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Ear Clearing for Non-Divers
Scuba School Ltd – Ear Clearing for non-divers Ear clearing or clearing the ears or equalization is any of various maneuvers to equalize the pressure in the middle ear with the outside pressure, by letting air enter along the Eustachian tubes, as this does not always happen automatically when the pressure in the middle ear is lower than the outside pressure. This need can arise in scuba diving, freediving/spearfishing, skydiving, fast descent in an aircraft, fast descent in a mine cage, and being put into pressure in a caisson or similar pressure-bearing structure, or sometimes even simply travelling at fast speeds in an automobile. People who do intense weight lifting, like squats, may experience sudden conductive hearing loss due to air pressure building up inside the ear. They are advised to engage in an ear clearing method to relieve pressure, or pain if any. Methods The ears can be cleared by various methods,[5] some of which pose a distinct risk of barotrauma including perforation of the eardrum: Yawning which helps to open the eustachian tubes; Swallowing which helps to open the eustachian tubes; The "Frenzel maneuver": Using the rear part of the tongue and throat muscles, close the nostrils, and close the back of the throat as if straining to lift a weight. Then make the sound of the letter "K." This pushes the back of the tongue upward, compressing air into the openings of the eustachian tubes. "Politzerization": a medical procedure that involves inflating the middle ear by blowing air up the nose during the act of swallowing; The "Toynbee maneuver": pinching the nose and swallowing. -
Dive Theory Guide
DIVE THEORY STUDY GUIDE by Rod Abbotson CD69259 © 2010 Dive Aqaba Guidelines for studying: Study each area in order as the theory from one subject is used to build upon the theory in the next subject. When you have completed a subject, take tests and exams in that subject to make sure you understand everything before moving on. If you try to jump around or don’t completely understand something; this can lead to gaps in your knowledge. You need to apply the knowledge in earlier sections to understand the concepts in later sections... If you study this way you will retain all of the information and you will have no problems with any PADI dive theory exams you may take in the future. Before completing the section on decompression theory and the RDP make sure you are thoroughly familiar with the RDP, both Wheel and table versions. Use the appropriate instructions for use guides which come with the product. Contents Section One PHYSICS ………………………………………………page 2 Section Two PHYSIOLOGY………………………………………….page 11 Section Three DECOMPRESSION THEORY & THE RDP….……..page 21 Section Four EQUIPMENT……………………………………………page 27 Section Five SKILLS & ENVIRONMENT…………………………...page 36 PHYSICS SECTION ONE Light: The speed of light changes as it passes through different things such as air, glass and water. This affects the way we see things underwater with a diving mask. As the light passes through the glass of the mask and the air space, the difference in speed causes the light rays to bend; this is called refraction. To the diver wearing a normal diving mask objects appear to be larger and closer than they actually are. -
Physiology of Decompressive Stress
CHAPTER 3 Physiology of Decompressive Stress Jan Stepanek and James T. Webb ... upon the withdrawing of air ...the little bubbles generated upon the absence of air in the blood juices, and soft parts of the body, may by their vast numbers, and their conspiring distension, variously streighten in some places and stretch in others, the vessels, especially the smaller ones, that convey the blood and nourishment: and so by choaking up some passages, ... disturb or hinder the circulation of the blouod? Not to mention the pains that such distensions may cause in some nerves and membranous parts.. —Sir Robert Boyle, 1670, Philosophical transactions Since Robert Boyle made his astute observations in the Chapter 2, for details on the operational space environment 17th century, humans have ventured into the highest levels and the potential problems with decompressive stress see of the atmosphere and beyond and have encountered Chapter 10, and for diving related problems the reader problems that have their basis in the physics that govern this is encouraged to consult diving and hyperbaric medicine environment, in particular the gas laws. The main problems monographs. that humans face when going at altitude are changes in the gas volume within body cavities (Boyle’s law) with changes in ambient pressure, as well as clinical phenomena THE ATMOSPHERE secondary to formation of bubbles in body tissues (Henry’s law) secondary to significant decreases in ambient pressure. Introduction In the operational aerospace setting, these circumstances are Variations in Earthbound environmental conditions place of concern in high-altitude flight (nonpressurized aircraft limits and requirements on our activities. -
Are Drugs Destroying Sport?
Can C 0 U n t r i e s Fin d Coo per a tiD n Ami d the R u i nos 0 feD n f lie t ? ARE DRUGS IN THI S IS SUE DESTROYING The Gann Years: Colm Connolly '91 Wins Hail to "The Counselor" A Retrospective High-Profile Murder Case Sonja Henning '95 SPORT? Page 8 Letters to the Editor If you want to respond to an article in Duke Law, you can e-mail the editor at [email protected] or write: Mirinda Kossoff Duke Law Magazine Duke University School of Law Box 90389 Durham, NC 27708-0389 , a Interim Dean's Message Features Ethnic Strife: Can Countries Find Cooperation Amid the Ruins of Conflict? .. ..... ... ...... ...... ...... .............. .... ... ... .. ............ 2 The Gann Years: A Retrospective .. ............. ..... ................. .... ..... .. ................ ..... ...... ......... 5 Are Drugs Destroying Sport? .. ..................................... .... .. .............. .. ........ .. ... ....... .... ... 8 Alumni Snapshots Colm Connolly '91 Wins Conviction and Fame in High-Profile Murder Case ................... .................. ... .. ..... ..... ... .... .... ...... ....... ....... ..... 12 Sonja Henning '95: Hail to "The Counselor" on the Basketball Court ........................ .. 14 U.N. Insider Michael Scharf '88 Puts International Experience to Work in Academe ................................... ..................... ... .............................. ....... 15 Faculty Perspectives Q&A: Can You Treat a Financially Troubled Country Like a Bankrupt Company? .. ..... ... 17 The Docket Professor John Weistart: The Man -
“EARLY and OFTEN - WHEN?” By: George Safirowski
“EARLY AND OFTEN - WHEN?” by: George Safirowski One of the basic skills that each scuba student must learn early in an open water basic certification course is equalization of pressure on decent. The process of equalization is necessary every time we go diving, since air spaces in the middle ear are of particular importance because even a minor pressure imbalance can result in an injury. The technique involved in preventing ear squeeze is easy to learn, and instructions are very simple - “equalize early and often”. But what does early and often really mean? While teaching hundreds of scuba divers trained and certified by various organizations gave me an opportunity to observe that the majority of newly and many “experienced” divers have a problem deciding when it is early enough, and how often they should equalize. To prevent ear squeeze, a diver must begin the equalization process prior to any sensation of discomfort or pain. Pain is a symptom of tissue damage and swelling taking place in the air passages, further restricting comfortable equalization. Therefore, using pain as an indicator to begin equalization means it is already too late. Tissue damage within the ear also renders itself to ear infections due to the already injured tissue being exposed to the surrounding environment and having little resistance against the soup of microscopic creatures. Often a dive vacation turns out to be a bust caused by external otitis. While diving, there is absolutely no reason to continue with decent if equalization was not successful at a shallower depth. Often peer pressure and lack of buoyancy control are major contributors in equalization difficulties. -
Aerospace Medicine and Biology
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19650024229 2020-03-24T03:50:39+00:00Z . ' CSFTl PRICE(S) $,A. I.I z 0 ITHRU) 0 > - lPA6ES) lC6DE) Hard copy (HC) 5 INAM CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) CATkGORYB Microfiche (MF) - ' ff 653 July 65 AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY .' a This bibliography was prepared by the Scientific and Technical Information Facility operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by Documentation Incorporated. L NASA SP-701 I (14) AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY A selection of annotated references to unclas- sified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA Information System during July, 1965. Scientific and Technicul Informution Division NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON. D.C. AUGUST 1965 This document is avialable from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (CFSTI), Springfield, Virginia, 221 51, for $1 .OO. INTRODUCTION Aerospace Medicine and Biology is a continuing bibliography which, by means of periodic supplements, serves as a current abstracting and announcement medium for ref- erences on this subject. The publication is compiled through the cooperative efforts of the Aerospace Medicine and Biology Bibliography Project of the Library of Congress (LC), the American institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), and NASA. It assembles, within the covers of a single bibliographic announcement, groups of references that were formerly announced in separate journals, and provides a convenient compilation for medi- cal and biological scientists. Additional background details for this publication can be found in the first issue, NASA SP-7011,which was published in July, 1964. -
Neurological Complications of Underwater Diving
n e u r o l o g i a i n e u r o c h i r u r g i a p o l s k a 4 9 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4 5 – 5 1 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pjnns Review article Neurological complications of underwater diving * Justyna Rosińska , Maria Łukasik, Wojciech Kozubski Chair & Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The diver's nervous system is extremely sensitive to high ambient pressure, which is the Received 5 August 2014 sum of atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure. Neurological complications associated with Accepted 24 November 2014 diving are a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. They occur in both commercial Available online 1 December 2014 and recreational diving and are connected with increasing interest in the sport of diving. Hence it is very important to know the possible complications associated with this kind of Keywords: sport. Complications of the nervous system may result from decompression sickness, Diving pulmonary barotrauma associated with cerebral arterial air embolism (AGE), otic and sinus barotrauma, high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) and undesirable effect of gases Neurologic decompression illness used for breathing. The purpose of this review is to discuss the range of neurological High pressure neurological syndrome symptoms that can occur during diving accidents and also the role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection in pathogenesis of stroke in divers. -
Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 43 March 5, 2013 Pages 14155–14428
Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 43 March 5, 2013 Pages 14155–14428 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:02 Mar 04, 2013 Jkt 229001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\05MRWS.LOC 05MRWS tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with WS.LOC II Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 43 / Tuesday, March 5, 2013 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Paper or fiche 202–741–6005 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 202–741–6005 Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing. -
Ear Squeeze - the Most Common Dive Injury
Ear Squeeze - The Most Common Dive Injury It's no surprise that ear squeeze, the most common injury in scuba diving, results in the most frequently asked question to Divers Alert Network. At the same time, many middle ear barotraumas may be one of the most preventable injuries in diving. It takes awareness, training, practice and a lot of patience. Sinus squeeze is equally prevalent as a dive injury. It's simply an issue of space: at some time in their diving careers, most divers will have a problem related to clearing their ears or sinuses. A little knowledge of the condition and a few preventive measures can go a long way toward avoiding squeeze. When we talk about barotrauma, we mean a pressure- related injury to the soft tissue lining the body’s air spaces - for example, in the middle ear and sinus cavities. Although this is where we feel discomfort, the problem begins in the air passageways that connect these airspaces to the back of the throat. These mucous membrane-lined passages serve the body in two important ways: They moisten or humidify the air moving through the connecting passages, and they help protect the body from foreign material such as pollen and bacteria by producing protective mucus. This mucus traps the material and allows it to be transported to the back of the throat, where it is swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid. A normally functioning mucous membrane is a remarkable defense mechanism. For new divers, equalizing the ears may involve a learning curve: Their previous experience may have been only an airplane ride or a trip across a mountain range. -
NESC Pilot Breathing Assessment, Vol. II
NASA Engineering and Safety Center Technical Assessment Report Volume II Pilot Breathing Assessment November 19, 2020 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 1 of 260 Table of Contents Technical Assessment Report Appendix 1: PBA Study Design ............................................................................................................. 3 Appendix 2: Fundamentals of Pilot Breathing ................................................................................... 33 Appendix 3: VigilOX Sensors .............................................................................................................. 41 Appendix 4: Pilot Physiology ............................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 5: Development of JPL Mask ............................................................................................. 63 Appendix 6: Standardization of Test Flights...................................................................................... 81 Appendix 7: F-35 Pilot Interviews and Ground Test Data ............................................................... 88 Appendix 8: Pilot Breathing Assessment (PBA) Considerations on NESC’s F/A-18 PE Report (2017) and Other Issues ................................................................................................ 217 Appendix 9: Results of Pilot Questionnaires and Interviews .......................................................... 224 Appendix 10: PBA Machine Learning ............................................................................................... -
Prevention of Middle Ear Barotrauma
PREVENTION OF MIDDLE EAR BAROTRAUMA If you find the topic interesting, please feel free to save it to a file or print it out for later reference. This document may be reproduced for personal or classroom use but please let readers know where it came from. There is also a video lecture of this material. Copyright (c) 1997 - 2000 Edmond Kay, M.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Learning Objectives Relevant Anatomy What is Ear Fear? The Simplest Technique Assessing Equalization Efforts The Valsalva Maneuver The Frenzel Maneuver The Toynbee Maneuver Beance Tubaire Volontaire (BTV) The Roydhouse Maneuver The Edmonds Technique The Lowry Technique The Twitch The Take Home Message Summary Where to Get More Information INTRODUCTION Middle ear barotrauma is the most frequent diving injury I see in my medical practice. It occurs much more commonly in the novice diver as a direct result of improper middle ear equalization technique. The following information is intended for the diving instructor, diving safety officer and any individual charged with the responsibility of managing novice divers. This information should also be of value for the advanced or commercial diver interested in rapid descent. The topic includes a discussion of nine different techniques of equalization, and offers tips on assessing the effectiveness of middle ear pressurization. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this topic, the reader should be able to: 1. Define and recognize "Ear Fear". 2. Recognize and assess the effectiveness of equalization efforts. 3. Discuss the difference between middle ear pressurization and middle ear equalization. 4. Describe and be able to teach nine different methods of middle ear equalization. -
Access the Icue 2018 Proceedings Here
PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UNDERWATER EDUCATION ICUE 2018 LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA - JUNE 23 & 24 “DIVE SAFETY THROUGH EDUCATION” Proceedings from the International Conference on Underwater Education ICUE 2018, Long Beach, California – June 23 & 24 “Dive Safety Through Education” IQ 2018 Proceedings ▪ Mauritius Valente Bell – Scientific Dive Operations in the Mesophotic Zone ▪ Jonathan Bird – Bringing the Underwater World Alive for the Next Generation of Divers ▪ Jeffrey Bozanic – Caves Project: In Search of Ancient Travelers ▪ Michael Emmerman – Life in the Fast Lane: Technical and Extreme Exposure Diver Fatalities ▪ Mark Gresham – Cylinder Safe Handling Practices ▪ Walter “Butch” Hendrick – Leadership Rescue for Dive Leaders ▪ Brittany Novick – Divers as Educators: Successful Strategies for Teaching Marine Conservation ▪ Dan Orr – Does Scuba Diving Have a Retirement Age? ▪ Zale Parry – ICUE History and Keynote ▪ Zale Parry – Sea Hunt: 60 Years in 60 Minutes ▪ Dan Semrad – Breath-Hold Tips and Techniques ▪ Cheryl Thacker – Scientific Diving Past and Present ▪ Andrea Zaferes – Gear up for Contingencies ▪ William Ziefle – Risk Awareness and Diving ▪ Dr. Tabby Stone – The Ears Stopping You (or a Friend) from Diving? What You Should Know Mauritius Valente Bell – Scientific Dive Operations in the Mesophotic Zone Please contact the speaker directly for information regarding this seminar. Jonathan Bird – Bringing the Underwater World Alive for the Next Generation of Divers Please contact the speaker directly for information regarding