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William Hendricks' Political Circulars to His William Hendricks’ Political Circulars to his Constituents : Congressional Period, 1816-1822 Frederick D. Hill* William Hendricks, though unknown to most modern Hoosiers, played a prominent role in the later years of In- diana territorial history and the early decades of statehood. His career in public office spanned the period from 1813, when he became clerk of the territorial House of Representa- tives, to 1837, when congressional adjournment marked the end of his tenure as United States senator. Hendricks’ service in Congress-in the House from 1816 to 1822 and in the Senate from 1825 to 1837-occurred at a tjme when it was difficult for western congressmen to keep in touch with their constituents. Because travel by horseback, riverboat, or carriage was slow, they could not visit their home districts during a session of Congress. With sessions lasting from three to six months, they could not be in their districts more than six to nine months each year. Long distance communication also was difficult because without the telephone, the telegraph, or electronic media, messages could be transmitted no faster than a person could travel. Hendricks and other representatives engaged in voluminous correspondence, but few of the people they represented could have been reached by individual letters. One effective and widely used device for keeping constituents informed was the political circular. During the eighteen years that Hendricks represented the people of Indiana in Congress, he wrote political circulars to his constituents annually. He usually wrote them about the time Congress adjourned, and they were widely distributed * Frederick D. Hill is Professor of History at Indiana Central Col- lege, Indianapolis. Hendricks’ Circulars 297 in newspaper columns, as broadsides, and through personal correspondence. Most of them reported the status of legisla- tion with whic!i his constituents were vitally concerned and disclosed his views on matters of public interest. If his term was soon to expire, the circular, reviewing past accomplish- ments, might resemble a campaign document. As a record of one western congressman’s thoughts and actions, Hendricks’ circular letters are an important historical resource, and eight of them were published by the Indiana Historical Commission a half century ag0.l Recently a com- plete collection has been assembled, and all eighteen are being published in a three part series in this and subsequelit issues of this magazine. William Hendricks was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh on November 12, 1782, and graduated from Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsyl- vania, in 1810. He then migrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he taught school, studied law, and was admitted to the bar.’ The thirty year old Hendricks, who probably came to Madi- son, Indiana Territory, in the summer or fall of 1812, later described himself at the time of his arrival as an “adven- turer,” “without office either in possession or expectancy,” and “with no prospects other than those of a private citizen.”” He was a stranger in search of opportunities; and for a man with his talents, they were abundant. Logan Esarey, ed., Messages and Papers of Jonathan Jcnnings, Ratliff Boon, William Hendricks (Indiana Historical Collections, Vol. XII; Indianapolis, 1924). z The sources disagree regarding the year of Hendricks’ birth, but a while before his death on May 16, 1850, he gave his age as sixty-seven. Editorial, Madison Daily Banner, May 18, 1850; John M. Gresham and Co., comps., Ciographical and Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott and Wash- ington, Indiana (Chicago, 1889), pt. I, 206; A Biographical History of Eminent and Self-made Men of the State of Indiana (Cincinnati, 1880), dist. 4, p. 32; William W. Woollen, Biograpliicnl and Historicol Sketches of Early Indiana (Indianapolis, 1883), 51. On November 1, 1813, Hendricks was chosen to succeed William McFarland, who had resigned as Jefferson County’s representative in the territorial House. In order to qualify as a voter then, one must have lived in Indiana Territory a year before the election. The residence re- quirement for officeholders would not have been less. William W. Woollen, Daniel W. Howe, and Jacob P. Dunn, eds., Executive Joiirnal of Indiana Territory, 1800-1 81 6 (Indiana Historical Society Publications, Vol. 111, No. 3; Indianapolis, 1900), 202; Louis B. Ewbank and Dorothy Riker, eds., The Laws of Indiana Territory, 1809-1816 (Indiana Histori- cal Collections, Vol. XX; Indianapolis, 1934), 226; see below p. 320. 298 Indiana Magazine of History From February 1, 1813, when he was unanimously chosen clerk of the territorial House of RepresentativesY4until state- hood in 1816, Hendricks was not without public office. He served as representative from Jefferson County and speaker of the House,'l territorial printer,6 prosecuting attoriiey for Jefferson and Switzerland counties,' United States attorney for Indiana,xand secretary of Indiana's constitutional conven- tion.q Sometimes he held two or more of these positions con- currently, a common practice among territorial officeholders. During the same period he also practiced law, briefly held a United States mail contract,l" and helped found and for al- most a year coedited the Madison Western Eagle, second newspaper in 1ndiana.ll With the coming of statehood Hendricks launched a twenty-one year career of faithful service to his adopted state as congressman, governor, and United States senator. In 1816 he defeated Allen D. Thorn, United States collector of revenue at Jeffersonville, and George R. C. Sullivan, a Vincennes lawyer, to win Indiana's lone House seat in the second session of the Fourteenth Congress (1816-1817) .lZ Despite strong opposition at Vincennes and Corydon, he was reelected in 1817, defeating Thomas Posey, former governor of Indiana Territory, in the contest for a full term in the Fifteenth Congress (1817-1819) .IJ In 1818 and 1820 Hendricks tri- umphed over Reuben W. Nelson, editor of the Corydon 4 Gayle Thornbrough and Dorothy Riker, eds., Journals of the General Assembly of Indiana Territory, 1805-1 81 5 (Indiana Historical Collections, Vol. XXXII; Indianapolis, 1950), 489. 5 Ibid., 595, 596, 754, 755. 6 Ibid., 611, 697-98. 7 Ewbank and Riker, The Laws of Indiana Territory, 847, 857. * Ibid., 820. 9 Journal of the Convention of Indiana Territory (Louisville, 1816), 4, as reprinted in Indiana Magazine of History, LXI (June 1965), [87- 1551. 10 Postmaster General [Return Jonathan Meigs] to John Francis Dufour, May 31, [1814], in Clarence E. Carter, ed., The Territory of Indiana, 1810-1816 (The Territorial Papers of the United States, Vol. VIII ; Washington, 1939), 305. '1 Donald F. Carmony, "The Pioneer Press in Indiana," Indiana History BuZletin, XXXI (October, 1954), 203; editorial signed by Hend- ricks, Madison Western Eagle, April 8, 1814. '2 Dorothy Riker and Gayle Thornbrough, comps., Indiana Election Returns, 1816-1851 (Indiana Historical Collections, Vol. XL; Indian- apolis, 1960), 71. 13 Ibid., 71-72. Hendricks’ Circulars 299 Indiana Herald. In the former election his margin of victory was almost nine to one; in the latter it was more than ten to one as eight counties voted unanimously for him, and he carried every one of the thirty-three counties except Knox.14 Congressman Hendricks’ popularity continued to increase, and in 1822 he was elected governor of Indiana without op- position. In January 1825, and again in December 1830, the Indiana General Assembly elected him United States senator.15 In 1836 Hendricks was defeated in his bid for an unpre- cedented third six year term as senator from Indiana, but he did not retire from politics. He would have welcomed election to the Senate in 1838 or 1843; and he actively sought appoint- ment as federal district judge for Indiana in 1842 and election as president of the Second State Bank of Indiana in 1843.16 In 1845 the Madison Courier editorially urged the newly elected President, James K. Polk, to make Hendricks com- missioner of the General Land Office; and in 1847 Hendricks appealed to Secretary of State James Buchanan for appoint- ment to the Mexican War peace commi~sion.~~Such efforts, however, were in vain. Though he practiced law in Madison until his death in 1850, his career in public office had ended when Congress adjourned in the spring of 1837. Hendricks’ entry into politics had coincided with the demise of the Federalist party. His early years in high office, therefore, were during a period of “non-party” politics at both state and national levels. Even when the “era of good feeling” ended in the 1820s, he sought to avoid identification with either of the emerging national parties. He believed 14 Ibid., 72-74. The 1818 returns for Daviess and Sullivan counties are missing, but both were decidedly pro-Hendricks in 1820. The 1820 returns are complete, but those from Knox, Monroe, Scott, and Wash- ington counties are from the Corydon Indiana Gazette, August 31 and September 17, and therefore unofficial. 15 Hendricks to John W. Taylor, October 10, 1822, John W. Taylor Papers (New York Historical Society, New York City); Riker and Thornbrough, Indiana Election Returns, 138, 127, 128. 16 Ibid., 131; Abel C. Pepper to John Tipton, December 3, 1838, John Hendricks to [Allen Hamilton], September 29, 1842, Allen Hamilton (Indiana Division, Indiana State Library) ; Hendricks to John Tipton, Papers (Indiana Division, Indiana State Library) ; Hendricks to Daniel
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