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Tools for Improving and Understanding Microbial Performance in Biorenewable Applications

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Tools for Improving and Understanding Microbial Performance in Biorenewable Applications Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Tools for improving and understanding microbial performance in biorenewable applications Kirsten Marie Davis Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Davis, Kirsten Marie, "Tools for improving and understanding microbial performance in biorenewable applications" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17436. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17436 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tools for improving and understanding microbial performance in biorenewable applications by Kirsten Davis A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Chemical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Laura Jarboe, Major Professor Robert Brown Thomas Mansell Zengyi Shao Zhiyou Wen The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Kirsten Davis, 2019. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Grandma Johnny. Grandma you followed your dreams but always kept a generous and fiery spirit. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: PRODUCTION OF BIORENEWABLE CHEMICALS BY MICROORGANISMS ................................................................................1 References ........................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF LIGNIN MONOMERS AS PART OF THE BIOREFINERY APPROACH .........................................................................3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 Lignin Structure and Abundance ......................................................................................... 5 Challenges and Progress in Lignin Recovery ...................................................................... 5 Pulping Processes ........................................................................................................... 6 Thermochemical Depolymerization of Biomass ............................................................ 6 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ................................................................................................... 7 Hydrothermal Fractionation ........................................................................................... 7 Biphasic Fractionation .................................................................................................... 7 Modeling of Lignin Isolation ......................................................................................... 8 Lignin Utilization in Nature ................................................................................................ 8 Lignin Degrading Enzymes ............................................................................................ 9 Bacterial and Fungal Pathways of Lignin Utilization .................................................. 10 Aerobic Degradation ............................................................................................... 10 Anaerobic Conditions ............................................................................................. 11 Application Directed Studies of Lignin Degrading Microorganisms .......................... 12 Challenges and Progress in Depolymerization of Isolated Lignin .................................... 15 Pyrolysis of Isolated Lignin ......................................................................................... 15 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Isolated Lignin .......................................................................... 17 Supercritical Water ....................................................................................................... 18 Supercritical Solvents ................................................................................................... 18 Base-Catalyzed Depolymerization ............................................................................... 19 Upgrading of Lignin Monomers ........................................................................................ 20 Progress in Biological Utilization of Depolymerized Lignin Monomers and Lignin Model Compounds............................................................................................ 20 Biotransformation ................................................................................................... 20 Central Metabolism ................................................................................................. 21 Progress in Chemical Utilization .................................................................................. 23 Cracking and Hydrolysis of Depolymerized Lignin ............................................... 24 Reduction of Lignin Model Compounds and Depolymerized Lignin .................... 25 Oxidation of Lignin Model Compounds and Depolymerized Lignin ..................... 28 Economic Analysis of Lignin Utilization Strategies ......................................................... 29 References ......................................................................................................................... 32 iv Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................. 46 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3. PROMOTING MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF PHENOLIC SUBSTRATES FROM BIO-OIL ............................................................................................52 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 52 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 53 Experimental ...................................................................................................................... 55 Heavy Ends Bio-oil Production .................................................................................... 55 Liquid-liquid Extractions ............................................................................................. 56 Phenolic Monomer-rich Product Emulsification .......................................................... 57 Total Phenolics Determination ..................................................................................... 58 Media Preparation ........................................................................................................ 59 Microbial Cultures ........................................................................................................ 60 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 61 Emulsion Studies .......................................................................................................... 61 Microbial Studies ......................................................................................................... 63 Microbial utilization of emulsified phenolic monomers. ........................................ 63 Microbial growth scales with emulsifier concentration. ......................................... 65 Monomer emulsification can provide protection from growth inhibition. ............. 66 Process Feasibility ........................................................................................................ 70 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 71 Conflicts of interest ........................................................................................................... 72 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 72 References ......................................................................................................................... 72 Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................. 79 CHAPTER 4. CHEAP, FAST, and QUANTIFIABLE MICROBIAL ASSAY for LIGNIN UTILIZATION .........................................................................................................90
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