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Dissertation NT Band 2.Pdf 424 Gefährdete Weltmacht USA Zur sicherheitspolitischen Reaktion von Clinton bis Obama auf neuartige Bedrohungsher- ausforderungen und zur Weiterführung und Etablierungschance erfolgter amerikanischer si- cherheitspolitischer Transformation in der Nato DISSERTATION Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Staatswissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) am Fachbereich 6: Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften der UNIVERSITÄT Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt im Promotionsfach Politikwissenschaft Schwerpunkt Internationale Politik und Vergleich politischer Systeme am 21.12.2017 von Nina Thomsen geb. am 31.05.1966 in Rüsselsheim Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Siegmar Schmidt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Muno Band 2 425 4 Schwerpunkt 2: Der transatlantische Aushandlungsprozess bezüglich konkreter Etablierung der US-amerikanischen Natotransformationsposi- tion Nato Response Force (NRF) bzw. der Global Partnership Initiative (GPI) Schwerpunkt 1 in Band 1 stellt im Kontext der Ermittlung des Kausalzusammenhangs zwi- schen dem Grand Strategy-Ziel des Ausbaus amerikanischer Führungs- und Ordnungs- macht und der notwendigen Etablierung von Natotransformationspositionen u.a. Folgendes detailliert dar: Nämlich die Ursachen im Untersuchungsraum, die auf der Basis der Beibe- haltung des Grand Strategy-Ziels zur amerikanischen sicherheitspolitischen Anpassung samt Transformation des bipolaren „amerikanischen Systems“ bzw. zur Weiterführung der angepassten sicherheitspolitischen Grand Strategy-Komponente in der Nato durch Entwick- lung der amerikanischen Natotransformationspositionen geführt haben. Genauso wird die Bedeutung der sicherheitspolitischen Anpassungen in Bezug auf den Ausbau amerikani- scher Führungs- und Ordnungsmacht, Unipolarität, sowie auf das „amerikanische System“ deutlich. Darüber hinaus liefert die Effizienz der damit eingeleiteten Bedrohungsabwehr so- wie deren Implikationen auf das bipolare „amerikanische System“ bei tatsächlicher Natotransformation Hinweise auf die künftige Stabilität der Staatenwelt. Der Kausalzusammenhang zwischen dem Grand Strategy-Ziel und den amerikanisch auf- geworfenen Natotransformationspositionen lässt auch den transatlantischen Streitkern transparent werden, der dem transatlantischen Aushandlungsprozess zur tatsächlichen Verankerung der Natotransformationspositionen im Schwerpunkt 2 zugrunde liegt: Die tat- sächliche Etablierung der Natotransformationspositionen führt damit zur Anpassung des bi- polaren „amerikanischen Systems“. Darunter fallen eine Erosion demokratisch-rechtsstaat- licher Grundlagen, auch innerhalb der Nato, europäische Vorteilsverringerung und antizi- pierte Stabilitätsminderung innerhalb der Staatenwelt. Schwerpunkt 2 zeichnet den transatlantischen Aushandlungsprozess bezüglich einer tat- sächlichen Natotransformation durch Etablierung der NRF und GPI nach: Dafür werden zu- erst die übergeordneten zugrundeliegenden neuen Kennziffern der Sicherheitsbedrohung, die die entwickelte angepasste Abwehr bestimmen, erläutert. Sodann werden die überge- ordneten richtungsweisenden Problemstellungen bzw. Konzepte erforderlicher neuer Si- cherheitsgewährleistung, die die amerikanische sicherheitspolitische Reaktion im Zeitraum Clinton-Obama beeinflussen, dargelegt. Die amerikanische Reaktion wurde in Kapitel 2, Bd. 1 durch Vergleich der Analyseeinheiten im Verlauf des Untersuchungsraumes im Kontext process-tracing dargestellt. Hier werden die auf Basis obiger Einflusskriterien entwickelten Kennziffern der neuen US-Ausrichtung, unterfüttert durch zentrale Dokumente der sicher- heitspolitischen Transformation, dargestellt. So kann anschließend deren direkter Einfluss auf die Nato sowie deren konkretes Weiterführen in den Natotransformationspositionen vor Augen geführt werden. Insgesamt wird hier auf die entsprechenden Voraussetzungen, die als logische Konsequenz die Weiterführung der amerikanischen sicherheitspolitischen Transformation in der Nato durch die Nato Response Force mit sich bringen, abgehoben. Auf diese Weise wird vor dem Hintergrund des Schwerpunktes 1 der graphisch dargestellte, anvisierte chronologische Aufbau der „Neuen Nato“ mittels u.a. ausgewählten Natotransfor- mationspositionen durch drei unterschiedliche US-Administrationen und deren Stoßrich- tung, die sich im transatlantischen Streitkern, in der Anpassung des bipolaren „amerikani- schen Systems“ widerspiegelt, besonders deutlich: Es werden nämlich so die sodann erläu- terte Funktion, die Transformationsunterpositionen und die übergeordnete Transformations- kategorie der Nato Response Force (in Grundzügen auch die Global Partnership Initiative) verständlich. In der Darstellung des Aushandlungsprozesses sind die 426 Transformationsunterpositionen die Paradigmen, deren Verankerung mittels Etablierung der NRF (bzw. der Global Partnership Initiative) die amerikanisch angestoßene Transfor- mation des „amerikanischen Systems“ ermöglicht und legitimiert. Die Transformationsunter- positionen bestimmen den transatlantischen Streitkern. Und gegen genau diese aufge- schlüsselten Transformationsunterpositionen, diese Komponenten, aus denen sich die amerikanischen Natotransformationspositionen zusammensetzen, wenden sich die identifi- zierten europäischen Widerstandstaktiken. Die Unterbindung der Verankerung der Natotransformationsunterpositionen durch die europäischen Widerstandstaktiken torpediert letzlich die Verankerung der gesamten Natotransformationsposition. Der mit diesem Einsatz der Widerstandstaktik verknüpfte „Erfolg“ in Bezug auf die tatsächliche Etablierung der Transformationsunterposition bzw. Natotransformationsposition bestimmt letzlich die tat- sächliche Anpassung des „amerikanischen Systems“ und damit die Beibehaltung und den Ausbau des Grand Strategy-Ziels. Die folgende, übergeordnete Bedrohungsentwicklung unter neuer Asymmetrie und die da- rauf aufbauenden Schlussfolgerungen führten in Zusammenhang mit dem Grand Strategy- Ziel zu unten dargestellten, konkreten Kennziffern der Neuausrichtung sicherheitspolitischer Grand Strategy Anpassung und notwendiger Weiterführung in der Nato durch amerikani- sche Natotransformationspositionen: 4.1 Zu Veränderungen der Gesamtbedrohung Nach dem Ende des bipolaren Konfliktes traten auf Basis bipolar eingeleiteter Entwicklun- gen eine Vielzahl neuartiger Sicherheitsbedrohungen mit globaler Reichweite auf. Diese stellen in spezifischen Verzahnungskonstellationen - auch mit global wirkenden Bedro- hungsverstärkern - Sicherheitsbedrohungen eigener Art, sogenannte Cluster, dar. Sie er- gänzen bzw. erweitern als neues Bedrohungsspektrum die reaktivierten klassischen Sicher- heitsherausforderungen, ausgelöst durch Nationalstaaten. Diese neuen sicherheitsunterbindenden Bedrohungsgegenstände wurden gegenüber dem amerikanischen Senat unter „increase in uncertainty (…) and unpredictability“ bzw. „the ex- pectation of prolonged uncertainty” zusammengefasst: „(…) globalization (…) disaffected states, groups, and individuals (…) rapid technology development and proliferation (…) new arms race, poor governance, ethnic conflict (…) demographic changes,(…) demographic and economic imbalances, ressource shortages (…) humanitarian emergencies (…) and the uncertain future (…) of key states and regions (…) of the global economy looks worse.(…) Geostrategic relationships are more in flux since 9/11. (…) Threats to critical infrastructure, to banking and financing, cyber-security, energy, power, agriculture, the industrial base (…) the connectivity between our infrastructure and the global economic system create even more of a vulnerability”1325. Hervorzuheben sind folgende Clusterentwicklungen aus Bedrohungsgegenständen und glo- balen Trends: In Bezug auf die Terrorismusbedrohung wurden Cluster zwischen Cyber- und 1325 Vgl. Wilson, Thomas R. (2002), Global Threat Testimony. Global Threats and Challenges. Statement for the Record. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Memos and Reports from Thomas R. Wilson to Don- ald H. Rumsfeld), http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/2486/2002-02-04%20from%20Thomas%20Wil- son%20re%20Global%20Threat%20Testimony%20with%20Attach- ments.pdf#search=%222002%20global%20threat%20testimony%20statement%20for%20the%20rec- ord%22, letzter Zugriff: 16.11.17, S.10, 7, 14 und 15. 427 militantem Terrorismus, gekoppelt mit dem Zugriff auf Massenvernichtungswaffen, zent- ral.1326 Terrorismus als Cluster mit Massenvernichtungswaffen und demographischen Faktoren rückte ebenfalls immer mehr ins Zentrum: „the diffusion of technologies will put dangerous capabilities within their (the terrorists, Anm. der Verf.) reach“. Kombiniert man diese Bedro- hung mit weiteren, und berücksichtigt zudem die antizipierten, möglichen Klimawandelaus- wirkungen, ergeben sich größere Cluster: Länder mit hohem Jugendüberschuss, „youth bulge“, beschränkten ökonomischen Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten und gleichzeitigem globalem Transport westlicher ökonomischer Normen zur Lebensgestaltung und ethnischer Vielfalt, wie für Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan und Jemen ermittelt, weisen kontinuierliche Instabili- täten auf. Somit ist die Basis für Staatsscheitern und radikaler Strömungungsausbildung vorliegend: Damit existiert jugendliches „Rekrutierungspotenzial“ zur Ausbildung und Unter- stützung terroristischer Netzwerke, welches wiederum Zusammenhänge mit Ethnokonflik- ten und Zugang zu Massenvernichtungswaffen vor dem Hintergrund humanitärer – oder Naturkatastrophen ausbilden kann. Die Chance zu unterschiedlichsten Clusterausbildungen der verschiedenen Sicherheitsbedrohungsgegenstände führt somit zu einem hohen Sicher-
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