4818 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 21, 1972 level, $742 less at the associate profes­ Civil Rights and act "promptly and vig­ the Senate the unfinished business, and sor's level, and $1,119 less at the profes­ orously" to remove the impediments the 1 hour, under rule XXII, will begin sor's level. from the effective functioning of the running on the motion to invoke cloture The litany of discrimination can con­ EEOC. The time to act is now. The place on S. 2515. At 12:15 p.m., the mandatory tinue into a consideration of women in to begin is with passage of S. 2515. quorum call will begin. When a quorum professions in this country. Women pres­ has been established, the automatic roll­ ently comprise 3.5 percent of our Nation's call vote on the cloture motion will take lawyers, 2 percent of our dentists, and ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT FROM place. That rollcall vote will begin at 7 percent of our physicians. The compar­ TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 22, TO 10 about 12:25 or 12:30 p.m. able figure for lawyers in Denmark is A.M. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 23, Additional rollcall votes can be ex­ 24 percent and for dentists 70 percent. In 1972 pected tomorrow afternoon, especially in the event the cloture motion is Great Britain, 16 percent of the doctors Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I ask unani­ adopted. are women, and this :figure is 20 percent mous consent that when the Senate com­ in Germany and 24 percent in Israel. pletes its business on tomorrow, Tues­ There are some who would say that day, the Senate stand in adjournment much of this discrimination is caused by ADJOURNMENT UNTIT.. 10:30 A.M. until 10 a.m. on Wednesday next. TOMORROW discrimination in previous years in the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without admissions processes of higher education, objection, it is so ordered. Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, if there be especially in graduate and professional no further business to come before the schools. To an extent this is correct. The Senate, I move, in accordance with the law school which nine other Senators previous order, that the Senate stand in ORDER FOR RECOGNITION OF SEN­ and I attended, Harvard, did not admit adjournment until 10:30 a.m. tomor­ ATOR RffiiCOFF ON WEDNESDAY women until after 1950. But the compar­ row. ative :figures I quoted above, for com­ Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I ask unani­ The motion was agreed to; and (at 2:58 parative ranks and salaries within edu­ mous consent that after the two leaders p.m.) the Senate adjourned until tomor­ cational institutions, and for compara­ have been recognized on Wednesday, the row, Tuesday, February 22, 1972, at tive salaries even at the blue-collar level, Senator from Connecticut (Mr. RIBI­ 10:30 a.m. belie such simplistic explanations. The coFF) be recognized for not to exceed problem of discrimination, as in other 15 minutes. kinds of discrimination, forms that old The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without CONFIRMATIONS vicious circle. The attack against dis­ objection, it is so ordered. crimination against women, therefore, Executive nominations confirmed by must come on a variety of fronts-to en­ the Senate February 21, 1972: act an equal rights amendment, to end DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PROGRAM discrimination in school admissions, to Peter G. Peterson, of Illinois, to be Secre­ end job discrimination, and to act in Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. tary of Commerce. yet other ways. President, the program for tomorrow is IN THE COAST GUARD The question is not whether the EEOC as follows: The nominations beginning Andrew P. should have jurisdiction over sex dis­ The Senate will convene at 10: 30 a.m. Durkee, Jr., to be lieutenant commander, crimination in employment, but whether After the two leaders have been recog­ and ending Gordon A. Tooley, to be lieu­ EEOC is to have the tools needed to dis­ nized, the Chair will recognize the dis­ tenant, which nominations were received by charge its mandates effectively. tinguished Senator from Kansas (Mr. the Senate and appeared in the Congres­ Whether S. 2515 is a civil rights bill or PEARSON) for not to exceed 15 minutes, sional Record on January 21, 1972; and The nominations beginning Bienveni D. a women's rights bill should not matter. following which there will be a period Abiles, to be ensign, and ending Eugene ~. It should only further emphasize the im­ for routine morning business, not to ex­ Tulich, to be lieutenant, which nominations portance of this legislation. tend beyond 11: 15 a.m., with statements were received by the Senate and appeared in Once again, I urge my fellow Senators therein limited to 3 minutes. the Congressional Record on February 7, to heed the words of the Commission on At 11: 15 a.m., the chair will lay before 1972.

EXTEN.SIONS OF REMARKS SENATOR WILLIAMS CHARTS A ample, only recently have we seen seri­ that the text of Chairman WILLIAMS' his­ LONG OVERDUE COURSE FOR ous study given to the transportation toric address be printed in the RECORD. HANDICAPPED LEGISLATION barriers faced by handicapped persons. There being no objection, the address Senator HARRISON A. WILLIAMS, JR., was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH chairman of the Committee on Labor and as follows: Public Welfare, spoke recently to the ADDRESS OF U.S. SENATOR HARRISON A. OF WEST VIRGINIA annual legislative conference of the New WILL:IAMS, JR. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Jersey School Boards Association. His It is a pleasure to be with you today at Friday, February 18, 1972 address delineated the scope of these your annual legislative conference. problems. He outlined forceful goals to These are difficult and exciting times for Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, as accomplish what is needed in alleviat­ the education community here in New Jer­ chairman of the Subcommittee on ing the complex problems that exist. sey and throughout the Nation. Handicapped Workers of the Senate And we in the Congress are extremely Senator WILLIAMS stated: Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, concerned about the future of American I have become increasingly aware of the I wish it to be said of America in the education. 70's, that when its aJttention at last returned need for consolidation of programs and There are many problems which we must to domestic needs, the afflicted and the help­ confront during the next several years if new initiatives on behalf of the Na­ lers are in the front rank of a new com­ the strength of our education system is to tion's nearly 30 million Americans who mitment of compassion. be sustained. are handicapped in some degree. We There is the problem of school finances have, over the past three decades, made Each of us shares this concern. Chair­ and how the States and local school districts noteworthy strides toward eliminating man WILLIAMS has given us bold new em­ are going to continue raising the funds nec­ the discrimination in employment and phasis and direction. His words constitute essary to meet the educational needs of their educatiQP.al opportunities for the handi­ a statement of purpose and give legisla­ communities. capped. tive direction that Americans applaud. I We know that we can no longer rely al­ most exclusively upon the property tax to Yet, the problems faced by these urge that my colleagues read his words, provide increased revenues for our schools; worthy citizens are not being dealt with for they contain new hope for the handi­ and many people are beginning to look to directly in the myriad of special pro­ capped. the federal government to provide these re­ grams aimed at their relief. As an ex- Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent sources. February 21, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4819 There is also the continuing problem of In a very real sense, whether a handi­ lion in feder.al, state and local dollars spent equal educational opportunity. capped person receives this kind of atten­ on public elementary and secondary educa­ The court decisions in California, Texas, tion depends on where he lives, and not on tion, only $1.4 billion was spent on the han­ Minnesota, and most recently, here in New the nature of his disability. dicapped. Jersey, have made us look squarely at the is­ According to the best figures I can find, This figure is well under their fair share, sue of whether children in every school dis­ there are more than 22 million adults in the which should be 10 to 12 percent of total trict are getting a substantially equal educa­ United States with physical handicaps severe funds. tion. enough to limit in some way their ability to It does not even come close to the kind And this raises the question of how we work. of investment we should be making. define the concept of an equal education. Of the 22 million with physical disabilities, The paradox of our national behavior is And related to this issue also is the ques­ an estimated 1 million could work if given that we simultaneously do too much and tion of how we can best integrate our schools the opportunity. too llttle. where we have found that there have been Actual employment figures are not so posi­ Too many of our handicapped population discriminatory practices. tive. are misdiagnosed, mislabelled, and hustled These are indeed difficult problems which Again, according to the best estimates I out of schools, jobs and other institutions of cannot be easily resolved. could find: society. And they are problems which are very There are some 150,000 blind persons of They are tested with instruments that are much in the public eye and which will no working age in this country-only one-third either not relevant or not sensitive to their doubt be the subject of a great deal of public of them are employed. varied backgrounds. discussion in the months to come. There are some 60,000 paraplegics of work­ We have failed to recognize the intrinsic But, there is another extremely important ing age, and 47 percent are employed. rights of the handicapped. education matter which we have too long Of the 400,000 epileptics of working age, the For too long, we have been dealing with neglected. employment rate--according to best esti­ them out of charity. It involves a subject about which we hear mates-is between 15 and 25 percent. It is time to recognize that the handicapped a good deal of sympathetic talk. And of the 200,000 persons of working age have rights which we have been denying for It concerns people whose plight always affiicted with cerebral palsy, only a small too long. seems to touch the rhetorical heartstrings. handful are employed. The mere fact that services for the handi­ And no-one can ever quite bring them­ These figures only account for a little over capped are considered frills, to be reduced in selves to openly reject the need to deal with 800,000 of the 22 million adults with physical times of economic adversity underlines a this problem. handicaps. tragedy of our society. Yet, despite the sympathy, the heartstrings, Other sources that I have examined have This is medieval treatment of a very cur­ and the lack of resistance, deeds mmply have wildly differing statistics, including in some rent problem. not matched words. cases percent~ges for employment that aa-e Clearly, we should re-evaluate our national The problem I am speaking about is our completely the reverse of those noted above. policy and national programming toward the neglect of the handicapped. Even HEW cannot fully enumerate or lo­ handicapped. It is a stain on our collective conscience; cate the handicapped. In order to alleviate many of their prob­ an affront to what this great Nation is sup­ The fact that this population is not ac­ lems we need an increased national commit­ posed to stand for. counted for accurately or consistently is ment, and we need it now. I think we have not yet come to realize shocking. Some of the ingredients of this new com­ what it means to be handicapped in this The individuality of the people with these mitment will have to include strengthened society. conditions has been lost somewhere in the national leadership, greatly increased visi­ The handicapped live among us, and have process. bility for the problems of the handicapped, the same hopes, the same fears, and the We have lost track of them, lost the reality and integrated and consistent programming. sa.me ambitions, as the rest of us. of their lives, and the pain and suffering of Fol-emost in this commitment, should be They are children and adults, black and their disabilities. immediate re-examination of educational white, men and women, rich and poor. There are more than 50 programs for the policies, and continuing training and educa­ They have problems as varied as their in­ handicapped in the Department of Health, tion of adults. dividual personalities. Education and Welfare, which include some For these reasons, I will move next week Yet, they represent a hidden population aspect of assistance in meeting the problems to initiate a change in our National perspec­ because they have certain problems in com­ of the handicapped. tive on the handicapped. mon which are different from most of ours. Their funding levels over the past several As Chairman of the Labor and Public Wel­ Only the bravest of the handicapped risk years have increased-albeit too slowly. f·are Committee, I believe it is time that we the dangers and suffer the discomfort and And there are larger numbers of Federal revise the way that the Congrress looks at humiliations they encounter when they try personnel serving the handicapped than 5 problems of the handicapped. to live what we consider to be normal, pro­ years ago. For many years we have been doing this ductive lives. I question, however, whether these initia­ in a piecemeal fashion through separate In their quest to achieve the benefits of tives are adequately responding to the needs Subcommittees on Labor, on Education, on our society they ask no more than eqwality and wants of handicapped persons in our Health and on Handicapped Workers. of opportunity. society. And we have seen many fine accomplish­ But they are !Latvia. at the needs of the handicapped; support OF ILLINOIS The struggle to establish Soviet power and research to uncover the causes of handicap­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES socialistic order was our main goal in life. ping conditions; and provide medical, edu­ We all studied Marxism-Leninism. During cational and behavioral diagnoses so that Monday, February 21, 1972 the last World War, we were members of efi'ective life planning for the handicapped Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is the Soviet armed forces or partisan groups might be undertaken. absolutely necessary, at a time when well and fought the Nazi aggressors. During the None of these programs attain their full meaning, but forgetful, liberals are again postwar years, we all actively participated objectives as long as they remain isolated, in buUding socialism in our land. single efforts. espousing total acquiescence of the free With a clear conscience, we did every­ Only when they are coordinated can they world to Communist diplomatic and eco­ thing in our power to carry out the teach­ focus on the total needs of the handicapped. nomic demands, that we keep in mind ings of Marx, Engels and Lenin. However, Of course, organizational structures are not the actual conditions that exist behind it became painfully clear to us that with means in themselves--they are not panaceas the Iron Curtain. each passing year their ideas became more for all our bureaucratic problems. In my judgment, the threat to Western distorted, that the teachings of Lenin are And, they certainly do not take the place Europe by the Soviet Union is as great used here as a cover for Great Russian of innovative programs and ideas which wlil chauvinism, that deeds no longer agree bring the handicapped into full participation today as it ever has been. Only the most with words, that we are complicating the in this Nation. naive persons would disregard the ag­ work of communists in other countries, that But a coordinating structure such as the gressive, imperialistic foreign policy of we are impeding this work instead of en­ one I shall propose is a vital first step in the Soviet Union. hancing it. the development of a total Federal program It is always necessary to keep in mind Originally we believed that this was due with the necessary range, comprehensiveness that the Government of the Soviet Union simply to the errors of a few individual local and impact demanded by the handicapped. in every area oppresses its own citizens, officials who did not realize the harmful As a third step, I am introducing a resolu­ and this is especially so as far as the effects of their attitudes. With time, how­ tion calling upon the President to convene a ever, it became apparent to us that the lead­ White House Conference on the Handicapped. non-Russian peoples of the U.S.S.R. are ership of the Soviet Communist Party had This conference wlil concentrate the at­ concerned. deliberately adopted a policy of Great Rus­ tention of all concerned organizations, gov­ In my judgment, the free world, more sian chauvinism and that the forcible as­ ernmental and private, on the handicapped specifically the United States and its slmUation of the small USSR nations had and their place in our society. Western European NATO allies, should been set as one of the most immediate and It wlil provide a forum in which all con­ be more alert and better prepared than important domestic policy goals. cerned persons can together plan a set of ever to deal with the constant threat im­ Latvia is such a small country that its goals and establish a realistic timetable for posed by the Soviet Union. At a time history, geography and economic situation achieving them. probably is not known to many outsiders. It wm also ofi'er an opportunity for a criti­ when the Soviet Union is propagandizing Already 2000 years ago the Indo-European cal review and re-examination of where we its participation in a number of pend­ tribes of Kursi, Sell, ZemgaU and LetgaU in­ now stand. ing treaties and planning to manipulate habited the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Only through such a national endeavor the European Security Conference, we Because they inhabited the shores of sea can the necessary resources be marshalled to should keep in mind the record of con­ gulfs and the estuaries of navigable rivers, attack the problems which the handicapped stant treachery and double-dealing by such as Daugava, Visla, Venta, and others, face every day. the Soviet Union and their historic pat­ their territories attracted the attention of The call for a White House Conference on tern of disregarding the solemn obliga­ nations both to the east and west, princi­ the Handicapped 1s a response to the call of pally Germany and Russia. Consequently, the handicapped themselves. tions they have made in previous agree­ these tribes were conquered in the thir­ They ask for recognition, for their right­ ments and treaties. teenth century with the cross and the sword ful place in our Nation's life, and for a fair However, the purpose of my comments of the German Crusaders. The ancestors of share of our resources. this afternoon is, more specifically, to the Latvian people lived for 700 years under It is time that we provide them with that direct the attention of the Members to the oppression of the German Crusaders and recognition and with a forum with sufficient a lengthy letter from a group of uniden­ barons. visibliity and national prominence so they But the Russian czars always dreamed of are no longer a minority lost within this tified Latvian Communist leaders to capturing the ice-free ports of VentspUs, Nation. their comrades in a number of European Liepaja, Riga, and Tall1n. In addition to these actions, I will be in­ countries. This letter has recently been Czar Peter I fulfilled this dream and our troducing in the next few weeks a num­ smuggled out of the Soviet Union, and is ancestors came under Russian domination. ber of substantive programs which will be­ considered to be completely authentic. From time to time various areas of Latvia gin to deal immediately with speclfic areas The letter follows: were also occupied by the Poles and the February 21, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4821

Swedes. All these conquerors tried to assimi­ Republics should be conducted in native How is this first main task enacted? late the local tribes, but without success. languages." The SoViet Union CPOC did not trust the Later these tribes evolved as the nations LatVian CP CC First Secretary Kalnberzins national republic CPOC. Thus: of Lithuania, Latvian, and Estonian, gaining s·tated in this Latvian CP OC Plenary Session 1. For the LatVian CPCC, and likewise for their independence in 1918, after World that CPSU CC Presidium's resolution 1s all other republic OPOC, a Soviet Union OPCC War!. harsh, but in regard to the Latvian SSR it organizational bureau (orgbureau) was es­ The territory of Latvia covered 66,000 is correct. Stated in this ruling w:as that tablished for Latvian affairs. The bureau's square kilometers, with 2,000,0000 inhabi­ Latvian CP OC and Council of Deputies function was to control and direct the Lat­ tants, 76% of them Latvians. Latvia estab­ (obviously under pressure from Moscow) up vian CPCC and the republic's overall politics. lished a democratic bourgeois government untll now have grossly overstepped Lenin's Shatalin was chosen the orgburea.u's chair­ with a multi-party system. A political class principles of national policy. He further man, but w.as later replaced by Rjazanov. struggle took place and, according to the di­ stated that numerous Party, Soviet and 2. For tlie Latvian CPOC Second Secretary vision of power, the system was more or less economic executives, basing their actions on position Moscow appointed Ivan Lebedev and democratic. The trade unions and the Social false vigilance, express their distrust of the for the LatVian CPCC First Secreta.ry in cadre Democrat Party from 1918 to 1934 func­ looa.l cadres, and for leading positions pick affairs-Fjodor Titov. These positions are tioned legally, but the Communist Party mostly non-Latvians. These people do not still held by appointed Russians. At present was underground from 1919 to 1940. understand Latvian language and are time the Latvian CPOC Second Secretary Before World War II the Soviet Union ignorant of local conditions. Such position position is held by Belucha, a Russlan sent forced Ulmanis, the head of the Latvian taken against the local cadres has resulted in from LenJ.ngract. bourgeois government, to sign an agreement a situation that in the Lwtvian CP CC only 3. "Orgbureau" and these "High-commis­ permitting the stationing of large garrisons 42% of its members are Latvians, whlle sars" from Moscow have continually directed of the Red Army in Latvia, but in 1940, with among the Party Secretaries from cities and the republic's cadres politics so that all the help of the Red Army, the bourgeois districts only 47% are Latvians. Besides leading positions--and primarily a.ll Party, government was overthrown and Latvia was many of them are Latvians in name only and state and economic department head posi­ annexed by the Soviet Union. do not know the Latvian language, having tions--are given to Russian newcomers. These During the democratic bourgeois rule, lived many years, or their entire lives, in people in turn grant other newcomers prefer­ Latvian economy and cultural life achieved Russia. ence for registraltion in cities, provide apart­ significant progress. Latvia, along with Den­ Who knows to what extent this action had ments, and appoint them to better jobs. mark and The Netherlands, supplied the been directed from above, but Kalnberzins 4. To guarantee a massive influx of Rus­ world's markets with the highest quality (very loyal to Moscow) then correctly said sians, White Russians and Ukrainians into butter, cheese, eggs, bacon, lumber and flax. that an especially unsatisfactory situation the Latvian republic, federal, inter-repub­ It also exported electrotechnical equipment, from a nationalistic group viewpoint 1s 1n lican and zonal government departments optical goods and other industrial products. the city of Riga. Party organization. In the have been set up in Latvia, and the construc­ It had a national university with 9 faeulties, City Council division cadre there are no tion of new large industries, as well as ex­ 4 other institutions for higher education~ Latvians and from 31 instructors only two pansion of existing plants has been under­ opera, theater of music, several theaters of are Latvians. taken, disregarding any economic necessity. drama and many groups of performing art­ The cadre policy and Party organization The construction personnel for these pro­ ists. membership 1s set by the regional organiza­ jects were collected and brought in from During World War II, approximately 40,000 tion division and the Party's charter cities outside of the Republic; raw materials people were evacuated to the interior of organization secretary. It 1s in these circles were brought in from the Urals or the Don the Soviet Union. Two Latvian divisions that there are the fewest Latvians-the basin (i.e from places 3-4 thousand kilome­ fought in the ranks of the Red Army. The regional committee divisions each have but ters away); similarly, the labor force and rest of the indigenous population remained one Latvian, and among the charter orga­ the specialists were imported, but the pro­ in Latvia. Some of the people that had re­ nization secretaries, only 17% are Latvians. duction was exported from the Republic. For mained in Latvia were a.n.n1h1lated by the Such unfounded mistrust of Latvian work­ this rea-son a diesel equipment factory, a fac­ German fascists. Some died on the front in ers, farmers, working intelllgensla, combined tory making electrical accessories for auto­ battle against the Red Army, and, at the end with the described Party cadre member­ mobile (Autoelektroprlbor), hydrometric of the war, some emigrated to Western coun­ ship, has led to the situation that among equipment factory (Gidrometpribor), and a tries (West Germany, Sweden, Australia, Riga communists there are only 18% turbine factory was bunt in Riga. Extensive United States, etc.) Latvians. synthetic fiber plants were bullt in Daugav­ After World War II, the CPSU CC estab­ This gross ddstortion of Nationalistic poll­ pils. The imported labor force for these plants lished as its goal to develop a permanent tics and d1scrim1Ilation against LatVians has formed a fair size town with almost no power base in the territories of Latvia, Lith­ mentioned in the LatVian CP CC plenum Latvian inhabitants. A large tricot garment uania and Estonia, and began the forceful was acknowledged by such a sycoplhant or factory and many other plants have been colonization of these territories with Rus­ power politics as Arvids Pelse, the then established in Ogre. sians, Byelorussians and Ukrainians. It also Latvian CP CC propaganda. secretary, present Literally, in every regional city new plants began the forceful assimilation of Latvians, CPSU cc policy bureau member and CPSU are, or have been built. The construction Lithuanians and Estonians, as well as other CC control Committee Oha.irman. Speaking labor, specialists and production labor is im­ minority nationalities, disregarding the fact about CPSU 00 Presidency resolution, he ported, but the products are sent to the en­ that such actions clearly speak against the said: tire USSR. principles of Marxism-Leninism. "The resolution gives clear and unequivo­ Although Latvia had a sufficient number of Since we cannot sign this letter, you may cal instructlons-f.lrst of aJl, to improve the generating stations which have provided elec­ think that the things we have said are not basic situation in the Republic, to end dis­ tric power for the Republic, and Russia has true, that we have exaggerated certain short­ tortion of Soviet nationalistic politic . . . to many large rivers, imported workers have comings that are unavoidable in any prepare, to train and to appoint Latvian built a hydroelectric station in the river endeavor. cadres to leading positions in the near fu­ Daugava at Plavinas, and a city-stuck~has No, it is not so. Let the facts speak for ture, on a large-scale basis." been built for the construction forces, and themselves. Let us start with those truthful From this statement, it is obvious that it cons:::quently a new region has been formed words that are written in the resolutions of was officially acknowledged in 1953 (the only in the Republic. the CPSU CC meeting on June 12, 1953 (the time since Lenin's death) that the Marxist­ 5. Although the depletion of forests has only such truthful resolution). Leninist nationalistic policy in our country exceeded reforestation for every year since In his report about this resolution by the hoad been grossly distorted (and is still being the war, forests are being barbarically de­ Presidium of the CPSU CC the member of grossly distorted today). stroyed, turning large areas into swamps and CC and candidate of the Presidium of CPSU But did this distortion end after this leading to the importing of raw materials for CC Janis Kalnberzins told at the Plenary Plenary session? No. The above-mentioned the local furniture industry. For the last few Session of Latvian CP CC on June 22, 1953: course continued but a short time. After years lumberjacks have been and are still "The Presidium of CPSU CC resolved to: that, even though the plenary resolution was being brought into Latvia from Russta, White "(1) Charge all party and state organs never repealed, all intended changes were Russia and the Ukraine. The destruction of with the task to correct thoroughly the halted and everything remained as it had the forests continues and the imported situation in the national Republics--to put been before. Even more, in the national re­ lumberjacks settle permanently in the Re­ an end to the mutilation of Soviet national publics the determined program for the public. policy. coercive assimilation of small nationality This policy has led to the present situa­ "(2) to organize the preparation, educa­ groups was enacted even more forcibly and tion where between 25,000-35,000 additional tion and wide selection for leadership posi­ consistently. people each year become permanent residents tions of the members of local nationalities, What is the main course of this program of Riga. Total population has increased by a to abandon the present practice of selecting and how Is it enacted? The first main task fa-ctor of 2.5. As a result, whereas Latvians leaders who are not of the local nationality, is to transfer from Russia, White Russia a.nd in Latvia. were 62 % of the population in and to relleve individuals who do not have Ukraine as many Russians, White Russians 1959, in 1970 they accounted only for 57% the command of the native language, and a.nd Ukrainians as possible to Latvia (and of the population. Similarly, population of have them recalled by the CPSU CC. to other Baltic sta..tes) for permanent settle­ Riga was 45% Latvian in 1959 and only "(3) All omcial business in the national ment. 40% Latvian in 1970. 4822 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 21, 1972 The further result of such a policy can be is only one Russian in the collective, his de­ unless it contains Russian plays or songs. clearly discerned from the fate of the former mand that meetings be conducted in Russian However, the Russian collective repertoirs Karelian Soviet Socialist Republic. It exists are met. If this is not done, the collective is almost never include Latvian plays or songs. no more, because it has been liquidated be­ accused of nationalism. We could continue enumerating more such cause of the local nationals make up less 5. In cities and villages the formation of facts and conditions which all support tlie than half of the total population of the re­ the so-called "united" schools, kindergartens same point, namely, that all expressions of public. Now Karelia is a part of the Russian and children's homes continues. In practice Latvian nationalism are suppressed, that Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. A similar this means that Russian language kinder­ there is a forcible assimilation and no fate awaits Kazakh S.S.R. and Latvia. gartens and schools remained unchanged, but equality among nations, cultures, and tra­ 6. Absorption of the local population into in all the formerly Latvian language insti­ ditions. the mass of arriving Russians, White Rus­ tutions classes in Russian were instituted. One could ask: Why are the Latvian peo­ sians, and Ukrainians is also fUrthered by Thereafter, in these cases, all pedagogical ple · and Latvian communists silent? the establishing of large bases for the armed meetings, teacher and student meetings, as They are not silent. There have been at­ forces .and border guards on Latvian soil, as well as the meetings of the Young Pioneers tempts to oppose this political policy. well as the building of dozens of medical are conducted in Russian. Excepting the For example, the former First Secretary clinics, rest homes and tourist facilities for rural districts of Kurzeme, Zemgale and Vid­ of the Riga Committee of the Communist the use of the entire Soviet Union. Rigas zeme, few Latvian kindergartens, children's Party, who later became the Vice Chairman Jfumala (the beach area on the Baltic Sea) homes and schools remain. of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, E. is now an official Soviet Union resort and 6. In all high schools, and institutions of Berklavs, always spoke out against this in­ there remain few local residents. higher learning there are extensive study justice. For a time he was also supported by This has been the policy ever since the end programs in Russian. other members of the Central Committee of World War II and in the last two years it 7. In newspapers, radio and television of Latvian Communist Party. has been further reinforced. In our republic broadcasts, meetings and books--everywhere, But when his support grew to include a there are already many large firms where every day, friendship with Russians is en­ majority of the Central Committee mem­ almost no Latvians remain among the work­ couraged, widely propagandized are cases bers, the then First Secretary of the Com­ ers, technicians-engineers, or management where Latvian girls marry Russian or Latvian munist Party of the Soviet Socialist Re­ (e.g. "REZ", Diselestroitelnij zavod, Gidro­ youths marry Russian girls. publics, Comrade Chruschev made a per­ metpribor and many others) and there are 8. In the production of consumer goods, sonal trip to Latvia and later sent the Sec­ other companies where the majority of work­ everything national has been eliminated. For­ retary of the CPSU, Muchitinov. As a result, ers are Latvian, but management does not merly in Latvia, as in any other country, E. Berklavs was dismissed from his post as understand the Latvian language (Popov there were unique foods, special brands of Vice Chairman of the Council of Ministers radio factory,· Wagon Car Mfg., Autoelektro­ confectionary, chocolates, cigarettes, but now and expelled from the Central Committee pribor, Rigasc Audums etc.) there are only brands of the Soviet Union: Bureau and the Central Committee and was There are bureaus and departments where Belock, Lastocka, Kara-Kum, Kazbek, Belo­ sent out of the Latvian Republic. few Latvians are employed. For example, in morkahal and others. In cafeterias and For supporting E. Berklavs and opposing the Interior Department System of Riga restaurants food is prepared according to the great Russian chauvinism and opposing there are about 1500 workers, but only about the Russian recipes. National foods are the mutilation of Marxism o.nd Leninism, 300 of these are Latvians. rarities. the following persons were also removed Among the employees in the Commerce 9. The LatVian people have a very impor­ from their posts: Department, a majority (51%) does not tant festival called "Ligo", which has been K. Ozolins, Chairman of the Supreme So­ speak Latvian and only 29% of the manage­ celebrated for hundreds of years, even during viet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Repub­ ment positions are filled by Latvians. the German Fascist occupation. Until last lic and Latvian Communist Party's Central There are very few Latvians in construc­ year, it was expressly forbidden to hold this Committee Bureau member: tion. Approximately 65% of the physicians festival. This year the festival again was not Straujums, First Secretary, (after E. Berk­ who work in Riga's medical institutions do recognized, although it was not officially lavs), of the City of Riga Communist Party not understand Latvian and because of this banned. Committee and Latvian Communist Party's there are often gross mistakes made in diag­ 10. There are two approaches to our literary Central Committee Bureau member; nosis as well as in prescribing treatment. heritage. There are repeated editions of the Pizans, Editor of the Latvian Communist All of this naturally leads to rightful in­ works of such Russian authors as Tolstoi, Party official newspaper "Cina" and Latvian dignation among the local population. Turgenev, Dostoevski, Gogol, Pushkin, Ler­ Communist Party Central Committee can­ In achieving the first basic aim, the in­ montov, and others. However, of the LatVian didate; crease in the number of non-Latvians in the authors who wrote in the pre-Soviet era, E. Mukins, Deputy Planning Chairman for republic, steps are also being taken to achieve only Rainis, Paegle, and Veidenbaums are the Republic; the second basic aim which is to assimilate fully recognized, and partial recognition is V. Kreitus, First Deput Chairman of the the Latvians and lead to the Russian way of given to Aspazija, Blaumanis, and a handful City of Riga Party Executive Committee; life throughout Latvia. of others. Bisenieks, Latvian Communist Party Cen­ To achieve this the following things al­ 11. Riga is divided into six administrative tral Committee Bureau member and Secre­ ready have been done and are still being regions, none of which has a locally-derived tary; done: name. They are named Lenin, Kirov, Moscow, V. Krumins, Latvian Communist Party 1. The arrivals' demands for increased Leningrad, October, and Proletarian. Central Committee Secretary; Russian language radio and television pro­ 12. Riga has streets which have been re­ P. Dzerve, Director of the Economic Re­ gramming have been tnet. Currently, one named after Lenin, Kirov, Sverdlov, Pushkin, search Institute of the Latvian Soviet So­ radio station and one television station Lermontov, Gogol, and Gorki. One street is cialist Republic's Academy of Science; broadcasts programs only in Russian, while named after Suvarov, who was a czarist gov­ V. Kalpins, Minister of Culture and Latvian the other broadcasts programs bilingually. ernor. The street names that were dropped Communist Party Central Committee Bureau Thus, approximately two-thirds of radio and include "Aspazija Boulevard" (named after member; television broadcasts are in Russian. Jelin­ the best known Latvian poet). and "Kris­ P. Cerkovskis, Deputy Minister of Cul- skis, the former director of Riga's broadcast­ jana Voldemara Street" (named after an un­ ture; ing center resisted the arrivals' demands and relenting exponent of Latvian nationhood.) Prombergs, Deputy Health Minister; was fired. 13. In Riga today there is a memorial mu­ A. Nikonovs, Minister of Agriculture; 2. Regardless of the accessibility in Latvia seum not only for Lenin, but also for Pe­ Vallis, Deputy Minister of Agriculture; of all newspapers, magazines and books pub­ ter I-the Russian czar who conquered the Darbin, Editor of the City of Riga official lished in the Soviet Union, approximately Baltic states. newspaper; half of all periodicals issued in Latvia are 14. Latvian soldiers, called "strelnieki" Ruskulis, First Secretary of the Communist in Russian. In Latvia there is a shortage of played an important role in the October Youth League Central Committee; paper for publishing works of Latvians and Revolution. Lenin himself gave them the Valters, Latgvian Communist Youth for school books; however, works of Russian important role of guarding the Kremlin dur­ League Secretary; writers are published, as well as school books ing the most critical days of the revolu­ Brencis, Editor of the Latvian Communist in Russian. tion. During World War II, two Latvian di­ Youth League official publication "Padomju 3. In the Republic's city, regional and most visions and a special aviation battalion Jaunatne"; of the local municipal organizations, as well heroically fought as part of the Red Army. Zandmanis, Director of the Cadres Division as in all enterprises, all business is conducted Today, however, there are no separate Lat­ of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic's in Russian. vian military units; Latvian youths in the Council of Ministers; 4. With the exception of such collectives as military are purposely not assigned to the J. Jacens, Supervisor of the Administrative the Latvian newspapers and magazines, Lat- Russian units statipned in Latvia, but are Section of the Latvian Communist Party vian theaters and schools and partially the scattered throughout the Soviet Union as Central Committee; farm collectives, all gatherings and meetings far from Latvia as possible. E. Liberts, Minister of Highways; are conducted in Russian. 15. Latvian professional and amateur Plesums, Chairman of the Control Com­ There are many collectives where the ab­ theaters, ensembles, orchestras, and choirs mission of the Latvian Communist Party solute majority is Latvian; however, if there cannot have a reoertoir officially approved Central Committee; February 21, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4823 E. Erenstreite, Senior Advisor to the Coun­ are we asking you to do, what are we pro­ JOSEPH P. COSAND APPOINTED cil of Ministers; posing? DEPUTY COMMISSIONER FOR J. Giblets, member of the City of Riga As explained earlier in this letter we be­ Communist Party Central Committee and came Communists a long time ago. We were HIGHER EDUCATION Supervisor of the Education Section 'bf the acquainted with the teachings of Marxism­ City of Riga Communist Party Executive Leninism and the basics of the Socialist state HON. JOHN BRADEMAS Committee; in theory only while being active in the Com­ M. Vernere and Duskina. and many other munist underground, or while suffering in OF INDIANA principals of intermediate schools. the prisons and forced labor camps of bour­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES All the significant party and government geois Latvia, but we believed in these ideas Monday, February 21, 1972 posts have now been filled with non-La.tvians unreservedly. When we first saw the socialist and Latvians who have spent their entire state (the only one in existence at that time) Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I was lives in Russia and who arrived in Latvia only we immediately noticed the difference be­ pl~ased to learn about the recent ap­ after World War II. The majority of them tween theory and practice. But we firmly be­ pomtment as Deputy Commissioner for either do not speak any Latvian or speak lieved that the faults were of a transient Higher Education in the U.S. Office of very little. The facts speak for themselves. character and that they could be overcome. The Secretaries of the Central Committee At first, we did not recognize the seriousness Education of Joseph P. Cosand. of the Latvian Communist Party are the fol­ of these faults. Through daily application Mr. Cosand is a man much respected lowing: of the socialist ideas we gradually realized by all those concerned with higher edu­ First Secretary Voss, Russian born Lat­ that much of the official written and spoken cation and I know he will make signifi­ vian; as a rule, he doesn't speak Latvian in output of the government was for display cant contributions in this new and im­ public. purposes only-deliberate distortions and portant responsibility. Second Secretary Belucha, born Russian. outright lies. All Party conferences, meet­ ings and assemblies are carefully prearranged I insert at this point in the RECORD an Knows no Latvian at all. Mr. in Secretary of Propaganda Drizulis, Russian­ and executed shows. They are convened only article about Cosand published the born Latvian. to create an illusion of democracy within the March 1972 issue of Junior College Secretary of Agriculture Verro, Estonian Party. In reality, these conferences, meetings Journal: from Russia. Knows no Latvian at all. and assemblies merely have to approve ev­ JosEPH CosAND TO USOE Secretary of Industry Petersons, Russian erything that has been dict8ited from Joseph P. Cosand, a member of the AAJC born Latvian. Speaks Latvian poorly. "above", subsequently they expound the in­ Board of Directors, was appointed in early Leaders of the Council of Ministers: Chair­ dividual opinion of a single person-the head January as deputy commissioner for higher man J. Rubens, Russian born Latvian, speaks man in the government. Every attempt to education in the U.S. Office of Education. Latvian very poorly; vice-chairman Bonda­ object to these opinions is regarded as op­ He was president of the Junior College Dis­ letov, born Russian, speaks no Latvian at all position to the ideals of the Party and Lenin­ trict of St. Louis, Missouri, from the time it Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of th~ ism. Those who dare to object not only lose was organized in 1962 until last summer Soviet Latvian Republic J. Rubens, knows their positions but also their freedom, and when he resigned to become director of the Latvian only superficially, does not speak often end up, suffering subhuman condi­ Center of Higher Education at the Univeristy Latvian in public. tions, in prisons and concentration camps, of Michigan. Before going to St. Louis he was It is almost a la~ that leading positions are deported, or sometimes, vanish without president of Santa Barbara City College in are filled by men without principles, men a trace. California. Mr. Cosand was elected to the without personal views or opinions, syco­ Naturally, these conditions eliminate all AAJC Board in 1969 for a term of office phants, opportunists, and flatterers. Men of arguments and discussions at Party confer­ ending with the 1971 annual meeting. He has principles who have opinions and express ences and assemblies as well as at the meet­ also served on the governing boards of the them openly are barred from important posi­ ings of workers' councils. In this way, an American Association of Higher Education tions. apparent unity is achieved. and the American Council on Education. Last Such are the conditions in Latvia, under We suppose you have heard of the situ­ year he served as chairman of A.C.E. He has such conditions live the people native to ation here or know part of it. However, also been serving as a member of the Carnegie their republics in their own land. knowledge of the conditions here based on Commission on Higher Education. Those Lithuanians, Estonians, Jews, Ger­ i:r;tformation of official documents, or short During his presidency at St. Louis, the mans, Poles, and other minorities (except VIsits to the USSR, is certain to be far from Junior College District grew from a dream in Russians) residing in Latvian territory do complete. That is why we are writing to you: the minds of local supporters to a multi­ not have their ethnic heritages at all re­ we want to acquaint you with the 'facts. campus, nationally-acclaimed institution en­ spected. Until 1940 (until the establishment We realize that no Communist Party has rolling 20,000 students. of the Soviet rule) in Latvia these minori­ the right to interfere in the internal affairs At U.S.O.E. Mr. Cosand will be one of five ties had their own elementary and second­ of another Communist Party. Nevertheless deputy commissioners. The post he fills has ary schools where they studied in their own for this very purpose, in order to safeguard been open since Sidney P. Marland, Jr., Com­ language. They issued their own language this principle we must unite against any vio­ missioner of Education, created the deputy newspapers, magazines, books; they had their lator. You now have the facts. Besides, the commissioner offices. Peter P. Muirhead, ex­ own clubs, theaters, and other cultural and world opinion judges the effectiveness of ecutive deputy commissioner has served as educational institutions. Now, in disregard Socialism and Communism in general by our acting deputy commissioner for higher edu­ of pertinent Marxism-Leninism principles successes and failures here. Therefore, the cation in the interim. dealing with ethnic questions, and, con­ actions of the USSR have a direct influ­ Other U.S.O.E. deputy commissioners deal trary to the statements of USSR leaders that ence on your work. For this reason we feel with development, school systems, external ethnic problems in Soviet Union have been that you should know the truth about the relations, and management. solved and that each nationality has been co~ditions here, so that you can take appro­ "There appears to be a turning point ahead guaranteed complete freedom and equal­ pnate steps to sway the leaders of the Com­ in American higher education because of the ity, nothing of that kind is evident. In every munist Party of the Soviet Union. We know government interest in seeing increased op­ republic the Russians have everything, peo­ that this will not be easy. These men are not por.tunity for those who wish to enroll in ple native to their republics have something, used to opening their minds to outside ideas higher education," Mr. Cosand said. "I have but others nothing at all. The 3.5 million They act from a position of power and rec~ hopes that Congress will adopt a program of Jews residing in Soviet Union have only one ognize only force. But your Party plays an institutional aid and, if they do, that will be newspaper and only one magazine in their important role in the world Communist a real moment in the history of education in native language, and that only in their au­ movement and your proposals cannot be our country. I took this job because I want tonomous region. They are denied the right taken lightly. We have no intentions of sug­ to be a part of that effort." to have their own theaters, clubs, cultural, gesting any methods you might use to influ­ "Also, I have great respect for Secretary and educational institutions, even in those ence the leaders of the Communist Party of Richardson, Commissioner Marland, and Ex­ cities where they number tens of thousands. the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, we are con­ ecutive Deputy Commissioner Muirhead." Mr. Esteemed comrades! In this letter we brief­ vinced that the high prestige of Marxism­ Cosand mentioned the good relations he had ly illuminated actual conditions in Soviet Leninism cannot be preserved if the distor­ with these men during the past year when Union only from one viewpoint--4hat of the tions of its principles are accepted silently he served as chairman of the American Coun­ rights of ethnic minorities. Just as cruelly without protest. If the leaders o'f the Com~ cil of Education and he referred, too, to his are mutilated in our midst Marxist-Lenin­ munist Party of the Soviet Union decline to high regard for Roger Heyns, the new presi­ stop actions described above they have to be ist teachings about inalienable human rights dent of the council. unmasked and boycotted. Mr. Cosand said another reason he took and freedoms, freedom of speech, Lenin's The present policies of the Communist work ethic, and other fundamental princi­ his new job was he believed he could con­ Party leaders in the Soviet Union are destroy­ tribute to a close working relationship be­ ples of Marxism-Leninism. ing the world Communist movement. tween O.E. and the higher education asso­ Why are we writing to you about all this? With a Communist greeting, ciations during what he termed "a crucial Why have we waited so long to write? What year for higher education." 4824 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 21, 1972 Edmund J. Gleazer, Jr., executive director passed and, except for nighttime clouds, are surrounded by the largest pool of of AAJC, said, "Joseph Cosand Will bring out­ and seasonal fog at Vandenberg, visibil­ aerospace power in the Nation. Forty-two standing credentials with him ·to Washington. ity is excellent. percent of those employed by U.S. aero­ He has a comprehensive knowledge of post­ LOCATION secondary education, including operational spac~ industries live in California, most. experience in community colleges. We are U.S. launchings are, generally, either of them in the southern part of the highly pleased to see a person of his com­ polar-rotating over both poles, thus, State. petency move into this important new posi­ passing over all sections of the rotating In addition to experienced, qualified tion in the Office of Education." globe-or retrograde-in orbit synchro­ manpower surpluses, California offers a. Included in Mr. Cosand's duties will be nized with the sun so they can constantly scientific environment with more spe­ responsibility for the Bureau of Higher Edu­ cation, the Institute of International Studies, monitor the day, night, or twilight sides cialized and independent research and and the Bureau of Libraries and Educational of the globe. testing laboratories than any other Technology. The polar-orbiting satelllte is launched State. south. Retrograde orbits are lofted south LOGISTICS to southwest. In addition to the need for qualified The California location at Vandenberg personnel to operate the space shuttle THE CASE FOR LOCATING THE accounts for all of the previous 410 polar base, supplies, and materials will be SPACE SHUTTLE BASE IN CALI­ orbit launchings, and all but three of the needed to launch an estimated 54 shuttle FORNIA 136 retrograde shots that took place by rockets per year. mid-1971, were lofted from Vandenberg. With the base close to the supplier, The Vandenberg site overlooks the shipping times will be cut, and servicing HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON Pacific Ocean over a 210-degree span, will be more convenient. OF CALIFORNIA thus permitting overwater launching In addition, an important factor in se­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES southward without passing over foreign lecting a site for the space shuttle base Monday, February 21, 1972 territory during suborbital flight. is its access to plentiful supplies of liquid An easterly launching from Vanden­ oxygen and hydrogen-the fuel used in Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. berg can take place without crossing launching. Speaker, upon the completion of population centers during the crucial The proposed California sites-Van­ Apollo 17 in late 1972, the United States first 100 miles of flight. denberg and Edwards-are within easy will embark on a bold, new approach to Due to its high elevation, the Edwards driving distance of those aerospace man­ continue our successful exploration of site offers a unique consideration. Obvi­ ufacturers who are likely participants in space. ously, the fuel needed to launch a satel­ the Shuttle development. Thus, shipping In 1973, we will launch our first Sky­ lite into space from 2,300 feet is much materials to either base would be rela­ lab-a scientific mission directed toward less than the fuel needed to launch a sat­ tively inexpensive, and servicing would an extensive study of the sun; a study of ellite from sea level. be accessible. the application of space in surveying and FACn.ITIES To meet the shuttle fuel requirements monitoring the resources and environ­ The site for the space shuttle launch­ of an estimated 75 tons of liquid hydro­ mental interactions of the earth; and the retrieval base must have first, naviga­ gen and 350 tons of liquid oxygen per biomedical study of the effects of long­ tional aids and weather equipment; sec­ day, California has an extensive natural duration flight on man. ond, a 10,000- to 15,000-foot runway; gas network and the plant facilities for But, the real key to future space op­ third, at least 65,000 acres in order to converting natural gas to liquid hydro­ erations lies in the successful develop­ contain the noise of the shuttle rocket gen. The present capacity is more than ment of a space shuttle transportation firing; fourth, facilities to prepare boost­ adequate to keep shuttle rockets burning system. This earth-to-orbit shuttle will during peak years of operation. provide a recoverable, reusable space ve­ ers and orbiters as well as equipment and fuel storage areas. Plants within 150 miles of the pro­ hicle for the placement and the retrieval California sites potentially meet or posed California sites can supply enough of satellites. surpass all of these requirements. liquid oxygen and hydrogen by tank In addition to radically reducing the truck for initial shuttle operations, and cost of transporting satellites into space, Vandenberg Air Force Base, the largest launch area in the Western World, has 44 natural gas and electric power are read­ the space shuttle is expected to produce ily at hand for supplying any liquid hy­ significant savings in the cost of design, launch sites on a 100,000-acre range, traversed by 327 miles of roads, and dot­ drogen plants that may be erected at development, and operations of space the launch site. payloads. ted with 3,500 buildings. The 1973 Federal budget recognizes the The 8,000-foot Vandenberg runway, CONCLUSION need for the space shuttle and provides which presently accommodates the 747 Mr. Speaker, obviously, the combined for proceeding with the detailed design jumbo jet, can be easily extended to 15,- use of the existing bases located at Van­ and development of a space shuttle based 000 feet. denberg and Edwards offers the ideal so­ on the definition studies which are now Extensiveness visibility, unobstructed lution to the problem of where to best nearing completion. access, and existing facilities make Ed­ locate the space shuttle launch and re­ When the Congress concurs in the de­ wards Air Force Base the prime landing trieval base, as well as a flight testing cision to develop the space shuttle, the and testing facility in the Nation. It center. question arises: Where should the covers 300,000 acres and is probably the Existing facilities, and the natural ad­ launch-retrieval base be located? only U.S. military airfield that would not vantages of climate and location make Mr. Speaker, at this time I would like require strengthening for frequent boost­ Edwards the perfect site for preshuttle to present" the case for locating the space er and orbiter retrievals. flight testing and for alternate and emer­ shuttle base in California. Edwards also maintains an assembly gency retrievals once the shuttle becomes of tracking facilities; houses the Aero­ operational. CLIMATE space Research Pilot School, and has Vandenberg, on the other hand, stands Because shuttle landings will take conducted rocket test firings since 1953. out as the best qualified site for launch place at 2- to 3-week intervals, and be­ MANPOWER and for most retrievals. cause the returning shuttle will have fuel The proximity of the two bases permits for less than 15 minutes maneuvering be­ In order to operate the space shuttle an efficient interchange during testing fore landing, weather will be an impor­ and to manufacture the components that and ultimately during operations. go into it, responsible, technically com­ tant factor in the selection of a site. With the selection of the California Both prospective California sites--Ed­ petent personnel must be hired. The sites for the shuttle base, the Govern­ wards and Vandenberg Air Force Bases-­ larger the pool of potential aerospace workers in the vicinity of the launch ment will have easy access to the per­ meet the climatic requirements. sonnel, the manufacturers, and the con­ Lightning activity is almost unknown site, the better the choice shuttle ad­ tractors who have proven themselves over at Vandenberg, which averages only 12 ministrations will have Of qualified ap­ the years. The existing facilities, and the inches of annual rainfall, and Edwards plicants with'Out paying costly induce­ close proximity of suppliers will result has an arid desert climate. ments for relocation. in savings. to the American taxpayer. Visibility at Edwards cannot be sur- Fortunately, Vandenberg and Edwards Mr. Speaker, as space pioneer Dr. February 21, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4825 Wernher von Braun stated, the knowl­ Lithuania who are keeping alive the great the large metropolitan areas, we are very heritage with which they are endowed. aware of the interrelationship of the two and edge gained from space exploration "has realize that the problems of one area become great significance to man, to environ­ Mr. Speaker, in paying this tribute, I the problems of both. The economic and so­ ment, and to the ecology." wish to reiterate my support for House cial health of our nation is dependent upon a We must continue our space program Concurrent Resolution 416 passed by the balance in the interrelated adjustments or by conquering new frontiers with a re­ Congress in 1966 calling for self-deter­ changes in all sectors of our society. trievable, reusable, economic space shut­ mination and national independence for The comments which I shall make today tle which promises to get more payloads the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia, and result from research which has been con­ into space and more down-to-earth ben­ Lithuania. ducted by members of the department in re­ efits from it at less cost. Mr. Speaker, I wish also to express my cent years. I shall select those studies which agreement with the many other expres­ may provide some basic background data The space shuttle must be fully funded that should be helpful when considering a by the Congress and, in order to get the sions of support for a free Lithuania source of funding for public and/or quasi most for our tax dollar, we must locate which have been uttered on the floor of public agenci~. In the limited time avail­ the launch-retrieval base in southern the House of Representatives under the able I should like to comment on five areas California. special order of my distinguished col­ that we feel are worthy of consideration. league from Pennsylvania, the Honor­ These are public services, housing, medical able DANIEL J. FLOOD. services, a systems approach to development LAKE COUNTY OBSERVES ANNIVER­ for the leisure industry and the need for SARY OF LITHUANIAN INDEPEND­ planning and design service centers. We real­ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ize that informational needs essential for ENCE the design of a national credit organization PROGRAMS are much greater than these areas but be­ cause of !United time we prefer to speak to HON.ROBERT McCLORY these points which we have recently re­ OF ILLINOIS HON. BILL ALEXANDER searched and for which we have specific facts. IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES OF ARKANSAS PUBLIC SERVICES Thursday, February 17, 1972 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A study which we have under way at the Monday, February 21, 1972 present time investigates a means of making Mr. McCLORY. Mr Speaker, it is with more efficient -.lse of the existing supply of special pride that I take part in the cere­ Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. Speaker, today, water in an area by using a single supply monies honoring the 54th anniversary of in my continuing effort to provide my and treatment facility for a two-county re­ Lithuanian independence. colleagues with information useful to gion, replaoing existing municipal systems The establishment of the Independent them in devising community develop­ and numerous wells for rural residents. The resulting benefit will be to remove a depend­ Republic of Lithuania on February 16, ment programs intended to recognize the able water supply as a limitation on indus­ 1918, served to reinstitute a nation whose special character of nonmetropolitan trial development. A uniform supply of identity and sovereignty dates back more areas, I would like to share statements by water in a region should lead to a more even than 700 years-to 1251, when Mindau­ two men whose training and experience dispersion of industries in that region be­ gas the Great unified the Lithuanian in this area particularly qualify them to cause of the d

mal education of the head of the household Only one of the 21 all-rural counties had RURAL PLANNING AND DESIGN SERVICE CENTERS and of the wife and the type of employment a local hospital in 1950, 12 had been estab­ Increasingly, we now recognize the impor­ of the household head-white collar, blue lished by 1970, ranging in size from 25 to 48 tant contribution of the visual scenic re­ collar or service worker. beds. A rather noininal hospit811 was reported source together with its relative fragility. The Farm housing was found to be of about for 3 other counties, 2 of 10 and 1 of 9 beds. landscape is everyone's business, therefore, it the same quality as rural nonfarm housing. Data in compilation will show variation tends to be no one's business. It is important In addition, renters did not occupy signifi­ among small county districts in physician­ that the esthetic value of the landscape be cantly poorer housing than did owners. people and hospital-bed ratios, and implic­ considered as a resource enhancing or enrich­ Less than half of the rural homeowners itly the need for planning with both local ing the more active visual experiences. This is had never mortgaged their present house and central services in perspective. true whether we are talking about an indus­ and land. Those who had, occupied sig­ The differential need for services among trial area, a commercial agricultural area or nificantly higher quality housing. Half of all categories of people is indicated by the pres­ an area with a wide panorama of natural the loans made in the 1960 to 1966 period ence or absence of symptoms of illness or ill beauty. Designers and ecologists list six key were for less than $5,500. Local banks made health. Age, race, and income are among fac­ factors that affect the way an observer views 36 percent of the loans, individuals 26 per­ tors having association with the prevalence and reacts to the landscape. They are: (1) cent and savings and loan associations 17 of ill health. distance, (2) observers position, (3) form, percent. Bank loans for residences indicate The poor are very much disadvantaged in (4) spatial definition, (5) light, and (6) that 11 percent were made for farm residents acquil1ng services through prepayment by sequence of visual experiences. compared to 89 percent for non-farm. The insurance. Three-fourths of persons of pre­ Three of these, form, spatial definition, comparable number for savings and loan medicare age and of annual household in­ and light are concerned with the landscape associations were 3 and 97 percent. Indi­ come of less than $3,000 have no medical directly, and man cannot easily alter them. viduals were important sources of loans for insurance of any kind; only one-fourth of The other three, distance, observer position, farm residents. Findings suggest that the persons in higher income households have no and sequence are concerned mainly with the rural households scattered over the region insurance. Of persons 65 years and older, 9 observer in relation to the landscape and have only limited access to some of the large percent report no insurance in households man can alter or manipulate these relation-s "pools of credit" capable of making the more with income under $3,000, and only 2 per­ to his recreational (esthetic) advantage. All desirable long-term, low-equity, amortized cent report no insurance in households of are fragile in that unplanned intrusions on loans. Although the loan-to-sale price ratio higher income. a small scale can adversely affect very large was 72 percent in the 1960 to 1966 period, These data indicate an increasing demand areas of the visual scene. The design of reve­ among all lenders, the ratio was 63 percent for medical services both personal services nue producing fac111ties is obviously an issue for home buyers borrowing from a local bank. in the form of doctors and nurses and hos­ of some importance in their relationships to A two-fold approach may be necessary in pital and clinical facilities. As indicated ear­ and effects upon this natural resource. solving the rural housing problem in the lier, careful planning in terms of local needs Based upon a research-extension project region. Long-range goals must include up­ and regional needs is essential. But regard­ conducted by the University it was found grading household incomes and improving less of whether the needs is for a local clinic that the professional physical planning and education and training. A sound develop­ or a large regional hospital, a dependable design capab111ty needed to deal with the ment program for the area is required if source of financing on a long term basis at problems of developing a viable recreation these characteristics are to be modified. In reasonable rates is critical. sector in Arkansas can be placed into two the short run housing can best be upgraded A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT FOR THE categories: ( 1) architecture (the design of by easing credit terms, increasing the par­ ticipation of large institutional lenders and LEISURE INDUSTRY buildings and groups of buildings), (2) en­ by greater effort by Government lending The need for developing a systems ap­ vironmental planning (the design of the agencies. Some segments of the need for proach is highlighted by the following state­ larger scale physical environment) includ­ housing may be served by a rural develop­ ment: ing: (a) land development, (b) landscaping, ment credit organization. "To many small (unattractive) outdoor and (c) relationship of buildings to the total recreation and related fac111ties have been environment. MEDICAL SERVICES established in unplanned strip developments. Prime physical design problem areas identi­ The following comments are based on the Consideration must be given to shopping fied by the study were: ( 1) the generally low preliminary examination of the data from a centers consisting of these facilities. Collec­ quality of the man-made segment of the study of medical care in rural areas of tively, these grouped firms will exert greater physical environment; (2) the lack of satis­ Arkansas. The sample population covers a influence on travelers to come and/or to stop factory examples (as compared with some hospital service area in each of three major and participate. Such groupings will con­ other regions of this country) to ~e for subregions of the state-Delta, Coastal tribute materially in the effort for a favor­ comparative standards and as a basis for up­ Plain, and Hills. Secondary sources provide able national (resource-based) image as a grading quality; (3) the lack of access to, the information on population composition recreation area." and knowledge of, the role of the design pro­ and change, size of hospitals, and number To the extent that the quality of the out­ fessional; (4) the tendency to see problems of physicians in all counties of the state. door recreation experience is damaged by as composed of sequential parts rather than Several occurrences imply the rapid accel­ esthetically unattractive recreation firms in in their entirety. eration of the need for medical services in "neon strips", customers may choose to with­ It is the collective judgment of the partici­ rural areas. First, the increase in the aggre­ hold expenditures or spend them sparingly pants of this study that the esthetic and en­ gate numbers of the aged and in dependency under such circumstances. A necessary condi­ vironmental design problems of adjustments due to the aging of the population. In 12 tion for an econoinically viable recreation sec­ in our agricultural industry, of the location counties of north central Arkansas 17.6 per­ tor is a system of carefully planned and well of non-agricultural industry and of the lei­ cent of the population was 65 years and designed "shopping centers" of recreation sure industry can be aided materially by a older in 1970, and 19.9 percent was 50 to 64 and supportive facilities. The shopping center competently staffed rural design serving a years. Relatively a much lighter burden of grouping perinits what economists call econ­ given geographical area. medical services is implied in the figures for omies of size. Second, the overall planning is Rural planning and design service centers the nation: 9.9 percent 50 to 64 years, 14.4 especially significant for a viable outdoor could perform a valuable service for a rural percent 65 years and older. The aged was less recreation sector. This is because it is so vul­ development bank. They could be asked to than 10 percent of the population in 1950. nerable to "spillover effects". Spillover effects evaluate location, arrangement and design of Second, the introduction of social insurance are where one operator's production and/or buildings and fac111ties which governmental for medical care among the aged. Third, the consumption activities affect one or more or quasi-governmental organizations sub­ increase in nonfarm work among rural peo­ other operators. An example would be uncon­ Initted for funding through the rural devel­ ple and the provision of group coverage in trolled development around lakes. Each indi­ opment bank. The implementation of a total, industry has been the main factor in the vidual home occupant or businessman is quality, developmental program could be fa­ increase of medical care insurance for per­ locked into an unpredictable system of devel­ vorably influenced by lending agencies. sons under 65 years old. opment. With this I must close. Thank you again The "supply" side of services evinces in­ The key point of this section is that invest­ for the opportunity to appear at this hearing. fiexibUity in adapting to changing volume ment both public and private in outdoor rec­ We will furnish you with any of our research and nature of medical care demand. No reation should be committed to a spatial ar­ results as you may request. change in the provision for services is noted rangement that will increase regional and na­ 1n the three areas of study after medicare tional demand, and will involve comprehen­ STATEMENT OF BERNAL L. GREEN came into operation and numbers of aged sive planning such that "spillover effects" do increased. Earlier with federal aid there had not result in overall calamity beyond the I appreciate the opportunity to discuss been a spurt in the construction in rural short-run. Or stating it differently, invest­ human resources in Arkansas, because they counties of small hospitals, but the number ment should not be spread piece-meal are a basic factor in any program of develop­ of physicians to serve them has dropped o1f throughout the region; rather a coordinated ment. I wish to make three major points­ acutely. Using, for example, the 21 counties massive investment at one or more growth that have been uncovered in our research: of no urban population, there were 87 phy­ points is the key to stimulating not only the (1) The somewhat unique characteristics sicians practicing in 1950 and 67 in 1970, growth-point center but the broader region of the people in the Ozarks need to be con­ and at the latter year the number of phy­ around it. Investments by governments in sidered to improve the potential for prograins sicians per 1,000 of the population ranged certain key fac1lities leased to private opera­ designed to improve their condition. from 1,500 to nearly 6,000. (2) Many of the native residents in the tors may be a vital part of the total effort. Ozarks may not be employed readily in the February 21, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4827 usual industrialization process-in-migrants lack of seniority. We noticed that returnees, When we create a new social system, such may intervene or out-compete the natives for especially, accepted income decreases as they as a Planning and Development District, the jobs. moved back to the study communities (Table people and their leaders need new knowledge (3) There is a vital need not only to gen­ 1) . These findings prompted us to take an­ and new skills to operate it and coordinate it erate the various programs for development other look at the previous study of 1,413 into the other social systems-communities, with citizen participation, but also to coordi­ households, in terms of migrant status and towns and cities, counties, and states, as well nate them so that they are more effective. possible advantages that in-migrants to the as the other federal, state, and local agen­ A key assumption that I have made is that rural parts of the Ozarks might have for new cies and organizations. reduction in the incidence of economic pov­ jobs. We found that the same pattern of A second and related need facing local gov­ erty will be one among important variables advantage held. The attributes of the in­ ernmental units is to learn how to coordinate you will consider when you evaluate the ef­ migrants who were in the labor force suggest the available resources and human ener­ fectiveness of your program for development. initial advantages over non-migrants in com­ gies into a meaningful set of programs. Dr. Thus, reduction in poverty is the perspec­ peting for jobs. In addition, the in-migrants Thomas R. Ford s has said, "It would be tive from which I will consider the three indicated more willingness to accept job ironic, indeed, if the economic development points. training or to move and thus widen these of the Appa.Iaohian region should founder, advantages over time. We noted again that INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IN RURAL AREAS not from a lack of efforts but from an over­ many families accepted lower incomes when abundance of competing development pro­ Data, based on 1,413 households in rural they moved into the Ozarks. Our data indi­ grams that are poorly conceived, organized, parts of the Ozarks region, indicate 25% of cated that 55 percent of the in-migrants in coordinated, and executed-yet this possibil­ the households to be in poverty.1, 11 And 79 the labor force experienced an income de­ ity looms as a rea.! danger." percent, or 4 our of 5, of the low-income crease by moving to the Ozarks.~ Their mean And this is a potential danger in all pro­ household heads cannot do much about their family income before the move was $6,314, grams for development in our Nation. Basic economic condition because of their advanced but it was $3,343 after the move (Table 2). planning is needed, and there must be co­ age, physical disability, sex, and/or func­ About 45 percent had relatively small income ordinated efforts from the local communities tional illiteracy. Advanced age is the most increases-$5,178 before and $6,055 after. to the county, district, state and n111tional prevalent poverty-related characteristic. The Overall, their income before the move was level. The people and their leaders need to household heads of the poor in the Delta and $5,809, and $3,838 after the move. Based upon understand the objectives of an overall plan, Coastal Plain Regions are similarly handi­ the definition for poverty used by the U.S. so they can help determine priorities, assist capped, but with different distributions of Department of Agriculture, 13 percent were in pubUc decisions, and actively participate reasons. considered in the poverty class before the in the development of their own communities move compared to 24 percent after the move. TABLE 1.- AVERAGE CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLD HEADS' and areas. It is important that they learn Of those not in the labor force {retirees), 22 new skills and new knowledge for these new INCOMES AT TIME OF MOVE INTO SELECTED COM­ percent were in poverty before the move, but MUNITIES IN THE OZARKS REGION BY MIGRANT CLASSIFI­ responsibiUties. Your series of hearings is a 54 percent were after the move. The point is good example of an element in this essential CATION, MIGRANT STUDY this: in-migration into the Ozarks, a desig­ learning process. nated low income region, is fairly high; many As you work to formulate and implement Average Average Change in income of the in-migrants (especially retirees) move income income programs for development, we believe that before after Average Proportion, into poverty level incomes; even so, the in­ you will join us in the hope that the knowl­ Community move move amount percen t migrants have a competitive advantage for edge and experience of the several inter­ new jobs over the non-migrants. Such in­ related disciplines will be focused on as­ New inmigrant migration, then, has contributed, at least in sisting people and their leaders to gain this household an absolute way, to the poverty population. necessary new knowledge and experience, heads: It appears that programs, such as credit, to especially to work with the Planning and De­ Branson ______$7, 501 $5, 420 -$2,081 -28 speed industrialization and thereby to reduce Monett ______5, 395 5, 424 29 1 velopment Districts. • Rogers ______4, 644 4, 650 6 I 0 the incidence of poverty needs manpower de­ Perhaps this might best be begun in a Springdale __ __ _ 6, 058 6, 397 339 6 velopment programs designed for non­ "pilot project." And perhaps a project should Returnee house- migrants especially. hold heads: be planned in each of the major regions of Branson 2 ______5, 766 4, 231 -1,535 -27 the U.S. The project could be attempted only Monett ______5, 476 4,114 -1,362 -25 TABLE 2.-AVERAGE CHANGE OF INCOME OF MIGRANTS AT in a state that would devote all of the re­ Rogers ______5, 490 4, 885 -605 -11 TIME OF MOVE INTO RURAL OZARKS (1,413 HOUSEHOLDS sources necessary for a thorough test. Then Springdale _____ 5, 614 5, 420 -193 -3 IN SAMPLE) as useful knowledge and experience are gained in one district or area, such information 1 Less than 1 percent. coUld be transferred to additional areas. 2 Only 9 household heads' incomes considered. Mean family Percent in income poverty FOOTNOTES A program, then, which offers a strong new • A very "casual" interview with the "man source of capital for development might con­ Before After Before After Head of household move move move move on the street" in one community seemed to sider channeling a significant portion into indicate that the public had little knowl­ economic sectors which can/will utilize these edge about the Planning and Development older household heads. Examples of such In labor force ______$5,809 $3,838 13 24 District. Also, even among the "officials" sectors are recreation; also related sectors I nco me decreases ______6, 314 3, 343 5 37 such as arts and crafts, eating facilities, Income increases ______5, 178 6, 055 24 2 there is confusion as to the role and re­ Not in labor force ______5, 522 2, 713 22 54 sponsibility of different planning units. overnight accommodations, and Green 1 Thumb projects. Users of the capital might Herbert Hoover and Bernal L. Green, Hu­ man Resources in the Ozarks Region . • . be granted favorable terms provided they Source: Reference No. _4, p. 40. employed higher proportions of these elderly with Emphasis on the Poor, Economic Re­ search Service in cooperation with the Uni­ and poor household heads. THE ABILITY TO GENERATE AND COORDINATE versities of Arkansas and Missouri Agricul­ MIGRATION AND INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IN PROGRAMS FOR DEVELOPMENT 6 tural Experiment Stations, AER No. 182, URBAN AREAS These concerns, shared with my colleagues May,l970. This will provide an impression about in­ in rural sociology, point out the increas­ 2 John L. McCoy, Rural Poverty in Three migration into urban areas of Arkansas and ing complexity encountered with our social Southern Regions-Mississippi Delta, Ozarks, the competition for jobs between non­ structure as we wttempt to redesign it to meet Southeast Coastal Plain, Economic Research migrant Arkansans and the in-migrants. One new needs. One of the problems facing city Service, AER No. 176, March, 1970. hypothesis tested was that job trickle down and county governments is where to obtain a Bernal L. Green, Lloyd D. Bender, and effectively benefits indigenous poor when in­ knowledge and how to gain experience to Rex. R. Campbell, Migration into Four Com­ dustrialization is used as a poverty pol1cy.8 ~ work with the various organizations or social munities in the Ozarks Region, Agri. Exp. In-migration of laborers with employment systems, and to carry out a program for de­ Sta., Univ. of Ark., Bul. 756, June, 1970. attributes superior to those of non-migrants velopment. In the Space Program, for exam­ ., Lloyd D. Bender, Bernal L. Green, and Rex was one of several hypothesized leakages that ple, many thousands of man-hours were R. Campbell, "Trickle-down and Leakage in could occur. Two communities in northwest spent in teaching people to understand the the War on Poverty," Growth and Change, Arkansas (Rogers and Springdale) and two various systems involved and their relation­ A Journal of Regional Development, Vol. in southwest Missouri were involved in the ships to each other. Each person was taught 2, No. 4, Oct. 1971. study. A total of 2,900 households were his own role and responsibility. Each opera­ 5 Unpublished research results and ideas screened for migrant status, and in-depth tion was practiced to be certain that each about this topic may be obtained by request interviews were provided by 423 household person and each system would function and from Dr. Gerald Hudson, Department of heads. We found that in-migration into the that all systems supported each other proper­ Agri. Econ. and Rural Sociology, Univ. of Rogers community, 1960-67, was 18 percent ly. Another example, for purpose of contrast, Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701. of the households, and 16 percent in Spring­ is the Prultt-Igoe housing project in St. 6 Thomas R. Ford, Prof. of Sociology, Unlv. dale. Compared with non-migrants, the in­ Louis. Apparently the needs for self-esteem of Kentucky, "Adapting Social Institutions," migrants typically were better educated and and information about how to utilize the Research and Education for Regional and younger, had a history of more job mobllity, facllities effectively were under-emphasized Area Development, Iowa State University and had comparable incomes despite their relative to the needs !or bricks and mortar. Press, Ames, Iowa, 1966. 4828 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 21, 1972 RADICALS· THE SAME, ALL OVER and destroy a university, overthrow a capital­ The limit had to be raised. We were fast THE WORLD ist system and install a totalitarian regime. approaching the old limit of $430 billion They are the exact replica of Hitler's goons which was set in March last year. whom I saw in Berlin in the winter of 1932, The debt limit has been raised nine times rioting, burning, looting and killing. since 1962--so many times that whatever HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI Hitler's gangs formed the cadres of the restraint Congress seeks to accomplish by the OF ILLINOIS Brown Shirts, the SS, the bookburners and process seeins rather farcical. It has not the Gestapo, the torturers and exterminators. checked the mounting federal debt one bit. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES If our free society is to survive, weakness The debt continues to go straight up. The Monday, February 21, 1972 on campuses cannot be tolerated. The firing new limit is $150 billion above the limit set of Pro'!. Franklin is a healthy precedent. Pres­ in 1962 . . Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, in a ident Dr. Ruckard Wyman of Stanford is to Within a matter of a few months Congress period in which radical groups periodi­ be commended. will have to lift the limit again so that Uncle cally attempt to create havoc in many In England, too, reaction is setting ln. Sam can pay his bills, including salaries of nations of the free world, an under­ When the warden of Wadham College, Ox­ Congressmen and Senators. standing of what this pattern represents ford, was faced with a list of "no negotiable Actually President Nixon and Secretary of is necessary. demands" from revolutionary students he the Treasury Connally requested Congress to answered this way: put the new limit at $480 billion, or an in­ One of Washington's most astute ob­ "Dear Gentlemen: crease of $50 billion. But Congress, apparent­ servers is Dumitru Danielopol, the dis­ "We note your threat to take what you call ly playing politics, would approve only a $20 tinguished international correspondent 'direct action' unless your demands are im­ billion hike, knowing full well that red ink of the Copley Press, whose experience in mediately met. We feel that it is only sport­ in the budget would send the administration many facets of foreign affairs is such ing to let you know that our governing body back about October, just before election, ask­ that he can very properly analyze cur­ includes three experts in chemical warfare, ing for another increase. rent radical activities. His column, which two ex-commandos skilled With dynamite Where is the debt going anyway? No one appeared in the Joliet, Dl., Herald-News and torturing prisoners, four qualified marks­ knows for sure; but as long as the current men ... two ex-artillery men, one holder o'f economic and political philosophy prevails in of January 31, is, I believe, pertinent to the Victoria Cross, four karate experts and a this country, we surely have not seen the our times. chaplain ... we look forward with confidence debt's peak by any means. My guess is a tril­ The editorial follows: to what you call a 'confrontation' ..." lion-dollar federal debt by the year 2000. RADICALS THE SAME, ALL OVER THE WORLD Nothing more was heard from the revolu­ Can the debt continue to climb indefi­ WASHINGTON.-Radical faculty and stu- tionaries. nitely? Not indefinitely, but it can reach dents who are trying to take over campuses rather astronomical figures if. the dollar gets in Europe and the United States are forged INFLATION BEGINS AND EXPANDS cheaper and cheaper at the same time. in the same pattern. Since the dollar's value is affected greatly Despite their slogans, there is nothing HERE IN THE HALLS OF CON­ by Federal fiscal policy and hence is largely democratic about them. GRESS a function of the debt, the amount of the Whatever they call themselves-Weather­ debt and the value of the dollar will move men, SDS, New Left Maoist, Castroite, Sparti­ inversely. As the debt climbs, the dollar will cus or pure and simply Communist--they are HON. JAMES M. COLLINS fall in value. totalitarian. They reject honest debate, oppo­ OF TEXAS The debt could ultimately reach a point sition or controversy. They must silence any IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES where both it and the dollar would be re­ argument before it starts. pudiated and a new monetary unit be cre­ Recently a.t the University of Caen in Monday, February 21, 1972 ated to exchange at a ratio of one new unit France, Jacques Soustelle, a scientist and Mr. COLLINS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, for every milllon old units (maybe every writer, former member of cabinet in the De­ billion old units). Gaulle government and once governor gen­ Inflation is a matter of grave concern This is not a new thing. It has happened eral of Algeria, was severely beaten when he to the folks back in Texas. Most of them several times, even once in our history. After t>repared to deliver a lecture. are beginning to understand that our the American Revolution, we had both an in­ He was scheduled to speak on "Israel, peace votes for spending and more and more flated debt and an inflated paper currency, or war?" under the auspices of the Interna­ spending represent the cause of inflation. which were almost entirely repudiated by tional Study Circle, a non-political group of Congress must shoulder the respon­ two exchanges-the first was 1 for 40 and law students. sibility for our unsound fiscal policy. The the second was 1 for 100. In Germany in 1924 The 1,000 people who had gathered to lis­ the exchange was 1 for a trillion. ten to Soustelle were held in check With fire budget deficit grows larger every year Certainly the present level of the Federal hoses, while a band of some 50 youths­ and these are prosperous times. What debt is no cause for worry about repudiation, helmeted, masked, wearing boots and armed would happen if we had a bad year? but its magnitude does create a Inanagement with crowbars, blackjacks, cycle chains and This year the deficit that we are over­ problem. Since the chances of repaying any butcher hooks shouted "Ho Chi Minh," "Che spending may exceed $50 billion. We have of the debt are meager, the Treasury must Guevara,'' and other siinilar slogans-at­ the United States greatest Secretary of be constantly engaged in refinancing opera­ tacked Soustelle and his small group. the Treasury in John Connally. There tions. The average length of Inaturity of the He received severe injuries. For awhile it is no smarter finance man than we have marketable part of the Federal debt 1s only was thought he would lose an eye. 3 years and 4 months, and about $120 bil· The attack on Soustelle was organized by in Arthur Burns heading up the Federal lion of the debt matures within one year. the two Communist organizations on campus Reserve. But what can Connally and This means that the Treasury is in the money called "Secour Rouge" and the "Front Burns do when we continue to spend this market much of the time. Rouge." country into an uncertain future. Since Uncle Sam uses the same kind of The accusations hurled at him of "fascism" Yesterday I began my Sunday morn­ money as the rest of us, his financial opera­ are ludicrous. Soustelle was an active mem­ ing by reading the Dallas Times Herald. tions can and do become a major influence ber of the DeGaulle movement during World The weekends I am home I really en­ in the economy. Because of the size of Treas­ War II that fought both the Fascists and the joy reading well-written, factual papers. ury borrowings, the Federal Reserve System Nazis. must act as a stabilizing force from time to But we've heard the song before. It hap­ The editor of the Herald, Felix McKnight, time, supplying funds sufficient to absorb the pens all the time, in Tokyo, in Berlin, in can tell you more commonsense factual new issue Without unduly depressing the Rome and closer home. news in two paragraphs than you can Remember for instance what happened at money market or the economy. find in the Washington Post in 2 years. Unfortunately the Fed's role too often Stanford University on Jan. 11, 1971, when a And in the business section they have similar bunch of goons stopped Ambassador simply results in an expansion of the money Henry Cabot Lodge from delivering a lec­ a good column by Dr. Arthur A. Smith. supply which becomes as permanent as the ture at the Hoover Institution on War, Rev­ Many years ago Dr. Smith headed up the debt itself. olution and Peace. They called the ambas­ economics department at Southern Meth­ The larger the Federal debt becomes, the sador "pig" and "war criminal," and made odist University. He then went on to greater the cost required to carry it. For ex­ such a ruckus that the lecture had to be serve many years as the senior vice pres­ ample, the annual interest charge on the cancelled. ident and economist of the large First current debt amounts to about $22 billion. In A member of the faculty, H. Bruce Frank­ National Bank in Dallas. On Sunday, these days of big numbers this sum might not lin, an avowed Maoist revolutionary, was February 20, in the Dallas Times Her­ seem very much, but it is more than twice among the rioters. He has been finally dis­ all Federal expenditures in 1940. Interest missed 'from Stanford. ald he wrote this concise statement on I was in Paris during the student revolt debt and deficit. Here is what Dr. Arthur cost of the national debt is now the third in May 1968 and saw the types that form this Smith said. largest item in the Federal budget, being ex­ minority of trouble makers. Wild eyed, bru­ The statutory limit on the federal debt ceeded only by expenditures of the defense tal bullies, completely ruthless fanatics, with has been raised again, this time by $20 bil­ Department and of the Health, Education, no other idea in their head but to take over lion to a new ceiling of $450 billion. and Welfare Department. February 22, 1972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 4829 ESTONIAN INDEPENDENCE RE- Estonian community in this celebration of elderly at this time, both Mr. Bahter and CALLED IN WOODSTOCK, ILL., OB­ the 54th Anniversary of Estonian independ­ Mr. Raamot-the former Chairman and SERVANCE ence. Treasurer of the Committee for a Free I recall that February 24th is the preolse Estonia-are beneficiaries of this Executive date of your nation's independence from Order issued by President Nixon in November, HON. ROBERT McCLORY Russia which was decreed in 1918. 1971. OF ILLINOIS However, I am also aware that Estonia In addition, I want to report another bit of experienced a much longer history dating good news. Just before leaving Washington, I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES back a thousand years or more, and that was informed by the National Aeronautir..s Monday, February 21, 1972 Estonian independence includes liberation and Space Administration that on the Apollo from the Poles, the Danes and the Germans, 16 flight to the moon-on April 16--our Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, in pay­ as well as the Soviets. astronauts will carry with them the Estonian ing tribute on the occasion of the 54th It has been my privilege to meet with you flag as well as other independent nations. anniversary of Estonian Independence, on several earlier occasions and I take this I know that this has been one of the ob­ I wish to commend those sturdy citizens opportunity to salute you as a great people jectives ot the Committee for a Free Estonia, of Estonian descent who honor the great who cherish the highest qualities of citizen­ and I am pleased that our nation is taking heritage of their country and who con­ ship. I salute you on your persistent quest this step in behalf of all the freedom-loving for human freedom, for independence from people of Estonian citizenship and descent, tinue to work and pray for liberation of all types of domination, suppression and ab­ and in recognition of the fervent hope which families and friends who remain in the sorption, and for the industry which you as we all have that Estonia will soon again be territory of occupied Estonia today. a people have typified. I honor you for pre­ free. Mr. Speaker, I had occasion to attend serving the great traditions of your culture, ceremonies sponsored by the Estonian your language, and your independence which Association of Northern illinois, Inc. in you cherish and respect in a manner unsur­ Woodstock on Saturday evening, Febru­ passed by any other people of the world. PROPOSED PUBLIC ACCESS AMEND­ While my review of events during the past MENT TO H.R. 12931 ary 19. The event was organized by my year is not too encouraging, still, there is friend Olaf Tammark, and he and his strong evidence that Estonian nationalism wife Marga developed a program of Es­ remains strong despite the persistent efforts tonian entertainment and cuisine, as of the Soviet Union to destroy or assimilate HON. HENRY S. REUSS well as appropriate remarks for the oc­ Estonia as a nation. OF WISCONSIN casion. The keynote address was deliv­ The Russian language is still about as un­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ered by Vello Koger. Other Estonians popular in Estonia today as it was in 1940 participated actively in the proceedings, when your nation was first occupied by the Monday, February 21, 1972 Soviets. The Estonian population continues Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, the bill H.R. and it was a spirited and highly impres­ to enjoy the highest standard of living of any sive evening in which all in attendance of the area which has been occupied by the 12931-Rural Development Act of 1972- rededicated themselves to freedom and Soviets. In dress, in language, in free expres­ was recently reported by the Committee independence for Estonia. sion and in many subtle and effective ways, on Agriculture and will be considered on Mr. Speaker, I would like to include the Estonian character penetrates the veil the House floor later this week. At that my own remarks delivered to those gath­ of Soviet domination. While more than 30 time I shall offer an amendment to the ered at Woodstock and to again express years have passed since the Soviets overran bill which reads as follows: my support for the objectives of House Estonia by force, the people's will to be free Public access for the pUTpose of fishing, Concurrent Resolution 416 passed by the appears to be as widespread now as it was hunting, or other recreational u.se shall be Congress in 1966 urging self-determina­ at that time. provided or reserved at any reservoir con­ tion and national independence for the I am proud that our country continues to structed pursuant to the provisions of the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithu­ maintain a position which provides recogni­ Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (68 Stat. 666), as amended, where the ania. My remarks at Saturday night's tion and respect to free Estonia. Secretary of the Interior determines that such meeting were as follows: Just a few months ago, our President, by reservoir has potential value for such use. REMARKS OF CONGRESSMAN RoBERT MCCLORY Executive Order, authorized the transfer of It is especially good to have the opportu­ funds to support several Estonian offioials I urge my colleagues to support this nity to meet with leaders and members of the in exile. While these individuals are quite amendment.

SENATE-Tuesday, February 22, 1972 The Senate met at 10: 30 a.m. and was DESIGNATION OF THE ACTING day, February 21, 1972, be dispensed called to order by Hon. JAMEs B . .ALLEN, PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE with. a Senator from the State of Alabama. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ will please read a communication to the pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. PRAYER Senate from the President pro tempore The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward (Mr. ELLENDER). VITIATION OF ORDER RECOGNIZ­ L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following The assistant legislative clerk read the ING SENATOR PEARSONTODAY prayer: following letter: U.S. SENATE, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask 0 Lord, our God, touch our minds with PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, unanimous consent that the order which light, that having a right understanding, Washington, D.C., February 22, 1972. the Senate granted on yesterday that the we may have wisdom, courage, and pa­ To the Senate: distinguished Senator from Kansas (Mr. tience, working with Thy help for a bet­ Being temporarily absent from the Senate PEARSON) be allowed to proceed for not ter order of men and nations. Create in on official duties, I appoint Hon. JAMES B. ALLEN, a Senator from the State of Alabama, to exceed 15 minutes today be vitiated. us a clearer insight, a just and true The ACTING PRESIDENT protem­ spirit. So temper our minds and emo­ to perform the duties of the Chair during my absence. pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. tions that we may be led to sound con­ ALLEN J. ELLENDER, clusions. Grant us mutual trust and good President pro tempore. will. Lead us in the ways of peace and honor, in paths of truth and brotherhood Mr. ALLEN thereupon took the chair COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING until we are delivered from fear and hate as Acting President pro tempore. SENATE SESSION TODAY into the love of Thy kingdom. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask Be with all who serve the Nation here THE JOURNAL unanimous consent that all committees and with all who carry its message be authorized to meet during the session abroad. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask of the Senate today. And to Thee shall be all glory and unanimous consent that the reading of The ACTING PRESIDENT protem­ praise. Amen. the Journal of the proceedings of Mon- pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. CXVIII--305-Part 4