on the west by the Adnyamathanha. All these groups shared a common social organisation based on two named, matrilineal, exogamous moieties, Arraru and Matheri .

Associated with the two moieties were matrilineal social clans with territorial associations (“ yarta ” – “country”) known as Mukunha ( muku – “bone”). These clans were associated with particular animals and were also associated with people’s milanha (“wind”), also originally inherited from the mother. Thus a person of Arraru moiety was affiliated with vukarra (north wind) and a Matheri person with vardpa (south (east) wind). A further association determined by moiety affiliation was with two important food plants ( mai ). Thus a totemic association exists with urti (“Wild Peach”; Santalum acuminatum ) for Matheri moiety members and minara (“Bullock Bush”, Alectryon oleifolius spp. canescens ) and Arraru moiety members.

8

It is generally agreed that those living at Wooltana were “north-wind mob”. This derived from the association of that area of foothills and plains (yarta ) with ngarrurndula – mukunha (“water-dwelling frog totem”) – Arraru moiety. The plains area north of the mine extension area is yarta associated with miyaru-mukunha (“Long-haired rat totem”) – Matheri . While these associations did not preclude members of opposite moiety dwelling on the area, the society members generally acknowledged the pre-eminence of appropriate moiety members in decision-making about land matters.

The location of Beverley Mine and the proposed mine extension area is associated with several known and recorded Adnyamathanha traditions which today are referred to as murda (“law”), although the term ngutunha is probably more correct when referring to secular stories.

These traditions include the travels of two val(a)nappa (two men of opposite moiety, same generation and potentially brothers-in-law) who were responsible for the creation of Paralana Hot Springs. They travelled from Lake Callabonna along Paralana Creek in the vicinity of Beverley Mine. At various times they assumed the identity of snakes – the whip snake ( wiparu - Matheri moiety) and king brown snake (vulkarri - Arraru ).

A further tradition involves the travels of a kangaroo down the eastern side of the Ranges to Baratta Springs passing through Paralana Hot Springs and Moro Gorge.

In the Arkaroola area and at Parabarana ( Vara Varana ), associations exist with arkaru (var. arkura ) – (water serpents which may also take the form of two snakes).

North of the Mine Site and in the nearby ranges to the west, features are associated with the mundya (euro) and urdlu (red kangaroo) who are credited with having created the ranges and plains. The main elements of that story in the vicinity of the Beverley Mine are located to the north on Poontna Creek, although the travels of the euro may also involve Four Mile Creek.

An important wilyaru ancestral being travelled in this area from Lake Frome, along Four Mile Creek, to the Ranges. According to that story, details of which are restricted to initiated men, the ancestor ate nguri (gum from Acacia rivalis ) which cause him to vomit. An association between the uranium extracted from the mine and the vomit is generally credited by Adnyamathanha people today. The mine extension application will not directly impact features associated with these traditions although Four Mile Creek is considered to be indirectly important and consequently no approval has been given to this time for drilling within 30 metres of the banks of the creek.

Four Mile Creek is also associated with the travels of Aboriginal people from west of the area to a mudlu ceremony held during the 1890s near the Strzelecki track, north of the general area. Extensive campsites exist near Four Mile Well as a result of that important movement of people in historic time. This ceremony was almost certainly the molonga (mudlu-nga) referred to by German Moravian missionaries based at Kopperamanna and Killapaninna on the Cooper Creek.

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Current Status of Extension Application Area

As noted above, the area of the planned mine extension has been the subject of at least ten Work Area Clearance inspections by teams of Adnyamathanha researchers. As a consequence of those inspection, maps have been produced by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd, in association with the researchers, which detail areas where approval has not yet been granted for exploration or related activities (Appendices 2 and 3). While not shown on those maps, further clearance is required within 30 metres either side of Four Mile Creek along it entire length. Elsewhere, approvals may have been granted for specific activities, but those approvals may be subject to conditions imposed by the research teams which are specified in the reports of the inspections. Details of those imposed conditions are not provided in this report.

Approval for specific programs of exploration or mining may yet be granted in the excluded area in accordance with the methodology employed in this instance. As is explained above, the method used for assessment does not provide for a blanket approval of any form of activity within a specific area, nor does it preclude further consideration of proposals in areas currently designated as “exclusion” areas.

It is possible to explain in general terms the cultural heritage values or principles that inform the current “non-approved” areas. Team members have been reluctant to approve any physical intervention within 30 metres of the banks of Four Mile Creek or of other major watercourses. In some specific minor streams they have likewise refused permission for drilling in close proximity. There are two reasons for this reluctance. In the first case, most evidence of prehistoric or historic Aboriginal occupation in this area is associated with such watercourses (Kinhill, 1997). Further, as a consequence of the general association of significant traditions in this area with Four Mile Creek, Mr Artie Wilton, the last Adnyamathanha wilyaru man, expressed a desire to ensure that drilling and other physical activities should be precluded from the bed of that watercourse. In recognition of his wishes and the restricted information he possessed, the 30 m default zone has been established.

In the area east of the Beverley Mine (see appendix 3) a further exclusion area has been established along the shores of a presumed flood line. Inspection of this area confirmed the presence of numerous artefacts, predominantly grindstones and ilda (stone ovens employed in the preparation of vegetable foods).

A further moratorium on exploration activity was extended to an area on Jenny Creek immediately east of the current mine site. This area and another nearby, was identified by one of the team members, during an inspection conducted March 10 th - 12 th , 2005, as significant to women. Following a further inspection in February 2006, when team members failed to reach a consensus over the significance of the area, the moratorium was extended to permit a group of knowledgeable, older women to visit the area and resolve the status of the location. The visit, by five members of Yuratu Wimila (“Women’s court/meeting”) was undertaken on Friday 28 th April 2006. The women concluded that the area had no women’s cultural traditions associated with it (Ellis B, May 2006).

10 Conclusion

This survey of Adnyamathanha cultural heritage matters pertaining to the present ML 6036 and proposed mine extension application by Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd does not seek to provide an “expert” assessment of, or approval for, future activities likely to be undertaken within that tenements or future tenements. Rather, it is the intention of this report to outline a method which has been employed for continuing assessment of such activities by Adnyamathanha representatives who have been selected by named Native Title applicants. Those applicants are generally considered by their peers to be most closely associated with the Wooltana Pastoral Lease and knowledgeable about its cultural amenity. That is the preferred approach of the body representing the Native Title claimants for the area under review and the one that most closely replicates the traditional decision-making responsibilities which applied in this area.

Such an approach is recommended by this report as one most likely to ensure continuing protection for the cultural heritage values and places associated with the areas under consideration. It is also considered to have the benefit of promising opportunity for Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd to negotiate reasonable and speedy resolution of matters essential for future mine development within such tenements as they may be granted in this location.

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12 Ellis B. 2006 Report of an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Inspection for Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd and Quasar Resources Pty Ltd of Four Mile, Beverley East and Deep South Prospects – Wooltana Station and Arkaroola Sanctuary, Northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. February 2006. 38 pp.

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13 Phillpott S N.D. Biocultural Resource Assessment for Properties under Native Title Claim in the North Flinders Ranges – Wooltana, Wertaloona, Mulga View and – The Claimant’s Perspective. Remote Rural Resources 12 Redgrave Pl., Chapman ACT 2611.

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14 Appendix 1 – Boundaries of extension application area

15 Appendix 2 – Recorded Aboriginal Sites

Appendix 3 – Current exclusion zones (Yellow hatching) in east Beverley Area

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Appendix 4 – Current exclusion zones in Beverley South area.

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